Solution Exercise – 1

1. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛1 and 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑛2

𝑛1 ̅̅̅
𝑥1 + 𝑛12 ̅̅̅
𝑥2
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
10600 × 𝑛1 + 7500 ×𝑛2
8000 =
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
8000(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ) = 10600𝑛1 + 7500𝑛2
500𝑛2 = 2600𝑛1
𝑛1 5
=
𝑛2 26
5
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 = × 100 ≅ 16.129%
31
26
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 = × 100 ≅ 83.871
31

2. Change the class interval into continuous data.

Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) 𝒇×𝒙

9.5-19.5 2 14.5 29
19.5-29.5 4 24.5 98
29.5-39.5 9 34.5 310.5
39.5-49.5 11 44.5 489.5
49.5-59.5 12 54.5 654
59.5-69.5 6 64.5 387
69.5-79.5 4 74.5 298
79.5-89.5 2 84.5 169
--- --- --- ---

-- ∑ 𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎 -- ∑ 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑𝟓

∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) =
∑𝑓
2435
=
50
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 48.7

3. There are two different averages or means being considered: the mean daily sales per trip and the mean daily
sales overall. Let us break down what each of these averages means and which one might be more appropriate
in this case:
• Mean Daily Sales per Trip (Simple Average): This average gives you an idea of the consistency of the
salesman's daily performance during each trip individually. It tells you that on average, during each trip,
 the salesman made Rs 540 per day. This is useful if you want to evaluate the performance of the
salesman during each specific trip.
• Mean Daily Sales Overall (Weighted Average): This average considers the overall performance of the
salesman across all trips. It tells you that on average, he made Rs 552 per day when considering all the
trips together.

In this case, both averages have their significance. The sales manager's criticism is based on the mean daily sales per
trip, which may be relevant if the manager is concerned about the consistency of the salesman's performance on each
individual trip. However, the salesman's argument is based on the mean daily sales overall, which reflects his overall
performance when you consider all the trips together.

To assess the salesman's performance comprehensively, it might be more appropriate to consider the mean daily sales
overall (Rs 552) because it considers his performance across all the trips, providing a more holistic view of his
performance. However, it is also important to analyze the mean daily sales per trip to identify which specific trips were
successful.

4.

𝒙 − 𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟓𝟐
x Frequency (f) 𝒅 = 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟖 𝑓×𝑑
𝐴 = 552, ℎ = 18
462 98 -5 -490
480 75 -4 -300
498 56 -3 -168
516 42 -2 -84
534 30 -1 -30
552=A 21 0 0
570 15 1 15
588 11 2 22
606 6 3 18
624 2 4 8

----- ∑ 𝒇 = 𝟑𝟓𝟔 ----- ∑ 𝒇𝒅 = −𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟗

∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 𝐴 + ×ℎ
∑𝑓
−1009
= 552 + × 18
356
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 500.98

5.
Class Frequency (f) cf
30 - 40 18 18
 40 - 50 38 56
50 - 60 46 102
60 - 70 27 129
70 - 80 15 144
80 - 90 8 152
--- --- ---
n=152 --

Here, n=152
Calculation of 𝑸𝟏
Q1 class:
𝑛
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
4
152
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 38𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
and it lies in the class 40-50.

Q1 class : 40-50
Now,
L=lower boundary point of median class =40
n=Total frequency =152
cf=Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class =18
f=Frequency of the median class =38
h=class length of median class =10
𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 + 2 ×ℎ
𝑓
152
− 18
= 40 + 4 × 10
38
20
= 40 + × 10
38
𝑄1 = 45.26

Calculation of 𝑫𝟕
𝑫𝟕 class:
7𝑛
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
10
7 × 152
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
10
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (106.4)𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
and it lies in the class 60-70.

𝑫𝟕 class : 60-70
Now,
L=lower boundary point of median class =40
n=Total frequency =152
cf=Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class =102
f=Frequency of the median class =27
h=class length of median class =10
7𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓
𝐷7 = 𝐿 + 10 ×ℎ
𝑓
7 × 152
− 12
= 60 + 10 × 10
27
4.4
= 40 + × 10
27
𝐷7 = 61.63

Calculation of 𝑷𝟖𝟎
𝑷𝟖𝟎 class:
80𝑛
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
100
80 × 152
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 ( ) 𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
100
= 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 (121.6)𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
and it lies in the class 60-70.

𝑫𝟕 class : 60-70
Now,
L=lower boundary point of median class =60
n=Total frequency =152
cf=Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class =102
f=Frequency of the median class =27
h=class length of median class =10
80𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓
𝑃80 = 𝐿 + 100 ×ℎ
𝑓
80 × 152
− 102
= 60 + 100 × 10
27
19.6
= 40 + × 10
27
𝑃80 = 67.23
 6. The question is based on the concept of weighted average.
Weights given

𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = .20, 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 = .30, 𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 = .50

Final Marks for each student can be calculated as:

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 = .20 × 𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 + .30 × 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑃𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 + .50 × 𝑀𝑖𝑑 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚

Final Marks
Name of Student Attendance Term Paper Mid-term Test (𝒘𝟏 × 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒘𝟐 ×
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒘𝟑 × 𝒙𝟑 )
A 22 25 42 32.9
B 20 23 40 30.9
C 19 16 37 27.1
D 24 15 25 21.8
E 25 18 30 25.4
F 18 20 32 25.6
G 16 23 45 32.6
H 21 19 38 28.9
I 25 15 30 24.5
J 23 17 27 23.2
∑ 𝑤𝑥 = 272.9

∑ 𝑤𝑥
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 =
∑𝑤
272.9
=
. 20 + .30 + .50
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 = 272.9
7. Calculation for Mason A

x Frequency (f) 𝒇×𝒙 𝒇 × 𝒙𝟐

625 1 625 390625
650 2 1300 845000
675 3 2025 1366875
700 2 1400 980000
725 1 725 525625
800 1 800 640000
--- --- --- ---

∑ 𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎 ∑ 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓 ∑ 𝒇𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟐𝟓

∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) =
∑𝑓
6875
=
10
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 687.5
Standard Deviation
 2
2 (∑ 𝑓𝑥)
√∑ 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛿) =
𝑛

(6875)2
√4748125 − 10
=
10

4748125 − 4726562.5
=√
10

21562.5
=√ = √2156.25
10

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 46.44

𝛿
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝑥̅
46.44
= × 100
687.5
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 6.75%
Calculation for Mason B

x Frequency (f) 𝒇×𝒙 𝒇 × 𝒙𝟐

550 1 550 302500
575 1 575 330625
600 2 1200 720000
625 3 1875 1171875
650 1 650 422500
675 1 675 455625
--- --- --- ---

∑ 𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎 ∑ 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟓 ∑ 𝒇𝒙𝟐 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓

∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) =
∑𝑓
6225
=
10
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 622.5
Standard Deviation

2
2 (∑ 𝑓𝑥)
√∑ 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛿) =
𝑛
 (6225)2
√3893125 − 10
=
10

3893125 − 3875062.5
=√
10

18062.5
=√ = √1806.25
10

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 42.5

𝛿
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝑥̅
42.5
= × 100
622.5
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 6.83%

Discussion about the relative consistency

A lower coefficient of variation indicates greater consistency. Since Mason A has a lower CV (6.75%) than Mason B
(6.83%), it means Mason A is more consistent in laying bricks.
If the figures for Mason A were in every case 20 more and those of Mason B in every case 10 more than the original
figures, the coefficient of variation would remain unchanged. This is because adding a constant value to all data points
does not affect the standard deviation or the mean, and therefore the CV remains the same.

8. Calculation for Factory X

𝒙 − 𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟓
Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) 𝒅 = 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇×𝒅 𝒇 × 𝒅𝟐 cf
𝐴 = 55, ℎ = 10
20 - 30 15 25 -3 -45 135 15
30 - 40 30 35 -2 -60 120 45
40 - 50 44 45 -1 -44 44 89
50 - 60 60 55=A 0 0 0 149
60 - 70 60 65 1 60 60 209
70 - 80 14 75 2 28 56 223
80 - 90 7 85 3 21 63 230

∑ 𝒇 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎 ----- ----- ∑ 𝒇𝒅 = −𝟒𝟎 ∑ 𝒇𝒅𝟐 = 𝟒𝟕𝟖 -----

∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 𝐴 + ×ℎ
∑𝑓
−40
= 55 + × 10
230
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 53.26
 2
2 (∑ 𝑓𝑑)
√∑ 𝑓𝑑 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛿) = ×ℎ
𝑛

(−40)2
√ 478 − 230 × 10
=
230

471.04
=√ × 10
230

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 14.31

Calculation for Factory Y

𝒙 − 𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟓𝟓
Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) 𝒅 = 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇×𝒅 𝒇 × 𝒅𝟐
𝐴 = 55, ℎ = 10
20 - 30 25 25 -3 -75 225
30 - 40 40 35 -2 -80 160
40 - 50 60 45 -1 -60 60
50 - 60 35 55=A 0 0 0
60 - 70 20 65 1 20 20
70 - 80 15 75 2 30 60
80 - 90 5 85 3 15 45

∑ 𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎 ----- ----- ∑ 𝒇𝒅 = −𝟏𝟓𝟎 ∑ 𝒇𝒅𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕𝟎

∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 𝐴 + ×ℎ
∑𝑓
−150
= 55 + × 10
200
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 47.5

2
2 (∑ 𝑓𝑑)
√∑ 𝑓𝑑 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛿) = ×ℎ
𝑛

(−150)2
√570 − 200
= × 10
200

457.5
=√ × 10
200

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 15.12

Factory Arithmetic Mean of Wages Standard Deviation of Wages

X 53.26 14.31
Y 47.5 15.12
Answer 8 (a):
Factory X pays higher average wages than Factory Y. The arithmetic mean of wages for Factory X is 53.26, while for
Factory Y, it is 47.5. The difference in average wages is: 53.26 - 47.5 = 5.76 So, Factory X pays, on average,
approximately Rs. 5.76 more in wages than Factory Y.
Answer 8 (b):
Factory Y has more variable wages as indicated by the higher standard deviation of wages. The standard deviation for
Factory Y is 15.12, whereas for Factory X, it is 14.31. A higher standard deviation means that the wages in Factory Y
are more spread out from the mean, indicating greater variability in wages.
Answer 8 (b):
To calculate the total wages paid by each factory in a month, assuming both work for 25 days, you can use the following
formula:
Total Wages = Average Wage * Number of Days Worked
For Factory X:
Total Wages for Factory X = 53.26 * 25 = $1,331.50
For Factory Y:
Total Wages for Factory Y = 47.5 * 25 = $1,187.50
So, Factory X would have to pay approximately $1,331.50 in wages in a month, while Factory Y would have to pay
approximately $1,187.50 in wages for the same duration.
9. Solution:

𝒙 − 𝑨 𝒙 − 𝟒𝟓
Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) 𝒅 = 𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒇×𝒅 𝒇 × 𝒅𝟐
𝐴 = 45, ℎ = 10
10 - 20 12 15 -3 -36 108
20 - 30 18 25 -2 -36 72
30 - 40 26 35 -1 -26 26
40 - 50 32 45=A 0 0 0
50 - 60 14 55 1 14 14
60 - 70 8 65 2 16 32
--- --- --- --- --- ---

∑ 𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎 ----- ----- ∑ 𝒇𝒅 = −𝟔𝟖 ∑ 𝒇𝒅𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟐

∑ 𝑓𝑑
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 𝐴 + ×ℎ
∑𝑓
−68
= 55 + × 10
110
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 38.82

2
2 (∑ 𝑓𝑑)
√∑ 𝑓𝑑 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛿) = ×ℎ
𝑛
 (−68)2
√ 252 − 110 × 10
=
110

209.96
=√ × 10
110

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 13.82

To find Mode Class

Here, maximum frequency is 32.

The mode class is 40-50.
L=lower boundary point of mode class =40
f1= frequency of the mode class =32
f0= frequency of the preceding class =26
f2= frequency of the succeeding class =14
h= class length of mode class =10

𝑓1 − 𝑓0
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝐿 + ×ℎ
(𝑓1 − 𝑓0 ) + (𝑓1 − 𝑓2 )

32 − 26
= 40 + × 10
(32 − 26) + (32 − 14)

6
= 40 + × 10
24

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 42.5
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
38.82 − 42.5
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
13.82
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = −0.27

10. Solution:

Class Frequency (f) Mid value (x) 𝒇𝒙 𝒇𝒙𝟐

0-5 8 2.5 20 50
5-10 42 7.5 315 2362.5
10-15 26 12.5 325 4062.5
15-20 10 17.5 175 3062.5
20-25 4 22.5 90 2025

-- ∑ 𝒇 = 𝟗𝟎 -- ∑ 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟗𝟐𝟓 ∑𝒇𝒙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟐. 𝟓

 ∑ 𝑓𝑥
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) =
∑𝑓
925
=
90
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑋̅) = 10.28

2
2 (∑ 𝑓𝑥)
√∑ 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝛿) =
𝑛

(925)2
√11562.5 − 90
=
90

2055.56
=√
90

𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 4.78