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PAPER –II (150M)

SECTION- B
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (75M)
1.Technology Missions, Policies and Applications: National S&T Policy: Recent Science,
Technology and Innovation Policy:
Key S&T Policies in India
1.Scientific Policy Resolution (SPR) 1958
• Objective: Laid the foundation for scientific enterprise and promoted a scientific temper
across the nation.
• Significance: Established the framework for India's scientific and technological
development, emphasizing the importance of science in national development and
socio-economic transformation.
2.Technology Policy Statement (TPS) 1983
• Objective: Focused on achieving technological self-reliance and promoting indigenous
technologies.
Features:
• Emphasized the integration of technology with socio-economic programs.
• Established mechanisms like the Technology Development Fund to support local
industries
3.Science and Technology Policy (STP) 2003
• Objective: Aimed to enhance India's global competitiveness through increased
investment in research and development (R&D).
Key Aspects:
• Called for R&D investment to reach 2% of GDP.
• Encouraged collaboration among government, academia, and industry to foster
innovation
4.Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2013
Objective: Declared the decade from 2010 to 2020 as the "Decade of Innovation."

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Highlights:
Focused on creating a robust national innovation ecosystem.
Aimed to link S&T with socio-economic priorities, encouraging private sector involvement in
R&D
5.Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2020
Initiation: Launched during the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing resilience and self-reliance
(Atmanirbhar Bharat).
Objectives:

• Double the number of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) researchers and increase Gross
Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) every five years.

• Implement a "One Nation, One Subscription" policy for access to international research
journals.

• To increase financial support for R&D activities, particularly from the private sector,
which currently contributes less than 40% to GERD compared to 70% in advanced
economies.
1.What was the primary aim of the Scientific Policy Resolution (SPR) of 1958?
A) To promote technological self-reliance
B) To foster and sustain scientific research
C) To increase private sector investment in R&D
D) To integrate science with socio-economic development
Correct Answer: B) To foster and sustain scientific research
Explanation: The SPR of 1958 aimed to "foster, promote and sustain" the cultivation of science
and scientific research in all its aspects, laying the foundation for India's scientific enterprise.
2.Which policy emphasized the need for technological self-reliance in India?
A) Science and Technology Policy 2003
B) Technology Policy Statement 1983
C) Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013
D) Scientific Policy Resolution 1958
Correct Answer: B) Technology Policy Statement 1983
Explanation: The Technology Policy Statement of 1983 focused on achieving technological self-
reliance through the promotion and development of indigenous technologies, aiming to reduce
vulnerabilities in critical areas.

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3.What was a key objective of the Science and Technology Policy 2003?
A) To declare a decade of innovation
B) To increase R&D investment to 2% of GDP
C) To integrate science with traditional knowledge
D) To enhance international collaboration in S&T
Correct Answer: B) To increase R&D investment to 2% of GDP
Explanation: The Science and Technology Policy of 2003 aimed to enhance investment in R&D
significantly, targeting an increase to 2% of GDP to keep pace with global advancements.
4.Which policy declared the decade from 2010 to 2020 as the "Decade of Innovation"?
A) Scientific Policy Resolution 1958
B) Technology Policy Statement 1983
C) Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013
D) Science and Technology Policy 2003
Correct Answer: C) Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013
Explanation: The STIP 2013 recognized the importance of innovation for global competitiveness
and aimed to build a robust national innovation ecosystem
5.What is a notable feature of the Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) 2020?
A) It follows a top-down approach.
B) It emphasizes public-private partnerships.
C) It aims for technological self-sufficiency.
D) It adopts a decentralized, bottom-up approach.
Correct Answer: D) It adopts a decentralized, bottom-up approach.
Explanation: STIP 2020 was formulated using a decentralized, evidence-informed, bottom-up
process that included extensive consultations with various stakeholders, aiming to address
strengths and weaknesses in India's S&T ecosystem.

6.Which initiative is proposed under STIP 2020 to enhance data accessibility?

A) National Research Fund
B) National STI Observatory
C) Collaborative Research Centres
D) Atmanirbhar Bharat Scheme

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Correct Answer: B) National STI Observatory

Explanation: The STIP 2020 proposes establishing a National STI Observatory as a central
repository for data related to the S&T ecosystem, facilitating better access and utilization of
information generated from public-funded research.
7.What is one of the goals regarding human capital in STIP 2020?
A) Reduce funding for research institutions.
B) Limit participation from marginalized communities.
C) Double the number of Full-Time Equivalent researchers every five years.
D) Focus solely on urban areas for talent development.
Correct Answer: C) Double the number of Full-Time Equivalent researchers every five years.
Explanation: STIP 2020 aims to strengthen human capital by significantly increasing the number
of researchers and enhancing investment in R&D across sectors
2. National Strategies and Missions on S&T:

National Quantum Mission (NQM): The National Quantum Mission was launched with an
allocation of ₹6,003.65 crore for eight years, aimed at establishing India as a leader in quantum
technologies, including quantum computing, communication, and sensing.
National Missions on Climate Change:
Nine National Missions: Under the Prime Minister's Science, Technology & Innovation Advisory
Council (PM-STIAC), Natural Language Translation,Quantum Frontier,Artificial Intelligence
(AI),National Biodiversity Mission, Electric Vehicles (EVs),Bioscience for Human Health,Waste to
Wealth, Deep Ocean Exploration,Techno-entrepreneurship.
High-Performance Computing: The National Supercomputing Mission (NSM) has commissioned
multiple high-performance computing systems across India.
VAIBHAV Summit: The government organized the VAIBHAV Summit to connect the Indian STEM
diaspora with local institutions.
Digital India Initiatives: Efforts are underway to integrate digital technologies across sectors
through initiatives like the Digital India Mission.
Improvement in Rankings: India's position improved from 52nd in 2019 to 39th in the Global
Innovation Index in 2024.
Related MCQs:
1.What is the primary objective of the National Quantum Mission (NQM) launched in India?
A) To enhance agricultural productivity
B) To seed, nurture, and scale up scientific and industrial R&D in quantum technologies
C) To promote traditional manufacturing

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D) To increase fossil fuel production

Correct Answer: B) To seed, nurture, and scale up scientific and industrial R&D in quantum
technologies
Explanation: The NQM aims to create a vibrant ecosystem for quantum technologies, focusing
on areas like quantum computing, communication, and sensing. It has a budget of ₹6,003.65
crore for eight years to foster innovation and economic growth through these technologies
2.Which mission aims to promote the production of green hydrogen in India?
• A) National AI Mission
• B) National Green Hydrogen Mission
• C) National Semiconductor Mission
• D) National Bioeconomy Mission
Correct Answer: B) National Green Hydrogen Mission
Explanation: The National Green Hydrogen Mission is designed to incentivize the commercial
production of green hydrogen, targeting a production capacity of at least 5 million metric tonnes
per annum by 2030. This mission also aims to reduce fossil fuel imports and greenhouse gas
emissions.
3.What is the budget allocated for the establishment of the Anusandhan National Research
Foundation (ANRF)?
• A) ₹10,000 crore
• B) ₹25,000 crore
• C) ₹50,000 crore
• D) ₹100,000 crore
Correct Answer: C) ₹50,000 crore
Explanation: The ANRF has been allocated a budget of ₹50,000 crore for five years (2023-2028),
aimed at enhancing research, innovation, and entrepreneurship across various scientific fields
by fostering collaboration between industry, academia, and government.
4.When was the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) launched?
A) 2019
B) 2020
C) 2021
D) 2022
Correct Answer: C) 2021
Explanation: The India Semiconductor Mission was launched in 2021 with a financial outlay of

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₹76,000 crore to enhance domestic chip manufacturing and establish a robust semiconductor
ecosystem in India.
5.What is the primary goal of the India Semiconductor Mission?
A) To reduce electronic waste
B) To make India a global hub for semiconductor manufacturing
C) To increase imports of semiconductor chips
D) To promote traditional manufacturing techniques
Correct Answer: B) To make India a global hub for semiconductor manufacturing
Explanation: The ISM aims to establish a comprehensive semiconductor ecosystem in India,
focusing on design, manufacturing, and research, thereby positioning India as a global leader in
this sector.
6.Which of the following is NOT a component of the India Semiconductor Mission?
A) Scheme for setting up Semiconductor Fabs
B) Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme
C) National AI Mission
D) Scheme for setting up Display Fabs
Correct Answer: C) National AI Mission
Explanation: While the National AI Mission is an important initiative, it is separate from the ISM.
The ISM focuses specifically on semiconductor and display manufacturing.

7.How much fiscal support does the ISM provide for setting up semiconductor fabrication
units?
A) Up to 25% of project cost
B) Up to 50% of project cost
C) Up to 75% of project cost
D) No fiscal support provided
Correct Answer: B) Up to 50% of project cost
Explanation: The ISM provides significant fiscal support, specifically up to 50% of the project
cost for eligible applicants setting up semiconductor fabrication units, aimed at attracting large
investments.
8.Which organization acts as the nodal agency for implementing the schemes under the India
Semiconductor Mission?
A) Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY)

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B) Digital India Corporation

C) Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
D) Department of Science and Technology (DST)
Correct Answer: B) Digital India Corporation
Explanation: The ISM operates as an independent business division within the Digital India
Corporation, which has full administrative and financial powers to implement various schemes
under the mission.
9.What is the focus area of the National AI Mission announced by the Indian government?
A) Enhancing traditional agriculture techniques
B) Establishing robust computing powers for AI applications
C) Promoting fossil fuel energy sources
D) Developing manual labor techniques
Correct Answer: B) Establishing robust computing powers for AI applications
Explanation: The National AI Mission aims to strengthen India's capabilities in artificial
intelligence by enhancing computing infrastructure and promoting AI applications across critical
sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, and education
10.Which of the following missions is specifically aimed at addressing climate change impacts?
A) National Bioeconomy Mission
B) National Green Hydrogen Mission
C) National Missions on Climate Change
D) National Quantum Mission
Correct Answer: C) National Missions on Climate Change
Explanation: The National Missions on Climate Change include initiatives focused on building
capacities and generating knowledge to address climate-related challenges effectively.
Space Technology: Launch vehicles in India
Key Launch Vehicles in India
1. Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV)
• Introduction: Launched in 1980, SLV was India's first experimental satellite launch
vehicle.
• Significance: It successfully placed the Rohini satellite in orbit, marking India's
entry into space technology.
2. Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV)

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• Development: Introduced in the 1990s, ASLV was designed to enhance payload

capacity.
• Achievements: It successfully launched multiple satellites and paved the way for
more advanced vehicles.
3. Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)
• Overview: PSLV is one of ISRO's most successful and versatile launch vehicles,
operational since 1994.
• Capabilities: It can launch payloads into various orbits, including Low Earth Orbit
(LEO) and Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO).
• Notable Missions: PSLV has launched over 300 satellites, including India's Mars
Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) and Chandrayaan-1.
• Variants: The PSLV has several variants, including PSLV-G, PSLV-XL, and PSLV-CA,
with modifications for different payload capacities.
4. Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
Introduction: GSLV was developed to place heavier payloads into
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
• Variants: The GSLV Mk I, Mk II, and Mk III (now known as LVM3) have been
developed, with Mk III being the most powerful.
• Payload Capacity: GSLV Mk III can carry up to 4-5 tonnes to GTO and about 10
tonnes to LEO.
• Significant Missions: It was used for launching the GSAT series of
communication satellites and the Chandrayaan-2 mission.
5. Reusable Launch Vehicle – Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)
• Objective: The RLV-TD aims to develop technologies for a reusable launch
vehicle to reduce costs and improve efficiency in satellite launches.
• Progress: Successful tests have been conducted to demonstrate key
technologies such as winged re-entry and landing.
6. Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)
• Development Plans: ISRO is actively working on the NGLV to enhance payload
capacity and reduce launch costs. It is designed to be a three-stage vehicle
powered by semi-cryogenic, liquid, and cryogenic engines.
• Strategic Importance: This vehicle aims to compete in the global heavy-lift
market and support future ambitious missions.
Recent Developments:Satellite Launches Now and Future plans

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1. Chandrayaan-3 Success
• In August 2023, India achieved a historic milestone by successfully landing
Chandrayaan-3 on the Moon's south pole, making it the first country to do so.
This mission demonstrated India's advanced capabilities in lunar exploration and
set the stage for future missions.
2. Aditya-L1 Mission
• Launched in September 2023, Aditya-L1 is India's first solar observatory mission
aimed at studying solar activities and their impact on the Earth's climate. This
mission enhances India's capabilities in space-based astronomy.
3. X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)
• Scheduled for launch in early 2024, XPoSat will be India’s first dedicated
polarimetry mission to study X-ray emissions from celestial bodies. This mission is
crucial for understanding the dynamics of astronomical phenomena.
4. Gaganyaan Human Spaceflight Program
• The Gaganyaan program is progressing towards its first uncrewed mission
planned for 2026, with subsequent crewed missions aimed at establishing human
presence in low Earth orbit (LEO). This ambitious initiative will enhance India's
capabilities in human spaceflight.
5. Electric Propulsion Technology
• ISRO is set to launch its first home-grown electric propulsion satellite, Technology
Demonstrator Satellite-1 (TDS-1), in December 2024. This technology will reduce
satellite mass significantly by using electric propulsion instead of traditional
chemical fuels.
Upcoming Satellite Launch Projects
1. Chandrayaan-4 Mission
• Planned for 2028, Chandrayaan-4 aims to develop technologies for lunar sample
return missions and is a critical step towards future human missions to the Moon,
targeted for 2040. The mission will focus on advanced technologies for docking,
undocking, and safe return from lunar landings.
2. Venus Orbiter Mission
• This mission aims to explore Venus's atmosphere and surface, contributing to our
understanding of planetary systems and enhancing India's planetary exploration
capabilities.
3. Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS)

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• Set to be established by 2035, BAS will serve as India’s own space station,
facilitating microgravity research and technology development. This initiative
aims to enhance India’s human spaceflight capabilities significantly.
4. Indo-US NISAR Satellite
• The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite is scheduled for launch
in February 2024. It will be one of the most expensive Earth imaging satellites
and is expected to provide critical data for climate change research.
5. Increased Launch Frequency
• India plans to conduct approximately 30 space launches between fiscal years
2023-24 and 2024-25, with half dedicated to commercial missions through
NewSpace India Limited (NSIL). This includes multiple Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicles (PSLVs) and Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs).
Strategic Initiatives
• New Space Policy: A new national space policy introduced in 2023 aims to promote
private sector participation and make India a global space hub.
• Venture Capital Fund: The Union Budget for 2024-25 announced a ₹1,000 crore Venture
Capital Fund for space startups, fostering innovation and growth in the burgeoning space
sector.
1.Which launch vehicle was used by ISRO for the Chandrayaan-2 mission?
A) PSLV-C21
B) GSLV Mk III
C) ASLV-D4
D) SLV-3
Correct Answer: B) GSLV Mk III
Explanation: The GSLV Mk III was specifically designed to handle heavier payloads and was used
to launch the Chandrayaan-2 mission, which aimed to explore the Moon's south pole. It is
capable of placing approximately 4-5 tonnes into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO).
2.What is the primary purpose of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)?
A) To launch satellites into Geosynchronous Orbit
B) To launch satellites into Low Earth Orbit and Sun-Synchronous Orbits
C) To carry out interplanetary missions
D) To serve as a human spaceflight vehicle

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Correct Answer: B) To launch satellites into Low Earth Orbit and Sun-Synchronous Orbits
Explanation: The PSLV is known for its versatility and reliability in launching satellites into
various orbits, particularly Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Sun-Synchronous Orbits (SSO).
3.What distinguishes the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV Mk III) from its
predecessors?
A) It uses only solid fuel.
B) It has a cryogenic upper stage.
C) It is shorter in height than previous models.
D) It cannot carry communication satellites.
Correct Answer: B) It has a cryogenic upper stage.
Explanation: The GSLV Mk III features an indigenous cryogenic upper stage, which allows it to
launch heavier payloads compared to earlier versions like GSLV Mk I and Mk II. This capability is
crucial for deploying larger communication satellites.
4.What is the expected payload capacity of the GSLV Mk III?
A) 2 tonnes to GTO
B) 4-5 tonnes to GTO
C) 10 tonnes to LEO
D) 1 tonne to SSO
Correct Answer: B) 4-5 tonnes to GTO
Explanation: The GSLV Mk III can carry between 4-5 tonnes to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit
(GTO), making it suitable for launching heavy communication satellites and interplanetary
missions.
5.Which upcoming project involves India's first home-grown electric propulsion satellite?
A) Chandrayaan-4
B) Technology Demonstrator Satellite (TDS-1)
C) Aditya-L1
D) NISAR
Correct Answer: B) Technology Demonstrator Satellite (TDS-1)
Explanation: TDS-1 is set to demonstrate electric propulsion technology, which will significantly
reduce satellite mass by using solar energy instead of traditional chemical fuels. This satellite is
expected to be launched in December 2024.
6.What is the primary goal of India's Gaganyaan mission?
A) To launch satellites into geostationary orbit

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B) To send astronauts into space

C) To explore Mars
D) To develop satellite navigation systems
Correct Answer: B) To send astronauts into space
Explanation: The Gaganyaan mission is India's first crewed spaceflight program, aiming to send
Indian astronauts into low Earth orbit by 2025. This mission will mark a significant milestone for
India in human space exploration.
7.Which vehicle will be used for the upcoming NISAR satellite launch?
A) PSLV
B) GSLV Mk III
C) SSLV
D) GSLV Mk II
Correct Answer: B) GSLV Mk III
Explanation: The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) satellite is scheduled for launch
using the GSLV Mk III, which is capable of carrying heavier payloads to geosynchronous orbits.
8.Which satellite launch is scheduled as part of India's climate observation efforts?
A) Chandrayaan-3
B) INSAT-3DS
C) NISAR
D) Aditya-L1
Correct Answer: B) INSAT-3DS
Explanation: The INSAT-3DS satellite is part of India's climate observatory series and aims to
enhance meteorological services by providing critical data on weather patterns.
9. What is the primary objective of the Chandrayaan-4 mission?
A) To establish a lunar base
B) To retrieve samples from the Moon's surface
C) To study solar activities
D) To launch a human crew to the Moon
Correct Answer: B) To retrieve samples from the Moon's surface
Explanation: The Chandrayaan-4 mission aims to build on the success of Chandrayaan-3 by
conducting a remote mission to collect lunar surface samples and return them to Earth. It is
scheduled for launch in 2027 and will utilize advanced technologies for precision landing and
sample collection

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10. What is the primary objective of the Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM)?
A) To land a rover on Venus
B) To study the surface and atmosphere of Venus
C) To establish a human presence on Venus
D) To return samples from Venus
Correct Answer: B) To study the surface and atmosphere of Venus
Explanation: The VOM aims to orbit Venus and conduct detailed studies of its surface,
subsurface, atmospheric processes, and the influence of solar activity on its atmosphere. This
mission will help understand the transformation of Venus and its similarities to Earth .
11.When is the planned launch date for the Venus Orbiter Mission?
A) March 2026
B) March 2028
C) July 2028
D) September 2028
Correct Answer: B) March 2028
Explanation: The VOM is scheduled to be launched on March 29, 2028, and is expected to reach
Venus by July 19, 2028, after a journey of approximately 112 days .
12.Which launch vehicle will be used for the VOM?
A) PSLV
B) GSLV Mk II
C) LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3)
D) SSLV
Correct Answer: C) LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3)
Explanation: The VOM will be launched using ISRO's LVM3, which is capable of carrying heavier
payloads into orbit, making it suitable for this ambitious mission .
13.What is the primary objective of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS)?
A) To serve as a launch pad for satellites
B) To conduct scientific research in microgravity
C) To establish a permanent human settlement on Mars
D) To monitor weather patterns on Earth
Correct Answer: B) To conduct scientific research in microgravity
Explanation: The BAS is designed to facilitate long-duration human spaceflight and scientific

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research in microgravity, enabling experiments in various fields such as astronomy and Earth
observation .

12.When is the first module of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS-1) expected to be
launched?
A) 2025
B) 2026
C) 2028
D) 2030
Correct Answer: C) 2028
Explanation: The first module of BAS, known as BAS-1, is scheduled for launch in 2028. This
module will serve as a test bed for essential technologies needed for future crewed missions .
13.How many modules will the complete Bharatiya Antariksh Station consist of?
A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) Six
Correct Answer: C) Five
Explanation: The BAS is planned to have a five-module design, including a base module, core
module, science lab, and common working module, to support various scientific and operational
activities .
14.Which launch vehicle will be used to launch the first module of BAS?
A) PSLV
B) GSLV Mk II
C) LVM-3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3)
D) SSLV
Correct Answer: C) LVM-3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3)
Explanation: The first module of the Bharatiya Antariksh Station will be launched using ISRO's
LVM-3, which is capable of carrying heavier payloads into orbit .
15.What is the targeted operational year for the full Bharatiya Antariksh Station?
A) 2030
B) 2035

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C) 2040
D) 2045
Correct Answer: B) 2035
Explanation: The complete Bharatiya Antariksh Station is targeted to become fully operational
by 2035, positioning India among a select group of nations with active space stations .
16.How many total launches is India planning for the fiscal year 2024-25?
A) 20
B) 25
C) 30
D) 35
Correct Answer: C) 30
Explanation: India plans to conduct approximately 30 space launches in the fiscal year 2024-25,
with half of these dedicated to commercial missions. This reflects a significant increase in launch
frequency and capabilities.
17.What is unique about the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV)?
A) It will be used only for crewed missions.
B) It is designed for high payload capacity and cost-effectiveness.
C) It uses only solid propellants.
D) It has no reusability features.
Correct Answer: B) It is designed for high payload capacity and cost-effectiveness.
Explanation: The NGLV will have three times the current payload capability compared to existing
vehicles like LVM-3, while also being reusable, which will significantly reduce launch costs
18.Which private company is developing the Agnibaan rocket for small satellite launches?
A) Skyroot Aerospace
B) Agnikul Cosmos
C) ISRO
D) NewSpace India Limited
Correct Answer: B) Agnikul Cosmos
Explanation: Agnikul Cosmos is developing the Agnibaan rocket, which aims to provide
dedicated small satellite launch services using innovative technologies like 3D printing .

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

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Established in 1958, DRDO is responsible for the indigenous design, development, and
production of advanced weapon systems for the Indian Armed Forces.
It operates over 50 laboratories across seven technology clusters, focusing on diverse areas such
as aeronautics, armament, electronics, and combat engineering.
DRDO's motto is "Balasya Mulam Vigyanam," emphasizing the importance of science and
technology in national defense.
Key Technologies Developed by DRDO
Missile Systems
DRDO has developed a range of missile systems under the IGMDP, which includes:
• Agni Series: A family of long-range ballistic missiles capable of carrying nuclear
warheads.
• BrahMos: A supersonic cruise missile developed in collaboration with Russia, known for
its speed and precision.
• Akash: A surface-to-air missile system designed for air defense.
• Astra: An advanced air-to-air missile with beyond-visual-range capabilities.
• NAG: An anti-tank guided missile designed to engage armored targets

Electronics and Communication

• Electronic Warfare Systems: These include advanced radar systems and electronic
countermeasure technologies.
• Radar Systems: Development of various radar types such as the Medium Power Radar
(Arudhra) and Coastal Surveillance Radar, which enhance surveillance capabilities.
• Telemetry Systems: Airborne telemetry systems for tracking missile performance during
tests.

Aeronautics:
• Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas: An indigenous fighter aircraft designed for multi-role
operations.
• Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C): Systems that provide situational
awareness and command control capabilities
Arihant-Class submarines:
The Arihant-Class submarines are crucial for India's nuclear triad, enabling the country to launch
nuclear weapons from land, air, and sea.
These are Nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs).

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• INS Arihant was launched on July 26, 2009, and commissioned into service in August
2016. It became fully operational by 2018.
• The second submarine, INS Arighaat, India's second nuclear-powered ballistic missile
submarine (SSBN), was officially commissioned into service on August 29, 2024, at
Visakhapatnam.
• S-4 Submarine: Fourth SSBN in the series, designated S-4*. Launched at the Ship
Building Centre in Visakhapatnam.
1.When was the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) initiated?
A) 1980
B) 1982
C) 1983
D) 1985
Answer: C) 1983
Explanation: The IGMDP was officially launched in 1983 to achieve self-sufficiency in missile
technology, primarily in response to international restrictions on missile technology access
2.Who was the chief architect of the IGMDP?
A) Vikram Sarabhai
B) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
C) Homi Bhabha
D) Satish Dhawan
Answer: B) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Explanation: Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam played a pivotal role in the conception and execution of the
IGMDP, aiming to bolster India's defense capabilities through indigenous missile development
3.Which of the following missiles is NOT developed under the IGMDP?
A) Prithvi
B) Agni
C) BrahMos
D) Akash
Answer: C) BrahMos
Explanation: The BrahMos missile is a joint venture with Russia and is not part of the IGMDP,
which focused on developing indigenous systems like Prithvi, Agni, Akash, Trishul, and Nag
4.What was the primary objective of the IGMDP?
A) To develop nuclear submarines
B) To achieve self-reliance in missile technology

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C) To enhance air defense systems

D) To develop satellite technology
Answer: B) To achieve self-reliance in missile technology
Explanation: The main goal of the IGMDP was to develop indigenous guided missile systems and
reduce dependence on foreign suppliers for critical defense technologies
5.Which missile was initially conceived as a technology demonstrator under the IGMDP?
A) Trishul
B) Nag
C) Agni
D) Akash
Answer: C) Agni
Explanation: The Agni missile was developed as a technology demonstrator and later evolved
into a series of strategic missiles due to its significance for national security
6.Which missile system is classified as a short-range surface-to-surface missile developed
under IGMDP?
A) Agni-II
B) Prithvi-II
C) Akash
D) Trishul
Answer: B) Prithvi-II
Explanation: Prithvi-II is categorized as a short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile with a
range of approximately 250 km to 350 km
7.Which missile developed under IGMDP is designed for anti-tank purposes?
A) Prithvi
B) Akash
C) Nag
D) Trishul
Answer: C) Nag
Explanation: The Nag missile is India's third-generation anti-tank guided missile designed to
engage armored targets effectively
8.What is the range of the Prithvi-II missile?
A) 150 km to 250 km
B) 250 km to 350 km
C) 350 km to 450 km

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

D) 450 km to 550 km
Answer: B) 250 km to 350 km
Explanation: The Prithvi-II missile has a specified operational range between 250 km and 350
km, making it suitable for tactical strikes.
9.Which of the following is a DRDO-developed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)?
a) Tejas
b) Rustom
c) Akash
d) Nirbhay
Answer: b) Rustom
Explanation: Rustom is an indigenously developed UAV designed for surveillance and
reconnaissance missions, showcasing DRDO's capabilities in unmanned systems.
10.Which indigenously developed tank has been inducted into the Indian Army?
a) Arjun Mk-I
b) T-72
c) T-90
d) Arjun Mk-II
Answer: d) Arjun Mk-II
Explanation: The Arjun Mk-II is an advanced version of the Arjun tank, equipped with state-of-
the-art features developed by DRDO

11.What type of missile is “VSHORADS”, developed by DRDO?

a) Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)
b) Man-portable air-defence system (MANPADS)
c) Surface-to-air missile
d) Cruise missile
Answer: b) Man-portable air-defence system (MANPADS)
Explanation: VSHORADS stands for Very Short Range Air Defence System, designed for portable
air defense applications
12.What type of propulsion system does the Arihant-class submarine utilize?
a) Diesel-electric propulsion
b) Air-independent propulsion
c) Nuclear propulsion

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d) Steam turbine propulsion

Answer: c) Nuclear propulsion
Explanation: The Arihant-class submarines are powered by nuclear reactors, allowing them to
operate underwater for extended periods without surfacing
Cybersecurity:
Cybersecurity involves defending computers, servers, mobile devices, electronic systems,
networks, and data from malicious attacks.
Government Initiatives: The Indian government has implemented several initiatives to enhance
cybersecurity resilience:
• Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In): This agency coordinates
responses to cybersecurity incidents and helps manage vulnerabilities .
• Cyber Surakshit Bharat: Launched to raise awareness about cyber threats and promote
best practices in cybersecurity across the country.
• National Cyber Security Policy: This policy aims to create a secure cyber ecosystem and
protect critical information infrastructure.

Types of Cybercrime
Phishing:It involves tricking individuals into providing sensitive information, such as passwords
or credit card numbers, by posing as a trustworthy entity in electronic communications.
Ransomware:It is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files, rendering them inaccessible
until a ransom is paid to the attacker.
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks: In a DDoS attack, multiple compromised systems
are used to flood a target server with traffic, overwhelming it and causing service disruption.
Cyberstalking: This involves the use of the internet to harass or intimidate an individual
persistently.
Cyber Espionage: This involves unauthorized access to confidential information held by
governments or corporations for political or economic gain.
Cryptojacking: This occurs when hackers hijack someone else's computer resources without
their consent to mine cryptocurrencies.
Cyber Extortion: It involves threats to release sensitive data or conduct attacks unless a ransom
is paid.
Cybersecurity Laws in India
Information Technology Act, 2000:
The IT Act is the cornerstone of India's cyber law framework. It was enacted to promote e-
governance and protect against cybercrimes such as hacking, data theft, and unauthorized
access to computer systems.

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Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008:Expanded the scope of the IT Act to include
provisions for data protection and enhanced penalties for cyber offenses.
Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023: This recent legislation focuses on regulating the
collection, processing, and storage of personal data. It emphasizes user consent, particularly for
minors, and aims to enhance privacy protections in the digital space.
Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In): Established under the IT Act, CERT-In
plays a crucial role in responding to cybersecurity incidents and providing guidelines for best
practices in cybersecurity.
National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCSC): This body coordinates efforts to enhance national
cybersecurity and addresses threats at a macro level.
The Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code Rules of 2021 regulate social media
platforms and online content providers, ensuring accountability in managing user-generated
content.
1.What is a key feature of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023?
A) It allows unrestricted access to personal data.
B) It mandates user consent for processing personal data.
C) It eliminates penalties for data breaches.
D) It focuses solely on corporate data protection.
Correct Answer: B) It mandates user consent for processing personal data
Explanation: The DPDPA emphasizes user consent as a crucial element in the processing of
personal data.
2.Which body is responsible for responding to cybersecurity incidents in India?
A) National Cyber Security Agency
B) Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
C) Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
D) Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal
Correct Answer: B) Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
Explanation: CERT-In is tasked with responding to cybersecurity incidents and providing
guidelines for best practices.
3.What does the Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008 primarily address?
A) E-commerce regulations
B) Data protection and privacy
C) Telecommunications laws

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

D) Intellectual property rights

Correct Answer: B) Data protection and privacy
Explanation: The amendment expanded the IT Act's provisions to enhance data protection
measures and impose penalties for violations.
4.Which scheme aims to enhance national cybersecurity coordination?
A) Digital India Initiative
B) National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCSC)
C) Cyber Crime Prevention Scheme
D) E-Governance Scheme
Correct Answer: B) National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCSC)
Explanation: NCSC is specifically designed to coordinate efforts to enhance national cybersecurity
resilience.
5.What type of cybercrime involves unauthorized access to computer systems?
A) Identity theft
B) Hacking
C) Online fraud
D) Phishing
Correct Answer: B) Hacking
Explanation: Hacking is the act of gaining unauthorized access to computer systems and is
categorized as a crime against property.
6.Cyber terrorism primarily targets which entity?
A) Individuals
B) Businesses
C) Government entities
D) All of the above
Correct Answer: C) Government entities
Explanation: Cyber terrorism involves attacks that threaten national security and are typically
directed at government entities.
7.Which type of cybercrime includes phishing scams?
A) Crimes against persons
B) Crimes against property
C) Crimes against the government

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

D) None of the above

Correct Answer: B) Crimes against property
Explanation: Phishing scams aim to deceive individuals into providing personal information,
which constitutes a crime against property
Nuclear Technology in India
India's nuclear journey began in the 1940s with the establishment of the Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research in 1945.
The first research reactor, Apsara, was commissioned in 1956, followed by the construction of
the first plutonium reprocessing plant by 1964.
Nuclear Weapons Program:
India conducted its first nuclear test, codenamed "Smiling Buddha," on May 18, 1974, under
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
Three-Stage Nuclear Power Program:
• Conceived by Homi Bhabha, this program aims to utilize India's limited uranium
resources while maximizing its vast thorium reserves. The three stages include:
• Stage 1: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium.
• Stage 2: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) that generate plutonium.
• Stage 3: Thermal Breeder Reactors that utilize thorium

Nuclear Reactors and Power Plants

• Current Capacity: As of now, India has an installed nuclear power capacity of
approximately 6,780 MWe, contributing about 3% to the national electricity generation
mix.
Future Plans: The government aims to increase nuclear capacity to 22,480 MWe by 2031, with
projections suggesting that nuclear power could account for nearly 9% of India's electricity
needs by 2047.
Key Nuclear Conventions
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): The NPT aims to prevent the spread of nuclear
weapons and promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy. India has not signed this treaty, arguing
that it is discriminatory as it recognizes only five nuclear-armed states (the U.S., Russia, China,
France, and the UK).
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT): The CTBT prohibits all nuclear explosions for
both civilian and military purposes. India has refrained from signing the CTBT, citing security
concerns and the need for a more comprehensive approach to disarmament.
Bilateral Agreements:

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• United States: The Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement (2008) allows for civil nuclear
cooperation and trade.
• France: A similar agreement was signed in 2008, facilitating cooperation in civilian
nuclear energy.
• Russia, Canada, Australia, Japan, and others have also entered into agreements with
India for civil nuclear cooperation.
1. What was the name of India's first nuclear test?
A) Operation Shakti
B) Smiling Buddha
C) Operation Shakti-II
D) Pokhran-II
Correct Answer: B) Smiling Buddha
Explanation: "Smiling Buddha" was India's first nuclear test conducted on May 18, 1974.
2.Which reactor type is used in Stage 1 of India's three-stage nuclear program?
A) Fast Breeder Reactor
B) Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor
C) Light Water Reactor
D) Boiling Water Reactor
Correct Answer: B) Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor
Explanation: Stage 1 utilizes Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) fueled by natural
uranium.
3.What is the primary goal of India's three-stage nuclear program?
A) To develop advanced weapons
B) To maximize thorium utilization
C) To import more uranium
D) To build more research reactors
Correct Answer: B) To maximize thorium utilization
Explanation: The three-stage program aims to utilize India's abundant thorium reserves while
managing limited uranium resources.
4.Which country collaborated with India on the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant?
A) United States
B) France

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

C) Russia
D) Japan
Correct Answer: C) Russia
Explanation: The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant was developed in collaboration with Russia.
5.What is India's declared policy regarding the use of nuclear weapons?
A) First use policy
B) No first use policy
C) Conditional use policy
D) Preemptive strike policy
Correct Answer: B) No first use policy
Explanation: India maintains a no-first-use policy, asserting that it will only use nuclear weapons
in retaliation.
6.What is the primary purpose of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
A) To promote nuclear energy for civilian use
B) To prevent the spread of nuclear weapons
C) To facilitate nuclear trade between countries
D) To regulate nuclear waste disposal
Correct Answer: B) To prevent the spread of nuclear weapons
Explanation: The NPT aims to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons and promote
peaceful uses of nuclear energy. India has not signed the NPT, arguing that it is discriminatory.
7.Which treaty prohibits all nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes?
A) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
B) Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
C) Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
D) Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT)
Correct Answer: B) Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)
Explanation: The CTBT aims to prohibit all nuclear explosions worldwide. India has not signed
this treaty, citing security concerns.
8.What commitment did India make under the Indo-US Civil Nuclear Agreement regarding its
civilian reactors?
A) To halt all nuclear tests permanently
B) To place all civilian reactors under IAEA safeguards

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

C) To limit its production of fissile material

D) To share its technology with other nations
Correct Answer: B) To place all civilian reactors under IAEA safeguards
Explanation: Under the agreement, India committed to placing many of its civilian reactors
under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards while maintaining control over its
military facilities.
9.When was the first nuclear power plant in India set up?
A) 1962
B) 1969
C) 1974
D) 1984
Correct Answer: B) 1969
Explanation: The Tarapur Atomic Power Station was commissioned in 1969, marking the
beginning of India's journey into nuclear power generation.
10.What is the installed nuclear power capacity of India as of 2021?
A) 4,780 MW
B) 6,780 MW
C) 10,000 MW
D) 21,000 MW
Correct Answer: B) 6,780 MW
Explanation: As of 2021, India has an installed nuclear power capacity of approximately 6,780
MW from its operational reactors.
11.Which of the following nuclear plants is located in Tamil Nadu?
A) Kakrapar Atomic Power Station
B) Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
C) Tarapur Atomic Power Station
D) Narora Atomic Power Station
Correct Answer: B) Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
Explanation: The Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, with a capacity of 2,000 MW, is located in
Tamil Nadu and is one of India's largest nuclear facilities.
12.Which reactor type is under construction at Kakrapar?
A) PHWR-220

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

B) PHWR-700
C) Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)
D) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Correct Answer: B) PHWR-700
Explanation: The Kakrapar Atomic Power Station is set to include units of the Pressurized Heavy
Water Reactor (PHWR-700), which are currently under construction.

Sl. No. Plant Name Location Date of Commercial Operation Type

Tarapur Atomic Power Plant-1

1 (TAPS-1) Boisar, Maharashtra October 1969 BWR

Tarapur Atomic Power Plant-2

2 (TAPS-2) Boisar, Maharashtra October 1969 BWR

Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant-1

3 (RAPS-1) Kota, Rajasthan December 1973 PHWR

Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant-2

4 (RAPS-2) Kota, Rajasthan April 1981 PHWR

Madras Atomic Power Plant-1 Kalpakkam, Tamil

5 (MAPS-1) Nadu January 1984 PHWR

Madras Atomic Power Plant-2 Kalpakkam, Tamil

6 (MAPS-2) Nadu March 1986 PHWR

Narora Atomic Power Plant-1 Narora, Uttar

7 (NAPS-1) Pradesh January 1991 PHWR

Narora Atomic Power Plant-2 Narora, Uttar

8 (NAPS-2) Pradesh July 1992 PHWR

Kakrapar Atomic Power Plant-1

9 (KAPS-1) Tapi, Gujarat May 1993 PHWR

Kakrapar Atomic Power Plant-2

10 (KAPS-2) Tapi, Gujarat September 1995 PHWR

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Sl. No. Plant Name Location Date of Commercial Operation Type

Kaiga Generating Station-1 (KGS-

11 1) Kaiga, Karnataka November 2000 PHWR

Kaiga Generating Station-2 (KGS-

12 2) Kaiga, Karnataka March 2000 PHWR

Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant-3

13 (RAPS-3) Kota, Rajasthan June 2000 PHWR

Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant-4

14 (RAPS-4) Kota, Rajasthan December 2000 PHWR

Kaiga Generating Station-3 (KGS-

15 3) Kaiga, Karnataka May 2007 PHWR

Kaiga Generating Station-4 (KGS-

16 4) Kaiga, Karnataka January 2011 PHWR

Tarapur Atomic Power Plant-3

17 (TAPS-3) Boisar, Maharashtra August 2006 PHWR

Tarapur Atomic Power Plant-4

18 (TAPS-4) Boisar, Maharashtra September 2005 PHWR

Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant-5

19 (RAPS-5) Kota, Rajasthan February 2010 PHWR

Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant-6

20 (RAPS-6) Kota, Rajasthan March 2010 PHWR

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Kudankulam, Tamil

21 Station-1 (KKNPS-1) Nadu December 2014 - PWR

Kudankulam Nuclear Power Kudankulam, Tamil

22 Station-2 (KKNPS-2) Nadu - March -201

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Total Operational Reactors: India currently has 22 operational reactors.

Upcoming nuclear power plants

Proposed Nuclear Power Plant Location Capacity (MW)

Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant Maharashtra 6 x 1650

Andhra
Kovvada Nuclear Power Plant Pradesh 6 x 1208

Chhaya Mithi Virdi Nuclear

Power Plant Gujarat 6 x 1000

Haripur Nuclear Power Plant West Bengal Nominal capacity TBD

Madhya 4 x
Bhimpur Nuclear Power Plant Pradesh 700

13.Who conceived India's three-stage nuclear power program?

A) Vikram Sarabhai
B) Homi Bhabha
C) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
D) Dr. Manohar B. Bansal
Correct Answer: B) Homi Bhabha
Explanation: Homi Bhabha, known as the father of India's nuclear program, conceptualized the
three-stage nuclear power program in the 1950s to utilize India's limited uranium resources
and abundant thorium reserves.
14.What is the primary fuel used in the first stage of India's three-stage nuclear program?
A) Plutonium-239
B) Uranium-235
C) Natural uranium
D) Thorium-232
Correct Answer: C) Natural uranium
Explanation: The first stage of the program utilizes natural uranium as fuel in Pressurized Heavy
Water Reactors (PHWRs), which produce plutonium-239 for the next stage.

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15.Which type of reactor is used in the second stage of the three-stage nuclear program?
A) Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
B) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
C) Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)
D) Light Water Reactor (LWR)
Correct Answer: C) Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)
Explanation: The second stage employs Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs), which use plutonium-
based fuel and are designed to generate more fissile material than they consume.
16.What is the main objective of the third stage of India's nuclear program?
A) To utilize imported uranium
B) To develop advanced military weapons
C) To use thorium as a fuel source
D) To increase reliance on fossil fuels
Correct Answer: C) To use thorium as a fuel source
Explanation: The third stage focuses on utilizing thorium-232, which is converted to uranium-233
in reactors, allowing India to leverage its vast thorium reserves for energy production.
Nuclear fission and fusion reactors
Nuclear Fission: This process involves splitting heavy atomic nuclei (like Uranium-235 or
Plutonium-239) into smaller nuclei, releasing a significant amount of energy.
Nuclear Fusion: This reaction occurs when light atomic nuclei (such as isotopes of hydrogen)
combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy.
Chapter 2:Energy Management
Electricity capacity :
As of now, India's total installed electricity capacity is approximately 428 GW. This capacity
includes a mix of energy sources:
• Coal: 243,217 MW (56.8%)
• Renewable Energy: 201.45 GW (43%), with solar and wind being the largest
contributors.
• Nuclear: Around 6% of the total capacity.

Renewable Energy Growth

• India ranks 4th globally in total renewable energy capacity and has set ambitious targets
for the future. The country aims to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

by 2030, which is part of its commitment to reduce carbon intensity by 45% by the end
of the decade and achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
• The installed capacity of renewable energy has increased dramatically, with solar power
growing from 2.6 GW in 2014 to 90.76 GW as of September 2024
Electricity Demand Projections

• Projected peak electricity demand for India is expected to reach 277.2 GW by 2026-27,
increasing to 366.4 GW by 2031-32.
• The overall electrical energy requirement is projected at 1,907.8 BU for 2026-27
and 2,473.8 BU for 2031-32.
Bio-Fuels:
Biofuels are defined as fuels that are produced directly or indirectly from biomass—organic
materials derived from living or recently living organisms. This includes a wide range of
feedstocks such as agricultural crops, forestry products, and organic waste.
Types of Biofuels:
1.First Generation (1G) Biofuels:
• Bioethanol: Often made from corn or sugarcane.
• Biodiesel: Derived from vegetable oils or animal fats.
2.Second Generation (2G) Biofuels:
• Cellulosic ethanol produced from plant fibers.
• Biodiesel from waste oils.
3.Third Generation (3G) Biofuels:
Produced from algae and microorganisms.
4.Fourth Generation (4G) Biofuels:
Involves genetically modified organisms designed to enhance biofuel production efficiency.

National Policy on Bio-Fuels:

The National Policy on Biofuels - 2018 is a strategic initiative by the Government of India aimed
at promoting the production and use of biofuels in the country
Objectives:
• Increase Biofuel Usage: The policy aims to enhance the use of biofuels in the energy
and transportation sectors over the next decade.
• Substitute Fossil Fuels: It focuses on substituting fossil fuels with biofuels, thereby
contributing to national energy security and climate change mitigation.

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

• Support Farmers: The policy intends to increase farmers' income by utilizing

agricultural residues and surplus food grains for biofuel production.
Key Features
1. Categorization of Biofuels:
• First Generation (1G): Bioethanol and biodiesel derived from food crops.
• Second Generation (2G): Ethanol from non-food biomass, including municipal
solid waste.
• Third Generation (3G): Bio-CNG produced from algae and other advanced
feedstocks.
2. Feedstock Expansion: The policy allows for a wider range of raw materials for ethanol
production, including:
• Sugarcane juice
• Damaged food grains (e.g., broken rice, rotten potatoes)
• Starch-containing materials like corn and cassava.
3. Ethanol Blending Targets: The government has set a target to achieve 20% ethanol
blending with petrol by 2025-26, advancing from the previous target of 2030.
4. Financial Support: A viability gap funding scheme of ₹5,000 crore over six years has
been proposed for establishing second-generation ethanol biorefineries.
5. Make in India Initiative: The policy encourages domestic production of biofuels,
supporting local industries and reducing import dependency.
1.What is the primary feedstock used for producing bioethanol?
A) Coal
B) Sugarcane
C) Natural gas
D) Crude oil
Answer: B) Sugarcane
Explanation: Bioethanol is primarily produced from sugar-rich crops such as sugarcane and corn.
It is fermented from the sugars extracted from these plants, making sugarcane a key feedstock.
2.Which of the following is considered a first-generation biofuel?
A) Algal biofuel
B) Biodiesel from vegetable oils
C) Bio-CNG

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D) Cellulosic ethanol
Answer: B) Biodiesel from vegetable oils
Explanation: First-generation biofuels are produced from food crops, including biodiesel made
from vegetable oils and bioethanol made from sugar or starch crops.
3.What type of biofuel is produced from non-food biomass such as agricultural residues?
A) First Generation
B) Second Generation
C) Third Generation
D) None of the above
Answer: B) Second Generation
Explanation: Second-generation biofuels are derived from non-food biomass, including
agricultural residues, wood chips, and other lignocellulosic materials, which do not compete
with food supplies.
4.Biodiesel is primarily produced through which chemical process?
A) Fermentation
B) Transesterification
C) Gasification
D) Pyrolysis
Answer: B) Transesterification
Explanation: Biodiesel production involves transesterification, where triglycerides (fats/oils)
react with an alcohol (usually methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst to form
biodiesel and glycerin.
5.Which of the following biofuels can be produced from waste materials, including municipal
solid waste?
A) Bioethanol
B) Biogasoline
C) Advanced biofuels
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: Various types of biofuels can be produced from waste materials. Biogas can be
generated through anaerobic digestion of organic waste, while advanced biofuels can utilize a
range of waste feedstocks.
6.Which biofuel is often referred to as "drop-in" fuel?
A) Biodiesel
B) Biogasoline

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C) Bioethanol
D) Bio-CNG
Answer: B) Biogasoline
Explanation: Biogasoline is designed to be compatible with existing gasoline infrastructure and
can be used in conventional gasoline engines without modifications, hence termed "drop-in"
fuel.
7.Which generation of biofuels focuses on using genetically modified organisms to enhance
production efficiency?
A) First Generation
B) Second Generation
C) Third Generation
D) Fourth Generation
Answer: D) Fourth Generation
Explanation: Fourth-generation biofuels involve advanced biotechnologies, including genetically
engineered organisms that improve biomass conversion efficiency and carbon capture.
8.Which year was the National Policy on Biofuels first notified?
A) 2009
B) 2018
C) 2020
D) 2015
Answer: B) 2018
Explanation: The National Policy on Biofuels was notified by the Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas on June 4, 2018, superseding the earlier policy from 2009.
9.What is the primary target for ethanol blending in petrol as per the amended policy?
A) 10% by 2030
B) 20% by 2025-26
C) 15% by 2025
D) 25% by 2030
Answer: B) 20% by 2025-26
Explanation: The amended policy aims to achieve a target of 20% ethanol blending in petrol by
the year 2025-26, advancing from the previous target of 2030.
10.Which committee is responsible for coordinating biofuel policies in India?
A) National Renewable Energy Committee (NREC)
B) National Biofuel Coordination Committee (NBCC)

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C) Ministry of Agriculture Committee (MAC)

D) Renewable Energy Development Agency (REDA)
Answer: B) National Biofuel Coordination Committee (NBCC)
Explanation: The NBCC was established to provide overall coordination and effective
implementation of biofuel programs across various ministries.
Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Resources
Renewable Energy Resources:
Renewable energy refers to energy derived from natural processes that are continuously
replenished.
• Solar Energy: Harnessed from sunlight using photovoltaic cells or solar thermal systems.
India has significant solar potential, with initiatives aimed at expanding solar capacity.
• Wind Energy: Generated by converting wind kinetic energy into electricity through
turbines. India ranks among the top countries in wind power capacity.
• Hydroelectric Power: Produced from the flow of water, utilizing both large dams and
smaller hydro projects. It has a long history in India's energy sector.
• Biomass: Derived from organic materials such as agricultural residues, wood, and waste.
Biomass can be converted into biofuels or used directly for heating and electricity
generation.
• Geothermal Energy: Although less developed, it involves harnessing heat from the
Earth's core for power generation.
India aims to significantly increase its renewable energy capacity, targeting 500 GW of non-fossil
fuel-based energy by 2030, as part of its commitment to sustainable development and reducing
greenhouse gas emissions
Non-Renewable Energy Resources:
Non-renewable energy sources are those that do not replenish at a sustainable rate and are
finite in nature.
• Coal: The dominant source of electricity generation in India, coal is abundant but
contributes significantly to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
• Oil: Used primarily for transportation and some industrial processes. India is heavily
reliant on oil imports to meet its demand.
• Natural Gas: Used for electricity generation and as a cleaner alternative to coal in some
applications. It is also imported in liquefied form (LNG).
• Nuclear Energy: Although considered non-renewable due to the finite nature of
uranium, it is a low-carbon source of electricity generation.
Renewable energy intiatives ,recent programmes ,schemes and achievements in India
1.Panchamrit Initiative:

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Announced at COP26, this initiative aims for five key targets:

• Achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy capacity by 2030.

• Meeting 50% of total energy requirements from renewables by 2030.
• Reducing total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030.
• Reducing carbon intensity of the economy by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030.
• Achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
2. National Solar Mission:
Part of the National Action Plan on Climate Change, this mission aims to establish India as a
global leader in solar energy. It targets an installed solar capacity of 280 GW by 2030.
3.PM-KUSUM Scheme:
The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM) scheme
promotes solar power generation in the agricultural sector through grid-connected solar power
plants and solar pumps.
4.Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme:
This scheme encourages domestic manufacturing of high-efficiency solar photovoltaic modules,
aiming to boost local production and reduce import dependency.
5.Green Energy Corridors:
These corridors enhance the transmission infrastructure for renewable energy projects,
facilitating efficient power evacuation from renewable sources.
Other Developments:
1. Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Solar Power (Grid):
• Allocated ₹10,000 crore in the Union Budget 2024-25 to support solar power
projects, marking a 110% increase from previous allocations.
2. National Green Hydrogen Mission:
• Launched with an outlay of ₹19,744 crore, this mission aims to produce 5 million
tonnes of green hydrogen annually by 2030, supported by 125 GW of renewable
energy capacity.
3. Solar Rooftop Programme:
• This program provides subsidies for residential installations and incentives for
DISCOMs to promote rooftop solar systems across the country.
4. Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Parks:
These parks provide land and transmission facilities on a plug-and-play basis for
developers to set up large-scale renewable energy projects.
Achievements

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1. Installed Capacity Growth:

• As of September 2024, India’s renewable energy capacity reached
approximately 201.45 GW, with significant contributions from various sources:
• Solar Power: 90.76 GW
• Wind Power: 47.36 GW
• Biomass: 10.72 GW
• Small Hydro: 5.07 GW
• Waste-to-Energy: 0.60 GW
2. Record Solar Capacity Increase:
India’s solar capacity has increased significantly over the past decade, growing
approximately 30-fold in nine years to reach about 85.47 GW by June 2024.
3. Global Rankings:
India ranks 4th globally in total installed renewable energy capacity and holds the
5th position in solar power capacity and 4th in wind power capacity.
4. High Annual Growth Rates:
In 2022, India witnessed its highest annual growth in renewable energy additions
at approximately 9.83%, showcasing the rapid expansion of the sector.
1.What is the target for India's installed renewable energy capacity by 2030 as per the
National Policy?
A) 400 GW
B) 500 GW
C) 600 GW
D) 700 GW
Answer: B) 500 GW
Explanation: India aims to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy capacity by 2030 as
part of its commitment to sustainable development and climate change mitigation.
2.Which scheme promotes solar power generation in the agricultural sector?
A) PM-KUSUM
B) National Solar Mission
C) Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
D) Green Energy Corridor
Answer: A) PM-KUSUM
Explanation: The PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan

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Mahabhiyan) scheme promotes solar power generation through grid-connected solar power
plants and solar pumps for farmers.
3.Which of the following is a key feature of the National Green Hydrogen Mission?
A) Focus on coal production
B) Target of producing 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030
C) Exclusively for urban waste management
D) No financial outlay
Answer: B) Target of producing 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen by 2030
Explanation: The National Green Hydrogen Mission aims to produce 5 million tonnes of green
hydrogen annually by 2030, supported by a significant financial outlay.
4.As of September 2024, what is India’s total installed renewable energy capacity, including
large hydro?
A) 150 GW
B) 201.45 GW
C) 250 GW
D) 300 GW
Answer: B) 201.45 GW
Explanation: As of September 2024, India's total installed renewable energy capacity, including
large hydro, stands at approximately 201.45 GW.
5.What percentage increase in the allocation for the Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Solar
Power was made in the Union Budget for 2024-25 compared to the previous year?
A) 50%
B) 75%
C) 110%
D) 125%
Answer: C) 110%
Explanation: The allocation for the Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Solar Power was increased
by 110%, from ₹4,757 crore to ₹10,000 crore in the Union Budget for 2024-25.
Which state is known for having a significant number of solar parks approved under
government initiatives?
A) Rajasthan
B) Maharashtra
C) Kerala

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D) Punjab
Answer: A) Rajasthan
Explanation: Rajasthan has been a leader in solar energy development and has several solar
parks approved under government initiatives, contributing significantly to India's solar capacity.
3.Ecology and Ecosystem
Basic concepts of Ecology, Ecosystem: Components and Types
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment,
encompassing both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
The term "ecology" was coined by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel in 1866.
Components of Ecosystems
Ecosystems consist of two primary components:
1. Biotic Components: These include all living organisms within an ecosystem, categorized
into:
• Producers (Autotrophs): Organisms that produce their own food through
photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (e.g., plants, algae).
• Consumers (Heterotrophs): Organisms that consume other organisms for energy,
including herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores.
• Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead organic matter, recycling
nutrients back into the ecosystem (e.g., bacteria, fungi).
2. Abiotic Components: These are the non-living physical and chemical factors that
influence ecosystems, including:
• Climate: Temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind patterns.
• Soil: Composition, texture, pH, and nutrient availability.
• Water: Availability and quality.
• Light: Intensity and duration affecting photosynthesis.
Types of Ecosystems
Ecosystems can be broadly categorized based on their physical environments:
1. Terrestrial Ecosystems: These include land-based ecosystems such as:
• Forests: Dense tree cover with high biodiversity.
• Grasslands: Dominated by grasses with few trees; includes savannas and prairies.
• Deserts: Characterized by low rainfall and extreme temperatures.
2. Aquatic Ecosystems: These encompass water-based ecosystems such as:

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• Freshwater Ecosystems: Includes rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands.

• Marine Ecosystems: Comprises oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries.

Ecological Hierarchy
Ecology is organized into a hierarchy of levels that reflects increasing complexity:
• Organism: The individual living entity.
• Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area.
• Community: Different populations interacting in a shared environment.
• Ecosystem: A community plus its abiotic environment.
• Biome: Large geographic areas with similar climate and ecosystems (e.g., tundra,
rainforest).
• Biosphere: The global sum of all ecosystems; the zone of life on Earth.
Ecological Interactions
Ecologists study various interactions within ecosystems that influence population dynamics and
community structure:
• Predation: One organism (predator) feeds on another (prey).
• Competition: Species compete for limited resources such as food, space, or light.
• Symbiosis: Close interactions between species, which can be:
• Mutualism: Both species benefit (e.g., bees pollinating flowers).
• Commensalism: One species benefits while the other is unaffected (e.g.,
barnacles on whales).
• Parasitism: One species benefits at the expense of another (e.g., ticks on
mammals).
Biodiversity: Meaning, Components, Biodiversity Hotspots, Loss of Biodiversity and
Conservation of Biodiversity: Methods, Recent Plans, Targets, Convention and Protocols
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, encompassing all living organisms, their genetic
differences, and the ecosystems they form. It includes the diversity of species (species richness),
genetic diversity within those species, and the variety of ecosystems.
Components of Biodiversity
1. Species Diversity: The number of different species in a given area. High species diversity
often indicates a healthy ecosystem.

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2. Genetic Diversity: Variation in genes among individuals within a species. This diversity is
vital for adaptation to changing environments.
3. Ecosystem Diversity: The variety of ecosystems in a given place, including forests,
wetlands, grasslands, and oceans.

Biodiversity Hotspots
Biodiversity hotspots are regions that are both rich in endemic species and
significantly threatened by human activities.
• It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics
(species found nowhere else).
• It must have lost at least 70% of its original natural vegetation.
Currently, there are 36 recognized biodiversity hotspots, which together cover
only about 2.4% of the Earth's surface but house more than 50% of the world's
plant species.
India is home to four recognized biodiversity hotspots:
1.Eastern Himalayas
• Location: Encompasses parts of northeastern India, Bhutan, and Nepal.
2. Western Ghats & Sri Lanka
• Location: Stretches along the western coast of India, extending into Sri Lanka.
• Biodiversity: Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it houses
numerous endemic species including the Nilgiri Tahr and Lion-tailed
Macaque.
3. Indo-Burma
• Location: Covers northeastern India, Myanmar, and parts of Southeast Asia.
• Biodiversity: Rich in amphibians, birds, and reptiles; notable for its high
levels of endemism.
4.Sundaland
• Location: Includes the Nicobar Islands as part of its broader Southeast Asian
region.
1.What is the primary criterion for a region to be classified as a biodiversity
hotspot?
A) It must contain at least 1,000 species of vascular plants.
B) It must have lost at least 50% of its original natural vegetation.
C) It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants and have lost 70% or

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 CSB IAS ACADEMY CONTACT NO:9966436875

more of its original natural vegetation.

D) It must be located in a tropical region.
Answer: C) It must contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants and have
lost 70% or more of its original natural vegetation.
2.Which of the following is NOT one of the four biodiversity hotspots in India?
A) Eastern Himalayas
B) Western Ghats
C) Amazon Rainforest
D) Indo-Burma
Answer: C) Amazon Rainforest
Explanation: The Amazon Rainforest is located in South America and is not one of
India's biodiversity hotspots. The four recognized hotspots in India are the Eastern
Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma, and Sundaland
3.Which species is commonly found in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot?
A) Snow Leopard
B) Bengal Tiger
C) Nilgiri Tahr
D) Red Panda
Answer: C) Nilgiri Tahr
Explanation: The Nilgiri Tahr is an endemic species found in the Western Ghats, known for its
unique flora and fauna. Other options are associated with different regions
4.Which international agreement aims to promote sustainable development through
conservation?
A) Kyoto Protocol
B) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
C) Paris Agreement
D) Ramsar ConventionAnswer: B) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Explanation: The CBD is a key international treaty aimed at promoting sustainable development
while conserving biological diversity
5. How much of India's geographical area is covered by forests and trees?
A) Approximately 10%
B) Approximately 24.46%
C) Approximately 50%
D) Approximately 30%
Answer: B) Approximately 24.46%
Explanation: India has around 24.46% of its geographical area covered by forests and trees,
highlighting its rich biodiversity

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Biodiversity convention and protocols

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is a pivotal international treaty aimed at promoting
sustainable development through the conservation of biological diversity.
It was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on June 5, 1992, and entered
into force on December 29, 1993.
Objectives
1. Conservation of Biological Diversity: To protect and preserve the variety of life on
Earth.
2. Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Components: To ensure that the use of biological
resources is sustainable, allowing for their continued availability.
3. Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits: To promote fair sharing of benefits arising from
genetic resources, particularly those utilized for commercial purposes.

Key Protocols
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety(2000): This protocol governs the safe transfer, handling, and
use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology.

Nagoya Protocol(2010): The Nagoya Protocol establishes a legal framework for access to genetic
resources and the fair sharing of benefits arising from their utilization.

15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The 15th Conference of the Parties (COP 15) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
was a landmark event that aimed to address the global biodiversity crisis.
Held December 2022 in Montreal, Canada—the conference culminated in the adoption of
the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF).
Key Highlights of COP 15
1. Adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
• The GBF sets out a comprehensive framework for global action on biodiversity through
2030, aiming to halt and reverse nature loss.
• It includes four overarching goals and 23 targets designed to protect ecosystems,
species, and genetic diversity.
2. Four Global Goals
The GBF outlines four primary goals:
• Goal A: Halt human-induced extinction of threatened species and reduce the rate of
extinction of all species tenfold by 2050.

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• Goal B: Ensure sustainable use and management of biodiversity while valuing nature’s
contributions to people.
• Goal C: Fairly share benefits arising from genetic resources and digital sequence
information.
• Goal D: Ensure adequate means of implementation for all parties, particularly supporting
developing countries.
3. Specific Targets by 2030
Key targets include:
• Protecting at least 30% of the world’s land and marine areas.
• Restoring 30% of degraded terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
• Halving global food waste and phasing out harmful subsidies amounting to at least $500
billion per year.
• Mobilizing at least $200 billion annually from public and private sources for biodiversity-
related funding.
4. Financial Commitments
Finance was a central theme at COP 15:
• Developed countries were urged to increase financial flows to developing nations,
targeting at least $30 billion per year to combat biodiversity loss.
• The establishment of a Special Trust Fund, known as the GBF Fund, was proposed to
support implementation efforts.
5. Emphasis on Indigenous Rights
The framework recognizes the critical role of indigenous peoples in biodiversity conservation,
emphasizing their rights and contributions as stewards of nature.
16th Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The 16th Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
took place from October 21 to November 1, 2024, in Cali, Colombia.
Key Highlights of COP 16
1. Operationalization of the Cali Fund
• The Cali Fund was established to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived
from the use of digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources.
• At least 50% of the Cali Fund will focus on the self-identified needs of Indigenous
Peoples and local communities, emphasizing inclusivity, particularly for women and
youth.

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2. Establishment of a Permanent Subsidiary Body

• A new permanent subsidiary body was agreed upon to enhance the preservation and
maintenance of traditional knowledge, innovations, and practices of Indigenous Peoples.
3.Resource Mobilization Strategy
• Parties agreed to develop a new “Strategy for Resource Mobilization” aiming to
secure USD 200 billion annually by 2030 for biodiversity initiatives.
• The Kunming Biodiversity Fund (KBF) was launched with a USD 200 million contribution
from China, marking a significant step in funding biodiversity conservation.
4. National Biodiversity Targets
• 119 countries, out of the CBD's 196 Parties, submitted national biodiversity targets to
help achieve the 23 KMGBF targets.
• To date, 44 countries have submitted their National Biodiversity Strategy and Action
Plans (NBSAPs) to support these targets.
5. Emphasis on Sustainable Wildlife Management
• A decision on sustainable wildlife management highlighted the need for monitoring and
capacity-building, ensuring inclusive participation from Indigenous Peoples and local
communities.
6. Global Action Plan on Biodiversity and Health
• A new Global Action Plan on Biodiversity and Health was approved, designed to curb
zoonotic diseases and promote sustainable ecosystems through a holistic “One Health”
approach.
• This strategy recognizes the interconnectedness of ecosystem health, animal health, and
human health.
7. Integration with Climate Change Mitigation
• COP 16 emphasized integrating biodiversity conservation with climate change mitigation
strategies.
• Discussions included enhancing cooperation between the CBD and other UN conventions
like the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and UNCCD
(United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification).
8. Marine Conservation Progress
• Significant advancements were made in marine conservation, including improved
processes for identifying ecologically or biologically significant marine areas that require
protection.

1.Which of the following is a key target of the Kunming-Montreal Global

Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)?

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A) Increase fossil fuel consumption

B) Protect at least 30% of the world's land and marine areas by 2030
C) Eliminate all species of plants
D) Promote urbanization
Answer: B) Protect at least 30% of the world's land and marine areas by 2030
Explanation: One of the key targets of the KMGBF is to ensure that at least 30% of terrestrial
and marine areas are protected to halt biodiversity loss.
2.What is an example of ex-situ conservation?
A) National parks
B) Wildlife sanctuaries
C) Seed banks
D) Biosphere reserves
Answer: C) Seed banks
Explanation: Ex-situ conservation refers to preserving biological diversity components outside
their natural habitats. Seed banks are facilities where seeds are stored for future use.

3.What significant financial commitment was made at COP 16 regarding biodiversity?

A) USD 100 billion annually by 2030
B) USD 200 billion annually by 2030
C) USD 50 billion annually by 2030
D) USD 500 billion annually by 2030
Answer: B) USD 200 billion annually by 2030
Explanation: At COP 16, parties agreed to develop a new strategy for resource mobilization
aiming to secure USD 200 billion annually to support biodiversity initiatives worldwide.
4.Which protocol focuses on access to genetic resources and fair sharing of benefits?
A) Cartagena Protocol
B) Nagoya Protocol
C) Paris Agreement
D) Ramsar Convention
Answer: B) Nagoya Protocol
Explanation: The Nagoya Protocol establishes a framework for access to genetic resources and
ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from their utilization.
5.How many countries submitted national biodiversity targets to support the KMGBF at COP
16?
A) 44 countries
B) 119 countries

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C) 196 countries
D) 150 countriesAnswer: B) 119 countries
Explanation: At COP 16, 119 countries out of CBD’s total of 196 Parties submitted national
biodiversity targets to help achieve the KMGBF’s goals.
6.At COP 16, what fund was established to support equitable sharing of benefits from digital
sequence information (DSI)?
A) Global Environment Facility
B) Kunming Biodiversity Fund
C) Cali Fund
D) Green Climate FundAnswer: C) Cali Fund
Explanation: The Cali Fund was established at COP 16 to ensure fair and equitable sharing of
benefits from the use of DSI on genetic resources, focusing on the needs of Indigenous Peoples
and local communities.
7. Which new body was created at COP 16 to enhance Indigenous Peoples' participation in
biodiversity conservation?
A) Permanent Subsidiary Body on Article 8(j)
B) Global Biodiversity Committee
C) Indigenous Knowledge Forum
D) Biodiversity Advisory Council
Answer: A) Permanent Subsidiary Body on Article 8(j)
Explanation: A new permanent subsidiary body was established at COP 16 to strengthen the
preservation and maintenance of traditional knowledge, innovations, and practices of
Indigenous Peoples.
8.What approach does the Global Action Plan on Biodiversity and Health emphasize?
A) One Health approach
B) Urban Health approach
C) Environmental Health approach
D) Industrial Health approach
Answer: A) One Health approach
Explanation: The Global Action Plan on Biodiversity and Health, approved at COP 16, embraces
a One Health approach, recognizing the interconnectedness of ecosystem health, animal health,
and human health.
Wild life conservation :
Recent Wildlife Conservation Efforts in India
Key Acts and Policies
1. Wildlife Protection Act of 1972: This landmark legislation provides a legal framework
for protecting wild animals and plants, managing their habitats, and regulating trade in
wildlife products.

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2. National Biodiversity Action Plan (NBAP): Revised in 2008, this plan outlines strategies
for conserving India's rich biodiversity.
Major Projects
1. Project Tiger: Launched in 1973, it aims to protect tigers by establishing designated
reserves. The project has expanded to cover over 50 tiger reserves across India.
2. Project Elephant: Initiated in 1992 to protect elephant habitats and corridors across 13
states.
3. Project Dolphin: Launched in 2021, this initiative focuses on conserving both riverine and
oceanic dolphin species.
4. Project Snow Leopard: Aimed at conserving snow leopards in high-altitude regions
through community engagement and habitat protection.

Aspect Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Recent Amendments (2021 & 2022)

To provide for the protection To enhance protections for

of wild animals, birds, and endangered species and implement
Objective plants. CITES obligations.

Six schedules categorizing

species based on protection
Schedules levels: Reduced to four schedules:

- Schedule I: Absolute
protection (e.g., Bengal - Two schedules for specially
Tiger) protected animals

- Schedule II: High protection - New schedule for CITES-listed

with regulated trade specimens

- Schedule III & IV: Lower - Removal of vermin species

protection levels schedule

- Schedule V: Vermin species

(e.g., common crows)

- Schedule VI: Prohibited

cultivation of certain plants

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Aspect Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 Recent Amendments (2021 & 2022)

Prescribed penalties for

Penalties hunting and trade violations Increased penalties:

- Minimum fine of ₹10,000 - General violations fine increased

for Schedule I violations from ₹25,000 to ₹1 lakh

- Minimum fine for specially

- Maximum imprisonment of protected animals increased to
3-7 years for serious offences ₹25,000

Establishes a Management
Management No specific provisions for Authority to oversee trade permits
Authority management authorities and compliance with CITES.

Invasive
Species No provisions regarding Introduces regulations to control or
Regulation invasive alien species prohibit invasive alien species.

Emphasizes community rights in

Community Limited provisions for local protected areas and allows certain
Involvement community participation activities like grazing.

Allows voluntary surrender of

Surrender of captive animals without
Captive No specific provisions for compensation; items become state
Animals surrendering captive animals property.

Specifies that actions must align

Control of Chief Wildlife Warden with management plans approved
Sanctuaries manages sanctuaries by the central government.

National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, and Wildlife Sanctuaries in India:

National Parks:As of 2024, India boasts 106 national parks that collectively cover
approximately 44,402.95 square kilometers.
Wildlife Sanctuaries: India has over 544 wildlife sanctuaries, which serve as critical habitats for
various species.

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Biosphere Reserves
Biosphere reserves in India are designated areas that aim to promote biodiversity conservation,
sustainable development, and the coexistence of human communities with nature. India has 18
biosphere reserves .
Twelve of the eighteen biosphere reserves in India are part of the World Network of Biosphere
Reserves under UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

3.Which of the following is a major wildlife conservation project initiated in India?

A) Project Elephant
B) Project Dolphin
C) Project Tiger
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation: All these projects—Project Tiger, Project Elephant, and Project Dolphin—are
significant wildlife conservation initiatives aimed at protecting various species and their habitats
in India.

3. When was Project Tiger launched?

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A) 1970
B) 1972
C) 1973
D) 1980
Answer: C) 1973
Explanation: Project Tiger was launched in 1973 to safeguard the population of tigers in their
natural habitats by establishing designated tiger reserves.
4. How many biosphere reserves are currently recognized under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere
Programme in India?
A) 10
B) 12
C) 18
D) 20Answer: B) 12
Explanation: Out of the 18 biosphere reserves in India, 12 are recognized under UNESCO’s Man
and Biosphere Programme, highlighting their global significance in biodiversity conservation.
6. Which act led to the establishment of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)?
A) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
B) Forest Conservation Act, 1980
C) Environment Protection Act, 1986
D) National Biodiversity Act, 2002
Answer: A) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
Explanation: The Wildlife Protection Act, amended in 2006, led to the formation of the NTCA to
oversee tiger conservation efforts across India.

4.Waste Management and Pollution Control:

Solid Waste: Solid Wastes and their Classification – Methods of Disposal and
Management of Solid Wastes in India
Solid waste management (SWM) is a critical aspect of environmental hygiene,
particularly in rapidly urbanizing countries like India.
Classification of Solid Wastes:
1. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): Generated from residential, commercial, and
institutional sources. It includes organic waste, plastics, metals, paper, and glass.
2. Industrial Waste: Produced from manufacturing processes and includes hazardous
materials.
3. Biomedical Waste: Generated from healthcare facilities, including sharps,
contaminated materials, and pharmaceuticals.
4. E-waste: Discarded electronic devices and components.

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5. Construction and Demolition Waste: Materials generated from construction activities.

Methods of Disposal and Management

Sanitary Landfills: A common method where waste is buried in a controlled manner. Layers of
waste are compacted and covered with soil to minimize environmental impact.
Incineration: Involves burning waste at high temperatures to reduce its volume significantly (up
to 75%). While it helps manage waste efficiently.
Composting: A biological process that converts organic waste into compost through microbial
decomposition.
Biomethanation: An anaerobic process that converts organic waste into biogas (methane) and
manure.
Recycling: Involves the segregation of recyclable materials like paper, plastic, glass, and metals
at collection points or transfer stations for reuse.
Waste-to-Energy (WtE): Technologies that convert non-recyclable waste materials into usable
forms of energy through various processes such as incineration or anaerobic digestion.
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016
The Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 (SWM Rules) were notified by the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) in India on April 8, 2016. These rules
replaced the earlier Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
Key Features of the SWM Rules, 2016
1. Source Segregation: Waste generators are mandated to segregate waste into three
categories: biodegradable waste, dry waste (plastics, paper, metals), and domestic
hazardous waste before disposal.
2. Responsibilities of Local Authorities: Municipalities are required to set up waste
processing facilities within two years for urban areas with populations over one million.
For smaller towns, common sanitary landfills must be established within three years.
3. Waste Processing and Treatment: Biodegradable waste should be processed through
composting or bio-methanation on-site whenever possible. Residual waste must be
handed over to authorized collectors.
4. Promotion of Waste-to-Energy: Industrial units located within 100 km of a refuse-
derived fuel (RDF) plant are required to replace at least 5% of their fuel with RDF.
5. User Fees and Penalties: Local authorities can impose user fees for solid waste
management services and fines for littering.
6. Central Monitoring Committee: A committee has been established to oversee the
implementation of these rules and ensure compliance across municipalities.
1.Which of the following is NOT a classification of solid waste?

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A) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

B) Industrial Waste
C) Organic Waste
D) E-waste
Answer: C) Organic Waste
Explanation: While organic waste is a type of material found within municipal solid waste, it is
not a standalone classification. The main categories include MSW, industrial waste, biomedical
waste, and e-waste
2.According to the SWM Rules, 2016, what is required from waste generators?
A) Dispose of all waste together
B) Segregate waste into biodegradable, dry, and hazardous categories
C) Only dispose of hazardous waste separately
D) Ignore waste management responsibilities
Answer: B) Segregate waste into biodegradable, dry, and hazardous categories
Explanation: The SWM Rules mandate that all waste generators must segregate their waste at
the source to facilitate better management and recycling.
3.Which method is commonly used for the biological treatment of solid waste?
A) Incineration
B) Composting
C) Landfilling
D) Open burning
Answer: B) Composting
Explanation: Composting is a biological process that decomposes organic solid waste using
microorganisms, making it an effective method for treating biodegradable materials
Environmental Pollution: Types of Environmental Pollution – Sources and Impacts – Pollution
Control, Regulation and Alternatives: Recent projects, acts and initiatives to reduce
Environmental Pollution in India
Types of Environmental Pollution
Air Pollution:
Sources: Emissions from vehicles, industrial discharges, burning fossil fuels, agricultural activities
(use of fertilizers and pesticides), and forest fires.
Water Pollution:
Sources: Industrial effluents, sewage discharge, agricultural runoff (containing pesticides and
fertilizers), oil spills, and plastic waste.
3.Soil Pollution:

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Sources: Industrial waste dumping, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in
agriculture, and improper disposal of solid waste.
4.Noise Pollution:
Sources: Traffic noise, industrial operations, construction activities, and loudspeakers.
5.Plastic Pollution:
Sources: Discarded plastic products and packaging materials.
Recent Projects, Acts, and Initiatives
1.The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1981):
Establishes standards for air quality and empowers state pollution control boards to regulate
emissions from industries.
2.The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act (1974):
Aims to prevent water pollution by regulating the discharge of pollutants into water bodies.
3.Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Mission):
Launched in 2014 to promote cleanliness and sanitation across India. It includes initiatives for
solid waste management to reduce pollution.
4.National Clean Air Programme (NCAP):
The NCAP aims to achieve a 20-30% reduction in concentrations of particulate matter (PM10
and PM2.5) by 2024, using 2017 as the base year for comparison. Recently, this target was
revised to a 40% reduction by 2026 for cities included in the programme.
5. Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016):
Regulates the manufacture, use, collection, and disposal of plastic waste to minimize its impact
on the environment.
6.Ganga Action Plan:
Aimed at rejuvenating the Ganga River by preventing pollution through sewage treatment plants
and riverfront development.
7.National Biodiversity Action Plan (2008):
Focuses on conserving biodiversity while addressing pollution's impact on ecosystems.
Eco-Friendly Technologies in Agriculture –
The integration of eco-friendly technologies in agriculture is crucial for promoting sustainability
and enhancing productivity while minimizing environmental impact.
Key Eco-Friendly Agricultural Practices

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1. Organic Farming: This method avoids synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, relying instead
on natural processes to enhance biodiversity and soil health. Organic farming is
recognized for producing healthier food while maintaining ecological balance
2. Conservation Tillage: By minimizing soil disturbance, conservation tillage enhances
water absorption and organic matter retention, which reduces erosion and promotes
carbon sequestration.
3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): IPM combines biological, cultural, and chemical
strategies to manage pest populations sustainably.
4. Aquaponics and Hydroponics: These soilless farming methods conserve water and land,
making them suitable for urban environments. Hydroponics uses nutrient-rich water for
plant growth, while aquaponics combines fish farming with plant cultivation in a
symbiotic system

Innovative Technologies Driving Sustainable Agriculture

1.Precision Farming: Utilizing GPS, sensors, and data analytics, precision farming allows farmers
to optimize resource use (water, fertilizers) effectively.
2.Vertical Farming: This approach involves growing crops in stacked layers within controlled
environments, significantly reducing land use and water consumption.
3.Digital Sensors and IoT: Sensors monitor various agricultural parameters (soil moisture, crop
health) in real-time, allowing farmers to make data-driven decisions that enhance efficiency and
sustainability
4. Drones: Drones equipped with cameras and sensors can monitor crop health from above,
providing valuable insights into plant conditions and enabling targeted interventions.
5. Biotechnology: Advances in biotechnology facilitate the development of crops with enhanced
traits such as drought resistance or increased yield potential through genetic editing techniques
like CRISPR.
Bioremediation: Types and Scope in India.
Bioremediation, which utilizes biological processes to restore contaminated environments,
particularly soils and water resources.
Types of Bioremediation
Bioremediation can be categorized into two main types:
1. In Situ Bioremediation: This method treats contaminants directly at the site of pollution
without removing the contaminated material.

• Bioventing: Enhances microbial activity by supplying air to contaminated soils.

• Biosparging: Injects air into groundwater to promote aerobic degradation of
pollutants.

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• Phytoremediation: Uses plants to absorb or degrade contaminants from soil and

water.
2. Ex Situ Bioremediation: This approach involves removing contaminated material to treat
it elsewhere.
Techniques:
• Bioreactors: Controlled environments where microorganisms degrade
pollutants.
• Landfarming: Spreading contaminated soil over land to promote microbial
degradation.
• Composting: Utilizing organic waste and microorganisms to break down
contaminants.

1.Which of the following major techniques is not employed during in-situ bioremediation?
a) Bio-sparging
b) Bio-venting
c) Injection recovery
d) Bio-luminescence
Answer: d) Bio-luminescence
Explanation: Bio-luminescence is not a remediation technique; it refers to the natural light
emitted by organisms
2.Which of the following techniques is used to remediate contamination at the boundary level
of the water table?
a) Bio-sparging
b) Bio-accumulation
c) Bio-degradation
d) Bio-magnification
Answer: a) Bio-sparging
Explanation: Bio-sparging effectively increases oxygen levels at the water table for enhanced
microbial degradation
3.The bioremediation process involving the usage of plants to degrade pollutants is called:
a) Composting
b) Biopile
c) Phytoremediation

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d) Land farming
Answer: c) Phytoremediation
Explanation: Phytoremediation utilizes plants to absorb or degrade contaminants from soil or
water
4.This cleanup approach includes removal of groundwater or soil from its natural setting to
permit for bioremediation:
a) Bioaugmentation
b) In situ bioremediation
c) Ex situ bioremediation
d) Phytoremediation
Answer: c) Ex situ bioremediation
Explanation: Ex situ methods involve treating contaminated materials away from their original
location
5. Environment and Health:
Environment Challenges: Global Warming, Climate Change, Acid Rain, Ozone Layer Depletion,
Ocean Acidification
Global warming refers specifically to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface
temperature due primarily to human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels which
releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
Climate change encompasses global warming but also includes a broader range of changes that
affect weather patterns and environmental conditions. These changes manifest as rising sea
levels, increased frequency of extreme weather events, shifts in ecosystems, and alterations in
species distributions
Acid rain results from sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) emissions that react with
water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric and nitric acids.
The ozone layer, located in the stratosphere, protects life on Earth by absorbing the majority of
the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Human-made chemicals such as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have led to significant depletion of this layer.
Ocean acidification occurs when excess atmospheric CO₂ is absorbed by oceans, leading to a
decrease in pH levels.
Climate Change Related Protocols and Conventions Globally
1.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
• Adoption: The UNFCCC was adopted in 1992 and serves as the foundational treaty for
global climate action.
• Objective: Its primary goal is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere to prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.

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2. Kyoto Protocol
• Adoption: Adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, the Kyoto Protocol was the
first legally binding climate treaty.
• Commitments: It required developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
by an average of 5% below 1990 levels during its first commitment period (2008-2012).
3. Paris Agreement
• Adoption: The Paris Agreement was adopted in December 2015 during COP 21 in Paris.
• Goals: It aims to limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C above pre-industrial
levels, with efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Countries are required to set their own
emission reduction targets (NDCs) and report on their progress every five years through
a Global Stocktake process.
4.Montreal Protocol
• Adoption: Signed in 1987, this protocol aimed at phasing out substances that deplete the
ozone layer, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
5. Global Methane Pledge
• Introduction: Launched at COP26 in 2021, this initiative aims to cut methane emissions
by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030.

Environmental Initiatives: Recent International Initiatives, Protocols, Conventions to tackle

Climate Change with special reference to India’s Participation and Role
Key International Initiatives
1.Paris Agreement (2015):
• A landmark accord within the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) aimed at limiting global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius.
• Countries, including India, submitted Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
outlining their climate action commitments.
2.COP26 (2021):
• The 26th Conference of the Parties saw significant pledges from nations to
enhance their climate ambitions.
• India announced its five-point strategy called "Panchamrita," which includes
achieving 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030 and committing to net-
zero emissions by 2070.
3.International Solar Alliance (ISA):

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Launched in 2015 in collaboration with France, this initiative aims to promote solar
energy utilization among member countries.
4.Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI):
• This initiative focuses on promoting resilient infrastructure to withstand climate-related
disasters, launched during COP26
5.One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG):
• A project aimed at creating a global grid for solar energy sharing, enhancing energy
security and sustainability across regions

India's Participation and Leadership

Enhanced NDCs: In August 2022, India updated its NDCs to target a 45% reduction in emissions
intensity by 2030 compared to 2005 levels and aims for 50% of its energy needs.
India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) includes eight missions focusing on
areas such as solar energy, sustainable agriculture, and water conservation.
28th Conference of the Parties (COP 28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The 28th Conference of the Parties (COP 28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) took place in Dubai, UAE, from November 30 to December 12, 2023.
• Global Stocktake: COP 28 featured a significant review mechanism known as the Global
Stocktake (GST), which assesses progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement. The
GST proposed eight steps to limit global temperature rise to within 1.5 degrees Celsius.
• Renewable Energy Targets: The conference called for tripling global renewable energy
capacity and doubling energy efficiency improvements by 2030.
• A major focus was on transitioning away from fossil fuels in an equitable manner,
emphasizing the need for a just transition that considers socio-economic impacts.
• The establishment of a “loss and damage” fund was a significant outcome, aimed at
providing financial support to countries vulnerable to climate change impacts.
• A commitment was made to work towards tripling the world’s installed renewable
energy generation capacity to at least 11,000 GW by 2030, alongside doubling the
average annual rate of energy efficiency improvements.
29th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)
COP 29, the 29th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), is scheduled to take place in Azerbaijan in late 2024.
Highlights:
International Carbon Market Standards

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• Article 6 Negotiations: A major focus will be on finalizing standards for international

carbon markets under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): Countries are expected to submit new or
updated NDCs that reflect greater ambition in reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Financial Support for Developing Nations: A significant emphasis will be placed on
securing financial commitments from developed countries to support climate action in
developing nations.
• Operationalizing the Loss and Damage Fund: COP 29 will focus on operationalizing the
loss and damage fund established at COP 28, aimed at providing financial assistance to
countries vulnerable to climate change impacts.

Sustainable Development: Meaning, Nature, Scope, Components and Goals of Sustainable

Development
Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The Brundtland Report (1987), which highlights the importance of addressing the essential
needs of the world's poor while considering the limitations imposed by technology and social
organization on the environment's capacity to meet present and future needs.
Components of Sustainable Development
1. Economic Sustainability:
• Focuses on creating economic systems that provide long-term benefits without
depleting resources or causing environmental harm.
2. Social Sustainability:
• Aims to foster inclusive societies where all individuals have access to basic needs
such as education, healthcare, and equitable opportunities.
3. Environmental Sustainability:
• Involves managing natural resources responsibly to maintain ecosystem health
and prevent degradation for future generations
Goals of Sustainable Development
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations member states
in 2015, outlines 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) designed to address global
challenges. Key goals include:
1. No Poverty: Eradicating poverty in all forms everywhere.

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2. Zero Hunger: Ending hunger, achieving food security, and promoting sustainable
agriculture.
3. Good Health and Well-being: Ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at
all ages.
4. Quality Education: Ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education and promoting
lifelong learning opportunities.
5. Gender Equality: Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls.
6. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all.
8. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promoting sustained, inclusive economic growth,
full employment, and decent work for all.
9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Building resilient infrastructure, promoting
inclusive and sustainable industrialization.
10. Reduced Inequality: Reducing inequality within and among countries.
11. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable.
12. Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensuring sustainable consumption and
production patterns.
13. Climate Action: Taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
14. Life Below Water: Conserving oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable
development.
15. Life on Land: Protecting, restoring, and promoting sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems.
16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promoting peaceful and inclusive societies for
sustainable development.
17. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthening the means of implementation and revitalizing
global partnerships for sustainable development
1.Which of the following is NOT considered one of the three pillars of sustainable
development?
A) Economic sustainability
B) Environmental sustainability
C) Technological sustainability

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D) Social sustainability
Answer: C
Explanation: The three pillars of sustainable development are economic sustainability,
environmental sustainability, and social sustainability. Technological sustainability is not
recognized as a separate pillar but can support these three areas.
2. Which of the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focuses on ensuring
inclusive and equitable quality education?
A) Goal 3: Good Health and Well-being
B) Goal 4: Quality Education
C) Goal 5: Gender Equality
D) Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation
Answer: B
Explanation: Goal 4 of the SDGs specifically aims to ensure inclusive and equitable quality
education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.

Recent Trends in Disease Burden and Public Health Challenges in India

Communicable vs. Non-communicable Diseases: Historically, communicable diseases like
tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and HIV/AIDS were the primary focus of public health initiatives.
However, there has been a notable shift towards addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer, which now account for a significant
portion of mortality in India.
Epidemic Preparedness: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in India's epidemic
preparedness. The government has since implemented various strategies to enhance
surveillance and response mechanisms for future outbreaks. Initiatives such as the Integrated
Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) aim to detect early warning signals of disease outbreaks.
Epidemic and Pandemic Challenges in India
As of August 19, 2024, India has recorded over 45 million COVID-19 cases since the outbreak
began in January 2020.
Chandipura Virus Outbreak: In 2024, India is experiencing its largest outbreak of the Chandipura
virus in two decades, with the World Health Organization (WHO) confirming 64 cases and a high
case fatality rate of 33%.
Emergence of Mpox: Recently, India confirmed its first case of a new mpox strain linked to a
global public health emergency declared by the WHO. The case involves a man from Kerala who
returned from Dubai. This strain is part of a larger outbreak affecting multiple countries

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Recent Healthcare Services and Schemes in India

Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY)
Launched on September 23, 2018, PM-JAY is the world's largest health insurance scheme,
providing coverage of up to ₹5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary care
hospitalization. It targets approximately 10.74 crore poor and vulnerable families, equating to
around 55 crore individuals in India.
In October 2024, the scheme was expanded to include health coverage for individuals aged 70
years and above, regardless of income. The newly introduced Ayushman Vaya Vandana
card offers an additional ₹5 lakh cover annually for seniors.
Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs)
Objective: As part of the Ayushman Bharat initiative, the government aims to establish
nearly 150,000 HWCs across the country.
National Health Mission (NHM)
Components: The NHM encompasses various programs aimed at improving healthcare
delivery in rural and urban areas. It focuses on maternal and child health,
immunization, and disease control initiatives.
Digital Health Initiatives
• eHealth Platforms: The government is increasingly leveraging technology to enhance
healthcare delivery. Initiatives include digital health records and telemedicine services
that aim to improve access to healthcare services in remote areas.
• Health Apps: Various mobile applications have been developed to facilitate easy
enrollment in health schemes like PM-JAY and provide information about available
healthcare services.
1.Which virus is currently causing a significant outbreak in India, particularly affecting
children?
A) COVID-19
B) Chandipura virus
C) H3N2 influenza
D) Mpox
Correct Answer: B) Chandipura virus
Explanation: India is experiencing its largest outbreak of the Chandipura virus in over 20 years,
with many of the victims being children and teenagers. The outbreak has raised concerns due to
its high mortality rate among affected populations
2.What type of virus causes mpox?
A) Retrovirus

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B) Orthopoxvirus
C) Adenovirus
D) Coronaviruses
Correct Answer: B) Orthopoxvirus
Explanation: Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus
genus, the same family that includes smallpox
3.Which of the following statements about mpox transmission is true?
A) It can only be transmitted through sexual contact.
B) It can be transmitted through contaminated objects.
C) It cannot be transmitted from animals to humans.
D) Asymptomatic individuals can transmit the virus.
Correct Answer: B) It can be transmitted through contaminated objects.
Explanation: Mpox can spread through contact with contaminated materials such as clothing or
bedding used by an infected person, in addition to direct contact with infected individuals

4.Which of the following is NOT covered under the PM-JAY scheme?

A) Pre-hospitalization expenses
B) Cosmetic surgery
C) Post-hospitalization follow-up care
D) Diagnostic tests
Correct Answer: B) Cosmetic surgery
Explanation: PM-JAY covers essential medical services including pre-hospitalization expenses,
post-hospitalization follow-up care, and diagnostic tests. However, cosmetic surgeries are
generally not included in the list of covered treatments under this scheme .
5.Which groups are eligible for benefits under PM-JAY?
A) Only individuals with an Aadhaar card
B) Families identified in the SECC 2011 database as poor and vulnerable
C) All citizens of India
D) Only government employees
Correct Answer: B) Families identified in the SECC 2011 database as poor and vulnerable
Explanation: Eligibility for PM-JAY is based on the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) 2011
database, which identifies families that fall within the low-income category. This ensures that
the scheme targets those who are most in need of financial support for healthcare .

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