Some useful vocabs for writing task 1:

- Steady = constant = gradual = regular = substantial

 Diễn tả thông số tăng / giảm từ từ theo thời gian
- Plateau
 Diễn tả thông số giữ nguyên trong giai đoạn nào đó
- Soar = escalate = ascend = shoot up = a sharp
escalation
 Diễn tả thông số tăng vọt lên ở giai đoạn nào đó
- Peak (n,v) = top  đạt thông số cao nhất
- Hover = fluctuate = oscillate
 Diễn tả thông số lên rồi xuống không quá lớn trong giai
đoạn nào đó
- A trend: xu hướng tăng / giảm
- Culminate = terminate = end up at ( số liệu )
 Diễn tả thông số đạt tới đỉnh điểm ở ( số liệu ) ở điểm
cuối
- Rapidly = fast = expeditiously = briskly
 Diễn tả thông số tăng / giảm nhanh chóng
- …, the highest / lowest of any category in any year
 Cho thấy số liệu năm đó là cao / thấp nhất trong tất cả
các năm
- Remain  remainder of the period
 Diễn tả xu hướng / thông số / hình ảnh của sự vật được
duy trì / giữ nguyên ở trạng thái cũ hoặc tăng giảm không
đáng kể từ giai đoạn nào đến giai đoạn nào hoặc đến hết
chu kì ( nếu diễn tả thông số )
- Roughly = approximately = nearly = around = about 
diễn tả sự xấp xỉ
- A twofold / threefold increase: tăng gấp 2 / 3 lần
- Surpass = overtake: vượt qua mặt
The diagram illustrates how much oil was produced each day in 4
countries between 2000 and 2004.
Overall, there was an increase in the daily production of oil in
Nigeria, Chad and Somalia throughout the period, while Congo
saw a slow decline in this field ( while a slow decline in the
amount of oil produced was seen in Congo). In the final year,
Nigeria’s oil creation surpassed its counterpart, when Chad and
Somalia marked the same rate.
Nigeria started at 205,000 barrels per day (bpd) in 2000, then it
faced a soft rise by 5,000 bpd in the next year before fluctuated
around 190,000 and 210,000 bpd until 2003. Meanwhile, Somalia
stood at a modest rate of 5,000 bpd, followed by a marginal
growth to 21,000 bpd in 2003 before peaking at 50,000 bpd at
the end of period.
Congo seems to be a first-world country of appeared to be the
leading country in oil production, began at 275,000 bpd in 2000.
In contrast, Chad still didn’t product any oil from that time until
2002, then it started increasing to 8,000 bpd before strongly
rising to 50,000 bpd in 2004. Finally, Congo still saw a slightly
decrease from 215,000 to 203,000 bpd between 2003 and 2004.
The line chart illustrates how much electricity in 6 countries was
produced from renewable sources between 2010 and 2013.
Overall, there was an increase in the percentage of produced
energy from renewable substances in all six countries, with the
most significant rise in the amount of power can be seen by
Germany. In addition, Germany emerged as ( = appeared to be )
the leading country in this field from mid-2010 onwards.
Electricity was produced from eco-friendly sources in the USA
started at about 19%, followed by a slightly decline to hit a low of
around 17% in 2011. However, it rose again, stabilizing at just
over 20% in 2012 and 2013. India experienced a similar trend,
starting at around 17%, dipping slightly to 16% and then
returning to its initial figure in 2010.
In China, the renewable power production in 2010 was just over
10%, with a subsequent considerable rise to around 13% in 2011
before fluctuating slightly around this level for the rest of the
period. Meanwhile, Spain and France saw smaller rises of about
2%, ending at just over 15% and 15% respectively. Finally,
Germany, which produced the largest amount of renewable
energy production, saw a significant increase between 15% and
20% in 2010 to accurately 25% by the end of the period. This
makes Germany the leading country in renewable power
production among all six countries surveyed. (225 words)

The process provides information about how to make bricks for

many contructive facilities.
Overall, an entire process requires seven main steps, beginning
with the extraction of clay and making its brick shape, drying up
at appropriate temperatures before packaging into blocks and
delivering to customers.
In the first step, clay is extracted from the ground by a digger
before transporting to the factory. The extracted clay is sifted on
a metal grid to break up clumps before conveying onto a roller
for being mixed with sand and water. The mixture then move to
the shaped brick’s making process by either a wire cutter or a
mould.
A process of dehydration occurs to make these shaped bricks
dried up by a drying oven for one to two days before being
heated in two different kilns. In the first kiln, a heating process
begins with a moderate temperature, ranging from 200 to 980
degrees Celsius before being heated at a high temperature from
870 to 1300 degrees Celsius in the second one, where the color
of these bricks takes on a much brighter hue. After that, these
heated bricks cool down in a cooling chamber for two to three
days.
Finally, the completely bricks are packaged into large prism
blocks before being transported to consumers by a lorry.

The bar chart illustrates the percentage of Australian inhabitants

living in five cities purchased coffee and tea for their drinking
habits.
Overall, instant coffee was more popular than its fresh
counterpart based on the percentage of residents who bought
each of them living in all these Australian cities in the surveyed
timeframe.
The percentage of residents living in Sydney and Melbourne who
chose fresh coffee in the last four weeks stood at around 44%
and 42% respectively, making them the highest numbers
compared to three remaining cities. In Hobart, the number of
individuals living there purchased the same product was slightly
lower, with 38%, while just more than one-third of both Brisbane
and Adelaide’s inhabitants bought this coffee version for their
habits.
Meanwhile, the percentages of residents living in Hobart and
Brisbane who bought instant counterpart emerged as those two
most highest figures among all five cities, with nearly 55% and
53% respectively, while Adelaide and Melbourne’s dwellers
chose this type of drinking stood at slightly lower rates, with 50%
and 48%, and Sydney had the lowest percentage of its residents
bought instant version with just over 45%.
Additionally, the figure for residents went to a café for coffee or
tea occurred at the relatively high rates among all five cities in
the last one month, starting with Melbourne and Hobart’s stood
at 64% and 63% along with Sydney’s for its 61%, while residents
of two remaining cities chose this place for their drinking habits
experienced at the same proportions with nearly 35%.
The map depicts the layout of school has changed between 1985
and the present.
Overall, the school population today has increased significantly
over the period, along with a prominent area at the bottom of the
map has decreased drastically in its size. Additionally, the library
on the left side of the map has also been removed to make space
for more learning facilities.
At the bottom of the map, the playing fields has its size reduced
by roughly 50%. This reduction allows the construction of a
classroom block, a pool and a fitness centre. To the right of the
map, an old classroom block in 1985 has also been added one
more storey, while a new classroom block has been built closer
to the comtemporary playing fields.
Additionally, the library with its surrounding facilities have been
demolished for a learning resources centre with a built-in
computer room. Meanwhile, an old car park with its rectangular
shape has been changed into a circular shape, with a middle
route connected the main road with a playing fields has also
been removed. However, an office has also stayed at the same
place over the given period.
The given diagram depicts a plan for a new, modern-standard
town.
Overall, the most notable feature in this diagram is that the
number of residental accomodations, followed by some of
recreational and professional facilities that are dispersed at the
corner and along the bottom of the map. Remarkably, this town
also contains some bus stands as well as parking lots to satisfy
the transportation needs for residents.
The center area is connected by four roads, which contain a
significant number of houses that are ubiquitous within the ring
roads and further outwards. In the center of the town, there are
two bus stops accompanied by two other parking spaces that
allocated at each corner of a rectangular area.
Another further point to consider is that there are some
recreational sections that situated along the bottom road of the
map, with another one isolated to the right of the central town.
In terms of professional facilities for people who living in this
town, there are two industrial behemoths=complexes (những
công ty lớn/ khu phức hợp) diametrically opposed at the corners
of this plan.

The given diagram depicts the skeletal structures of two hominid

species, including Australopithecus afarensis on the left side and
Homo erectus on the right side.
Overall, these two skeletal systems had their own functionality
for each lifestyle, with the former form of skeleton was
appropriate for walking and climbing tree compared to the latter
one could walk and run with a significant endurance.
When it comes to the highest parts of the body, Australopithecus
afarensis possessed an unbalanced head, a long snout and high,
narrow shoulders as opposed to a balanced head, a short snout
and low, wide chest of Homo erectus. Moreover, the former
structure had a wide chest with a short, wide waist and long
forearms, which could be necessary for the climbing habit, while
the other species owned a narrow chest with tall, narrow waist
and short forearms which could help them endure long running
distances.
Moving down to lower parts of the skeletal systems, the left side
had a small gluteus maximus, long femoral necks, and small hip,
knee and ankle joints compared to a big gluteus maximus, short
femoral necks and large hip, knee and ankle joints of the right
side, as their functionality supported drastically to the walking,
climbing habitat and endurable running lifetstyle, respectively.
Finally, Australopithecus afarensis had been of evolution with
short Achilles tendon, small heelbone, long toes and partial foot
arch, while its counterpart had long Achilles tendon, enlarged
heelbone, short toes and stabilized foot arch.
BÀI SỬA CỦA ANH HUY:
The provided diagram provides information about the skeletal
systems of two ancient hominid species, including
Australopithecus afarensis on the left side and Homo erectus on
the right side.
Overall, the former is characterized as being capable of walking
and climbing tree, while the latter is assumed to be highly
efficient in walking and running with high endurance levels.
A comparison of these two skeletal structures reveals significant
differences regarding their heads. Australopithecus afarensis
possessed an unbalanced head with a prominent snout, while
Homo erectus had a balanced head with a shorter snout 
( version hay hon) The head equilibrium and the length of snout
of two species were drastically different, being unbalanced and
short versus balanced and long.
Moving down to the body, Australopithecus afarensis had high,
narrow shoulders and a wide chest, contrasting with the low,
wide shoulders and narrow chest of the other species. This
difference explains the ability of the latter species to be capable
of running with high endurance levels. Moreover, the former
human ancestor depicted on the left side exhibited a short, wide
waist, a long forearm and a long femoral neck, potentially
explaining the ability to climb tree. In contrast, Homo erectus
had a tall, narrow waist, a short forearm and a short femoral
neck. These features could facilitate the mentioned capabilities
of this species in running and walking.
In the lowest part of each species’ body, Australopithecus
afarensis had small hip, knee, and ankle joints, a short Achilles
tendon, a small heelbone, and long toes. Conversely, the other
species possessed larger hip, knee, and ankle joints, a long
Achilles tendon, an enlarged heelbone, and shorter toes. These
features in Homo erectus contributed to enhanced leverage that
can help running, while the arch in the Australopithecus
afarensis may support the ability to climb.
The given bar chart provides information about the amount of
households in the US that earned different range of income
annually in 2007, 2011 and 2015. Overall, there is the largest
number of households that earned $100,000 or more over this
surveyed priod, followed by two modest income levels that
ranged from less than $25,000 to $49,999. Notably, the middle-
to-high levels of income remained unchanged over the period.
In 2007, households that earned the highest level of income
started at 30 million before dropping slightly to 27 million in
2011, then reaching its peak at nearly 35 million in 2015. The
number of households with lower level of incomes also emerged
as one of the most largest figure in this chart. Specifically,
around 25 million to 27 million of households that earned less
than $25,000 and $25,000-$49,999 per year in 2007. These
figures witnessed significant increases to reach around 30
million in 2011 before facing negligible decreases by 1 million in
2015.
Remarkably, for households that showed the moderate-to-high
levels of incomes, their numbers stabilized consistenly over this
8-year period, with around 20 million of households earning
$50,000 to $74,999 USD and 15 million of houses receiving
$75,000 to $99,999 USD on an annual basis.
The two given line charts provide information about the
possession of households with three different types of appliances,
including washing machine, refrigerator and vacuum cleaner,
along with the number of hours spent on doing domestic chores
per week of each household from 1920 to 2019.
Overall, the percentage of each type of appliances owned by
each household had an increasing popularity over the time, while
the amount of time spent on housework decreased gradually and
eventually stayed at a modest level at the end of this period.
There are many striking features in the line chart. In 1920, two-
fifths of all households possessed a washing machine, while the
percentage of households that owned a vacuum cleaner stood at
30%. Refrigerator, on the other hand, started at an infinitesimal
level of households’ ownership. Although the proportion of
households that owned a washing machine went up steadily by
30% in 1960 before decreasing slightly to around 65% in 1980,
the figure for vacuum cleaner had skyrocketed over some
decades to be available in all households in 2019, at the same
time, the washing machine’s ownership increased again to reach
75%. When it comes to refrigerator, there was a drastic surge in
the rate of ownership of this appliance to reach nine-tenths of all
households before rising up to 100% in two more decades and
stabilized over the next four decades.
Conversely, the number of time spent on doing housework of
each household in this nation experienced a downward trend
over the given period. In 1920, the amount of hours that each
household collectively spent on doing domestic chores was 50 in
1920 before decreasing considerably to 20 in 1960. It then
remained unchanged around this level and almost plateaued at
10 in the last three decades.
The two given charts provide information about the number of
tourists traveling to Australia by two different types between
1995 and 2005.
Overall, the UK and the US had received an increase influx of
individuals traveling to, while Japan witnessed a significant
decrease when it comes to the number of tourists. Moreover,
there were more people chose backpacking as their type of
travels, making it the most dominance in the entire period,
compared to the figure for staying at resorts. However, the two
figures finally reached at the same point in 2005.
When it comes to the bar chart, there were increases in the
number of visitors traveling to the US and the UK. Specifically,
the figures for the US’s travelers surged from 800000 to
1500000 and the UK’s soared from 500000 to 1500000 during
the surveyed period. However, the reverse was true for the influx
of tourists coming to Japan, with 1500000 individuals initially
before dropping to 1000000 in 2005.
Regarding the types of travels, although facing a decrease in
2005, backpacking was still the most dominant type compared to
the another. In 1995, 1500000 visitors opted for backpacking for
their traveling experiences, the number then peaked at just
under 2500000 before plunged to just 1000000 in the end of the
period. However, the figure for travelers staying at resorts
witnessed a stable increase, with under 500000 individuals in
1995 before gradually escalating to catch up with backpacking’s
in 2005.

The plans below show a student accommodation buildings

2010 and now.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the
main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
OPTION 1:
The two diagrams compare the layout of student accomodation
buildings in 2010 with the present day. Overall, there have been
some considerable changes during the given period, ranging
from additional student-bedrooms and more functional rooms
such as en-suite room and social area. Remarkably, while the
garden areas have been modified, some facilities located at the
center of the map remain unchanged.
At the top of the map, a living room with a garden next to it have
been replaced with two student-bedrooms, while the top blank
garden has been broadened. In the center of the compared
buildings, the kitchen has been upgraded to serve as both
cooking and social area, while two student-bedrooms and a
bathroom have remained the same.
At the bottom of the map, there is an en-suite room which has
been added at the end of the hallway, while the modern car
parking area has been constructed by replacing the position of
the wide blank garden.
OPTION 2:
The two diagrams compare the layout of student accommodation
buildings in 2010 with the present day. Overall, there have been
some considerable changes during the given period, ranging
from additional student-bedrooms and more functional rooms
such as en-suite room and social area. Remarkably, while the
garden areas have been modified, some facilities located at the
center of the map remain unchanged.
In 2010, the accommodation featured six facilities, including
three student-bedrooms, a living room, a shared bathroom, a
kitchen and garden areas located at both property’s front and
rear. There was a main entrance with a hallway to give residents
accessibility to these rooms.
Currently, regarding the rear area, the accomodation has been
expanded to include five student-bedrooms. Specifically, the
living room has been replaced with a new student-bedroom,
while an extra one has been constructed in one of the rear
garden areas to the left. The kitchen area has been upgraded to
serve as a combined kitchen and social area, providing a
communal space for residents.
Remarkably, one of the original student-bedrooms now includes
an en-suite room, enhancing the facilities for occupants. At the
front view of the buildings, a car parking area has been added to
replace the front garden, reflecting a shift towards greater
convenience and vehicle accessibility ( catering to residents’
convenice and improving vehicle accessibility).

(In 1989, 48% of tourists chose cars as their means of transport,

making it the most dominant percentage compared to other ones.
)
(In the beginning of period, ferry stood out as the least popular
type of transport used by tourists within a particular nation, with
the percentage of 5% compared to other ones at the same time. )

The graph below shows the percentages of tourists who used

different types of transport to travel within a particular nation
between 1989 and 2009. Each tourist may have used more than
one type of transport.
The given line chart illustrates the proportions of different types
of transport chose by travelers within a particular nation from
1989 to 2009. Overall, cars emerged as the most popular mean of
transport within the timeframe compared to ferries. Remarkably,
all of the figures witnessed an increasing popularity over the
span, with the exception of air’s.
In 1989, 48% of tourists chose cars as their means of transport,
making it the most dominant percentage compared to other ones.
However, this figure peaked at 60% in 1999 before plummeting
to just over 50% in 2009. Besides, rail usage increased its
pervasiveness significantly over the period, from 34% in 1989 to
approximately 60% in 2009, making it the most favourable
choice.
While 40% of tourists opted for air in 1989, the figure then
drastically dropped to just over 20% in 2009. When it comes to
coach and ferry’s datas, 8% and 4% of visitors used them to
travel in 1989, followed by substantial increases before firmly
standing at their final points, with nearly 30% and just under
10%, respectively.
POE:
The given line chart illustrates the proportions of different types
of transport chosen by travelers within a particular nation from
1989 to 2009. Overall, cars remained the most popular means of
transport throughout the period, while ferries were consistently
the least preferred. Notably, all categories experienced changes
in popularity, with rail usage increasing significantly, while air
travel saw a substantial decline.
In 1989, cars were the dominant choice for travelers, with 48%
of tourists opting for this mode of transport. This figure reached
its peak at 60% in 1999, before declining slightly to just over
50% in 2009. Conversely, rail transport, which initially accounted
for 34% of travelers in 1989, experienced a steady rise in
popularity, ultimately becoming the most favored option at
approximately 60% in 2009.
Air travel, which was initially chosen by 40% of tourists in 1989,
saw a significant decline over the years, dropping sharply to just
above 20% in 2009. Meanwhile, the use of coaches and ferries
started at relatively low levels, with 8% and 4% of travelers
selecting these modes in 1989, respectively. Both categories
experienced substantial growth, with coach usage increasing to
nearly 30% and ferry usage rising to just under 10% by the end
of the period.

The table below shows the proportion of the workforce who

are women and the percentage of managers who are
women in five different countries.

The given table compares gender distributions among both

regular and high-level workers. The data is measured in
percentage of female workers, categorized into 5 distinct
nations.
It is evident that women make up only a minority of the
workforces of all the listed nations. Besides, it is also uncommon
to find a nation with a higher female representation rate
among managers than among the general employees.
Body 1: US + Australia (observation -> details)
Observation: Looking closer at the table, it can be seen that the
US and Australia, overall, record a greater gender balance
compared to the rest of the countries.
Details: While women in the US occupy 46% of their entire
workforce, a slightly lower figure is recorded in Australia, at
42%. Remarkably, 43% of people working in management roles
in both nations are female.

Body 2:
Observation: In terms of the other nations, Egypt witnesses
the most prominent lag in gender balance within their working
population.
In more detail, for every 10 Egyptian workers, only 2 are
female. This pattern is even worse among their managers, as for
every 10, there is only 1 female. Meanwhile, the figures for
general employees in both Sri Lanka and Japan are moderately
stable, ranging from around 40% to 50%, while merely 9% and
17% of workers occupy management roles, respectively.

The given table illustrates gender distributions among female

populations per 100 males. The data is measured in the
percentage of females, categorized into six distinct regions
between 1995 and 2005.
It is evident that the figures for females were relatively stable
compared to their male counterparts in all the listed areas.
Remarkably, Africa and Europe witnessed an increase in female
figures over the given period, while the reverse was true for
other ones.
In 1995, it can be seen that the Central and North America,
overall, recorded a greater gender balance compared to the rest
of the regions. In more detail, for every 100 males, there were
also 100 females. However, Europe and Africa witnessed a lower
female representation rate, with only 89,4% and 97,8%,
respectively, while gender distributions of Oceania and Asia were
generally skewed toward women, with 103,9% and 105,3% of
women populations per 100 males, respectively.
On the other hand, in 2005, Africa and Europe witnessed an
upward trend when it comes to female figures. In Africa, the
proportion of females increased by 1,4%, whereas Europe also
saw a moderate surge, from 89,4% to 92,8%. However, the
figures for other regions faced a significant decrease in female
inhabitants, with nearly 100% of women in both Central America
and North America plunged to 97,5% and 96,9%, respectively.
Meanwhile, 99,8% of female residents in Oceania and 104,9% of
the same ones in Asia, compared to 103,9% and 105,3% in the
initial year, respectively.
POE
The given table illustrates gender distributions among female
populations per 100 males. The data is measured as the
percentage of females and is categorized into six distinct regions
over the period between 1995 and 2005.
It is evident that the proportion of females remained relatively
stable across all the listed regions. Notably, Africa and Europe
experienced an increase in female representation over the given
period, while the opposite trend was observed in the other
regions.
In 1995, Central and North America recorded the most balanced
gender distribution among the regions, with 100 females for
every 100 males. In contrast, Europe and Africa had lower
female representation rates, at 89.4% and 97.8%, respectively.
Meanwhile, Oceania and Asia exhibited higher proportions of
females compared to males, with 103.9% and 105.3% of females
per 100 males, respectively.
By 2005, Africa and Europe showed an upward trend in female
representation. Specifically, Africa saw an increase of 1.4%,
while Europe experienced a moderate rise from 89.4% to 92.8%.
However, the other regions experienced a decline in female
representation. In Central America and North America, the
proportions of females dropped to 97.5% and 96.9%,
respectively. Similarly, Oceania and Asia witnessed slight
decreases, with the figures falling to 99.8% and 104.9%,
respectively, compared to 103.9% and 105.3% in 1995.