Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka

Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.

II Year B.Sc. Nursing (PC) Degree Examination –24-Nov-2021

Time: Three Hours Max. Marks: 75

Marks

SOCIOLOGY (RS3 & RS4)

Q.P. CODE: 1741
Your answers should be specific to the questions asked
Draw neat labeled diagrams wherever necessary

LONG ESSAYS (Answer any Two) 2 x 10 = 20 Marks

1. Describe the Importance and Application of Sociology in Nursing Profession.

2. What is Family? Explain forms and functions of family in India.

3. What is social stratification? Examine the merits and demerits of caste system.

SHORT ESSAYS (Answer any Seven) 7 x 5 = 35 Marks

4. Interdependence of individual and society
5. Culture and its influence on health and disease
6. Health Aspects of Marriage
7. Importance of primary group
8. Forms of Accommodation
9. Technological factors of social change
10. ‘Poverty’ as a social problem in India
11. Differentiate primary and secondary groups
12. Rights of children

SHORT ANSWERS 10 x 2 = 20 Marks

13. Re-socialization
14. Community sentiment
15. Components of culture
16. Ethnocentrism
17. Fraternal polyandry
18. Two ways of resolving conflict
19. Mention the factors of social change
20. Family disorganization
21. Children’s Act
22. Give the meaning of child abuse

*****

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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.

LONG ESSAYS (Answer any Two) 2 x 10 = 20 Marks

1. Describe the Importance and Application of Sociology in Nursing Profession.
Ans Sociology is a vital discipline in nursing that helps healthcare professionals understand the
social aspects of health, illness, and medical care. It provides insights into how social structures,
cultural backgrounds, and economic conditions impact patient behaviour, health outcomes, and
healthcare delivery. By applying sociological principles, nurses can enhance their patient care
approach, foster better relationships, and contribute to a more equitable healthcare system.
Importance of Sociology in Nursing
1. Understanding Patient Behaviour and Health Beliefs
Patients come from diverse social, cultural, and economic backgrounds, influencing their health
beliefs and behaviours. Sociology helps nurses recognize:
 Why some patients may resist medical treatment due to cultural or religious beliefs.
 How patients' lifestyle choices and social environment impact their health.
 The role of family influence on healthcare decisions.
For example, a nurse treating a patient from a community that relies heavily on traditional
medicine must understand and respect their beliefs while educating them on modern medical
treatments.
2. Enhancing Cultural Competency in Healthcare
In today's globalized world, healthcare professionals interact with patients from different ethnic,
religious, and cultural backgrounds. Sociology equips nurses with cultural awareness and
sensitivity, allowing them to:
 Respect and accommodate diverse traditions and customs in patient care.
 Communicate effectively with patients from different backgrounds.
 Reduce health disparities by addressing cultural barriers to healthcare access.
For instance, understanding dietary restrictions due to religious beliefs helps nurses create
appropriate meal plans for hospitalized patients.
3. Providing Holistic and Patient-Cantered Care
Holistic care goes beyond treating diseases—it considers emotional, social, and psychological
aspects of a patient’s well-being. Sociology helps nurses recognize:
 The impact of social factors such as poverty, education, and housing on health.
 How family support systems affect patient recovery.
 The importance of mental health in overall well-being.

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Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.

For example, a nurse caring for a chronically ill patient must assess the patient’s social support
system, financial ability to afford medications, and mental health status to develop a
comprehensive care plan.
4. Improving Communication and Patient Trust
Effective communication is key to quality nursing care. Sociology enhances nurses'
communication skills by helping them understand:
 Different communication styles based on cultural backgrounds.
 The importance of empathy and active listening.
 How to build trust with patients by understanding their social context.
For example, a nurse working with elderly patients may need to use simpler language and more
patience to ensure proper understanding.
5. Addressing Social Determinants of Health
Health is not determined solely by biology; it is influenced by social factors such as:
 Income and financial stability.
 Access to healthcare and education.
 Living conditions and environmental factors.
Sociology enables nurses to recognize these determinants and advocate for social policies that
promote better health outcomes.
For example, a nurse working in a low-income community may notice that poor housing
conditions contribute to respiratory diseases. By understanding this connection, the nurse can
advocate for better living conditions to improve public health.
6. Contributing to Public Health and Community Nursing
Public health nursing focuses on preventing diseases and promoting wellness at the community
level. Sociology provides nurses with the knowledge to:
 Analyse health trends within populations.
 Implement community outreach programs.
 Educate communities about disease prevention and healthy lifestyles.
For instance, a nurse working on a vaccination campaign must understand cultural concerns
about vaccines and address them effectively to increase public participation.

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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.

Application of Sociology in Nursing

1. Patient Assessment and Treatment Planning
Nurses use sociological insights to assess patients beyond their physical symptoms. They
consider:
 Social and family dynamics.
 Economic factors affecting access to healthcare.
 Psychological and emotional well-being.
For example, a nurse caring for a diabetic patient must consider whether the patient has access to
healthy food options and medication before designing a treatment plan.
2. Mental Health Nursing
Mental health is deeply connected to social influences, such as family relationships, work stress,
and societal expectations. Sociology helps nurses understand:
 The stigma associated with mental illness.
 The role of social support in mental health recovery.
 The impact of socioeconomic status on mental well-being.
For example, a nurse treating a patient with depression may recognize that financial stress or
social isolation is a major contributing factor and recommend therapy or support groups
accordingly.
3. Healthcare Policy and Nursing Advocacy
Nurses play an active role in shaping healthcare policies by:
 Identifying healthcare inequalities.
 Advocating for marginalized populations.
 Promoting healthcare reforms that benefit underserved communities.
For example, a nurse working in a rural clinic may notice a lack of healthcare facilities and
advocate for mobile clinics to serve remote areas.
4. Professional Relationships and Teamwork
Sociology helps nurses understand workplace dynamics, including:
 The importance of teamwork in healthcare settings.
 The impact of organizational culture on patient care.
 Strategies for resolving conflicts within the healthcare team.
For instance, a nurse who understands group dynamics can collaborate more effectively with
doctors, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure patient-centered care.

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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.

5. Health Education and Community Outreach

Nurses serve as educators in hospitals, schools, and communities by:
 Teaching patients about disease prevention.
 Conducting workshops on nutrition, hygiene, and wellness.
 Raising awareness about public health issues such as vaccinations and substance abuse.
For example, a nurse working in a community with high teenage pregnancy rates can organize
educational sessions on reproductive health and family planning.
Q2. What is Family? Explain forms and functions of family in India.
Ans Family is a fundamental social unit that consists of individuals related by blood, marriage, or
adoption. It serves as the primary institution for socialization, emotional support, and economic
cooperation. In the Indian context, family is deeply rooted in tradition and plays a crucial role in shaping
individuals' lives.
Forms of Family in India
Indian society exhibits a wide variety of family structures based on factors such as lineage,
authority, and residence. The major forms of family in India are:
1. Based on Structure
 Nuclear Family: Consists of a husband, wife, and their children. This form is becoming
more common in urban areas due to modernization and economic factors.
 Joint Family: Includes multiple generations living together, such as grandparents,
parents, uncles, aunts, and cousins. Common in rural India, joint families emphasize
collective responsibility.
 Extended Family: Similar to a joint family but may include relatives living separately
while maintaining strong emotional and financial ties.
2. Based on Lineage and Descent
 Patrilineal Family: Inheritance and lineage are traced through the male line, which is the
dominant system in most Indian societies.
 Matrilineal Family: Inheritance and lineage are traced through the female line, seen in
communities like the Nairs of Kerala and the Khasi tribe of Meghalaya.
3. Based on Authority
 Patriarchal Family: The father or eldest male is the head of the family, making major
decisions. This is the most common type in India.
 Matriarchal Family: The mother or eldest female holds authority, seen in matrilineal

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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
communities like the Khasi and Garos of Meghalaya.

4. Based on Residence
 Patrilocal Family: The wife moves to the husband’s home after marriage, which is the
norm in most Indian cultures.
 Matrilocal Family: The husband moves to the wife’s home, which is rare but found in
some tribal communities.
 Neolocal Family: The couple establishes a new residence, common in urban nuclear
families.
5. Based on Marriage
 Monogamous Family: A family formed through one husband and one wife, the legal
and most common form of marriage in India.
 Polygamous Family: A family formed when one person has multiple spouses, seen in
some tribal and historical settings.
Functions of Family in India
The family performs various functions that contribute to individual and societal well-being.
These functions can be classified into essential categories:
1. Biological Functions
 Reproduction: Ensures the continuation of society by producing and raising children.
 Sexual Regulation: Provides a socially accepted framework for sexual relations within
marriage.
2. Economic Functions
 Economic Support: Family members provide financial assistance, employment, and
economic security.
 Division of Labor: In joint families, responsibilities are shared among members,
reducing economic burden.
3. Socialization Functions
 Cultural Transmission: Families pass down traditions, customs, and values to younger
generations.
 Education: The family is the first place where children learn language, manners, and
social roles.
4. Emotional and Psychological Functions
 Emotional Security: Family members provide love, care, and psychological support in
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
times of need.
 Social Identity: Individuals derive their identity and sense of belonging from their
family.

5. Social Control Functions

 Norm Enforcement: Families teach discipline, respect, and acceptable social behaviors.
 Marriage and Kinship Regulations: Families arrange marriages and maintain kinship
ties, ensuring social stability.
6. Religious and Cultural Functions
 Religious Training: Families instil religious values and rituals in children.
 Festivals and Traditions: Indian families play a crucial role in celebrating festivals,
maintaining social bonds.
Q3. What is social stratification? Examine the merits and demerits of caste
system.
Ans Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals in a society based
on factors such as wealth, power, occupation, education, and social status. It determines people's
access to resources, opportunities, and privileges. Social stratification can be based on various
criteria, including class, caste, race, gender, and religion.
In India, the caste system is a traditional form of social stratification that has influenced society
for centuries. It divides people into hierarchical groups based on birth and hereditary occupation.
Merits and Demerits of the Caste System
Merits of the Caste System
Despite its controversial aspects, the caste system historically had some advantages in Indian
society, including:
1. Occupational Specialization
 The caste system traditionally assigned specific occupations to different castes, ensuring
the continuity of skilled labor and expertise in various professions such as farming,
weaving, and metalwork.
 This contributed to economic stability and self-sufficiency in village communities.
2. Social Stability and Order
 Since caste determined an individual’s role in society, it reduced competition for jobs and
created a structured division of labor.
 It minimized social conflicts by establishing predefined roles and duties for each caste.
3. Preservation of Cultural Identity

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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 The caste system helped preserve cultural traditions, customs, and religious practices by
maintaining distinct social groups.
 Each caste developed its own rituals, language, and festivals, enriching India's cultural
diversity.

4. Support System within Castes

 Caste-based communities provided a strong sense of belonging and support during crises,
including financial assistance, moral support, and communal cooperation.
5. Religious and Philosophical Justification
 The caste system was linked to Hindu philosophy and religious beliefs, particularly the
concepts of karma (actions in past life) and dharma (duty).
 Many believed that fulfilling caste duties in one lifetime would lead to spiritual progress
in the next.
Demerits of the Caste System
Despite some benefits, the caste system has been widely criticized for its negative impact on
social equality and human rights.
1. Social Inequality and Discrimination
 The caste system promoted discrimination and social exclusion, especially against lower
castes and Dalits (formerly "untouchables").
 Higher castes enjoyed privileges, while lower castes faced restrictions on education,
employment, and social mobility.
2. Lack of Social Mobility
 Since caste was determined by birth, individuals could not change their caste regardless
of talent or hard work.
 This rigid hierarchy prevented progress and innovation by limiting opportunities to
specific groups.
3. Violation of Human Rights
 The caste system led to untouchability, social ostracization, and exploitation of lower
castes.
 Dalits and other marginalized groups suffered from segregation, denied access to public
places, and faced violence.
4. Economic Backwardness
 Many lower-caste individuals were forced into low-paying and menial jobs, leading to
poverty and economic disparities.
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Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 Landownership, business opportunities, and education were monopolized by upper
castes, restricting economic growth.

5. Hindered National Unity

 The caste system divided society into rigid groups, creating fragmentation and conflicts.
 Political and social tensions between different castes have led to caste-based violence and
conflicts in India.
6. Impact on Education and Employment
 In the past, lower castes were denied access to education, keeping them in a cycle of
poverty and ignorance.
 Even today, caste-based discrimination exists in hiring practices, preventing merit-based
opportunities.
Short Essays 7x5=35
Q4. Interdependence of individual and society
Ans The relationship between the individual and society is a dynamic and reciprocal one.
Individuals are shaped by society through socialization, cultural norms, and institutions, while
society depends on individuals for progress, stability, and change. Without society, individuals
would lack the necessary resources for survival and identity. Conversely, without individuals,
society would not exist or evolve.
Sociologists like Émile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber have studied this
interdependence in depth. Durkheim emphasized how social structures influence individual
behaviour, Marx focused on how individuals shape society through economic and class
struggles, and Weber highlighted the role of individual actions in shaping societal institutions.
1. How Society Depends on Individuals
Society is a collective system of individuals who work together to maintain order, innovation,
and progress. Individuals contribute to the survival and development of society in multiple ways:
a) Contribution to Social Institutions
Society is made up of various institutions such as family, education, economy, politics, and
religion. Individuals participate in and maintain these institutions:
 Family: Parents raise children, imparting values, ethics, and responsibilities.
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Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 Education: Teachers educate and train individuals to become skilled members of society.
 Economy: Workers, entrepreneurs, and professionals contribute to economic growth.
 Government: Leaders, lawmakers, and citizens participate in democracy and governance.
Without individuals fulfilling these roles, society would not function efficiently.

b) Innovation and Social Change

Throughout history, individuals have played a major role in advancing society through
inventions, discoveries, and reforms:
 Science and Technology: Innovators like Thomas Edison (electricity), Marie Curie
(radiation), and Sundar Pichai (Google CEO) have contributed to technological progress.
 Social Reformers: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar have fought for equality and social justice.
 Artists and Thinkers: Writers, philosophers, and artists such as Shakespeare,
Rabindranath Tagore, and Leonardo da Vinci have enriched cultures worldwide.
These contributions show how individuals shape and transform society over time.
c) Maintenance of Social Order and Stability
For a society to function smoothly, individuals must follow rules, laws, and ethical standards:
 Respect for laws: Citizens obey traffic rules, pay taxes, and follow legal systems to
ensure order.
 Ethical behaviour: Honesty, integrity, and social responsibility maintain trust and
cooperation.
 Community participation: Individuals engage in volunteer work, social welfare
programs, and collective initiatives for social development.
If individuals refuse to follow societal norms, chaos and instability can arise.
2. How Individuals Depend on Society
Individuals cannot survive in isolation; they need society for identity, protection, economic
opportunities, and emotional support. Society provides:
a) Socialization and Identity Formation
 From childhood, individuals learn language, customs, and values through social
institutions like family and school.
 Culture, traditions, and religion shape personal identity and worldview.
 Society determines a person’s role, status, and position within the social hierarchy.
For example, a child born into an Indian society learns cultural practices, language, and social
etiquette from family, school, and peers.
b) Economic and Material Support
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 Employment: Society provides individuals with job opportunities and resources to earn a
livelihood.
 Infrastructure: Roads, hospitals, markets, and public services ensure a comfortable life.
 Social Welfare: Governments provide healthcare, education, and financial support to the
underprivileged.
Without society, individuals would struggle to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and
education.
c) Emotional and Psychological Well-being
 Humans are social beings who thrive on relationships and interactions. Society provides
companionship, emotional security, and a sense of belonging.
 Families, friends, and communities offer support during personal crises, reducing
loneliness, depression, and anxiety.
 Festivals, celebrations, and social gatherings strengthen human connections.
For example, individuals find comfort and motivation from their social circles during difficult
times such as illness, job loss, or personal loss.
3. The Balance Between Individual Freedom and Social Responsibility
While society influences individuals, people also shape society through their choices and
actions. A well-functioning society balances individual rights and collective responsibilities:
 Too much individualism can lead to selfishness, ignoring community needs, and
weakening social bonds.
 Too much control by society can suppress personal freedoms, creativity, and innovation.
A democratic society ensures that individuals enjoy personal freedom while fulfilling their duties
towards society. For instance:
 Citizens have the right to free speech, but they must use it responsibly without spreading
misinformation.
 Businesses have the freedom to make profits, but they must follow ethical practices and
environmental regulations.
This balance ensures cooperation, democracy, and sustainable progress.
4. Examples of Individual-Society Interdependence
a) Mahatma Gandhi and Indian Society
 Gandhi’s principles of non-violence and civil disobedience helped shape India’s
independence movement.
 He influenced Indian society, and in turn, Indian society recognized and followed his
leadership.
b) Social Movements and Individual Action
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 Individuals like Greta Thunberg (climate change activism) and Malala Yousafzai
(education for girls) have influenced global policies and public opinion.
 Society supports such movements by spreading awareness and enacting reforms.

c) Impact of Technology on Society

 Innovators like Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook) and Elon Musk (SpaceX, Tesla) have
transformed communication and transportation.
 Society adopts and integrates these advancements, influencing how people interact and
live.
Q5. Culture and its influence on health and disease
Ans Culture plays a significant role in shaping people's beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors
regarding health, illness, and medical treatment. It influences how individuals perceive disease,
seek healthcare, and adhere to medical advice. Understanding cultural influences on health is
crucial for healthcare providers to offer effective and culturally sensitive care.
1. Understanding Culture and Health
Culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, customs, traditions and behaviors of a group of
people. It is passed down through generations and influences various aspects of life including
health practices.
Culture Affects Health and Disease -
 Determines health beliefs and perceptions of illness.
 Influences dietary habits and lifestyle choices.
 Affects attitudes toward medical treatment and healthcare providers.
 Shapes responses to pain, mental health, and disability.

2. Cultural Influence on Health Practices

a) Perceptions of Health and Illness
Different cultures have unique explanations for health and disease:
 Biomedical Model (Western Medicine): Focuses on scientific causes of illness (e.g.,
bacteria, viruses).
 Holistic and Traditional Beliefs: Some cultures view illness as a result of spiritual,
emotional, or environmental imbalances.
 Supernatural Beliefs: In some communities, illnesses are believed to be caused by evil
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Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
spirits or curses, leading people to seek religious or traditional healing instead of medical
treatment.
For example, in African and Indian traditional medicine, diseases are sometimes believed to be
caused by spiritual forces, leading people to consult healers before seeking medical help.

b) Dietary Habits and Nutrition

Cultural dietary practices impact nutrition and overall health:
 Vegetarianism in Indian Culture: Reduces the risk of heart disease but may require
careful planning to prevent protein or vitamin deficiencies.
 Mediterranean Diet (Greek and Italian Cultures): Rich in healthy fats and vegetables,
linked to lower rates of cardiovascular disease.
 High Salt and Processed Foods in Some Western Diets: Increases the risk of
hypertension and obesity.
Healthcare providers must consider dietary habits when advising on nutrition-related health
conditions.
c) Healthcare-Seeking Behaviour
Culture influences how individuals approach medical care:
 Self-medication and Home Remedies: In many cultures, home remedies (like herbal
treatments in Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine) are preferred over hospital
visits.
 Trust in Traditional Healers: Many African, Indian, and Native American communities
rely on shamans, faith healers, or herbalists before seeking modern medical care.
 Stigma Around Certain Diseases: Mental health issues, sexually transmitted infections
(STIs), and disabilities may be viewed as shameful, discouraging individuals from
seeking medical help.
For example, in some Asian cultures, mental illness is often stigmatized, leading people to avoid
psychiatric treatment.
d) Pain Perception and Management
Different cultures perceive and express pain differently:
 Stoic Approach: In many Asian and Northern European cultures, individuals may
downplay pain to show resilience.
 Expressive Approach: In Middle Eastern and Mediterranean cultures, individuals may
openly express pain and expect compassionate responses.
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Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
Healthcare providers need to recognize these differences to provide appropriate pain
management.
e) Religious and Spiritual Beliefs in Healing
Religion plays a major role in health practices:
 Islamic Culture: Some Muslim patients prefer same-gender healthcare providers and may
refuse medical interventions that conflict with religious beliefs (e.g., organ donation).
 Christianity: Faith healing is common in some Christian communities, where prayer and

religious rituals are seen as complementary to medical treatment.

 Hinduism and Ayurveda: Many Hindus follow Ayurvedic treatments and consider
concepts like doshas (body energies) in health management.
Respecting religious beliefs is essential for culturally sensitive healthcare.
3. Cultural Influence on Disease Prevalence and Health Risks
Certain diseases are more common in specific cultural or ethnic groups due to genetic, lifestyle,
and dietary factors:
a) Genetic and Hereditary Diseases
 Sickle Cell Anemia: More common in African and Indian populations.
 Tay-Sachs Disease: Predominantly found in Ashkenazi Jewish communities.
 Thalassemia: More prevalent in Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and South Asian
populations.
b) Lifestyle-Related Diseases
 Diabetes: Higher rates in South Asian populations due to genetic factors and high-
carbohydrate diets.
 Obesity and Heart Disease: More common in Western countries due to sedentary
lifestyles and processed food consumption.
 Liver Disease: High alcohol consumption in some European and American cultures
increases liver disease risk.
c) Infectious Diseases and Cultural Practices
 Tuberculosis (TB): More prevalent in densely populated developing countries with poor
sanitation.
 HIV/AIDS: Stigma in certain cultures prevents people from seeking early treatment.
 COVID-19 Response: Cultural differences in mask-wearing, social distancing, and
vaccination acceptance affected pandemic outcomes.
Understanding these risks helps in designing targeted healthcare interventions.
4. The Role of Culture in Healthcare Delivery
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Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
a) Importance of Cultural Competency in Healthcare
Healthcare providers must be culturally competent to offer effective care:
 Understanding patients' cultural backgrounds.
 Respecting religious and traditional beliefs.
 Communicating health information in a culturally sensitive manner.
For example, a doctor treating a Muslim woman should be aware of her preference for a female
physician and modesty concerns.

b) Culturally Tailored Health Programs

Public health programs should consider cultural factors to ensure success:
 HIV Prevention Programs in Africa: Use community leaders and culturally appropriate
messages to educate people about safe practices.
 Diabetes Prevention in South Asians: Focus on diet modifications suited to traditional
Indian cuisine.
 Mental Health Awareness in Asian Communities: Use religious and community figures
to break stigma and encourage treatment.
c) Overcoming Cultural Barriers in Healthcare
 Language barriers: Providing interpreters or multilingual health materials.
 Gender sensitivity: Respecting preferences for same-gender healthcare providers.
 Traditional medicine integration: Working with traditional healers for holistic care.
Q6. Health Aspects of Marriage
Ans Marriage is a significant social institution that affects physical, mental, and emotional well-
being. A healthy marriage provides companionship, emotional support, and stability, positively
influencing overall health. However, marital stress and conflicts can lead to negative health
consequences.
1. Physical Health Benefits of Marriage
a) Longevity and Reduced Mortality Risk
 Studies suggest that married individuals live longer than their unmarried counterparts.
 Marriage provides emotional support, reducing stress-related health risks like heart
disease and high blood pressure.
b) Better Cardiovascular Health
 A stable marriage reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke by lowering stress and
promoting healthier lifestyle choices.
 Spouses often encourage each other to follow medical advice, exercise, and maintain a
balanced diet.
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consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
c) Improved Immunity and Disease Resistance
 Emotional support in marriage strengthens the immune system, reducing susceptibility to
infections.
 Happily married individuals tend to recover faster from illnesses and surgeries.

d) Healthier Lifestyle Choices

 Married individuals are more likely to adopt healthy habits like regular exercise, proper
nutrition, and avoiding harmful substances such as smoking and excessive alcohol
consumption.
 Spouses often motivate each other to seek medical care when needed.
2. Mental and Emotional Health Benefits of Marriage
a) Reduced Stress and Anxiety
 A supportive spouse provides emotional comfort during difficult times, reducing stress
and anxiety levels.
 Lower levels of stress hormones (like cortisol) are observed in happily married
individuals.
b) Protection Against Depression
 Marriage provides companionship, reducing feelings of loneliness and depression.
 Emotional support from a spouse acts as a protective factor against mental health
disorders.
c) Enhanced Emotional Well-being
 Marriage fosters intimacy, love, and a sense of belonging, promoting emotional security
and happiness.
 Couples who share responsibilities and communicate effectively experience greater
emotional satisfaction.
d) Cognitive Health and Dementia Prevention
 Studies indicate that married individuals, especially in later life, have a lower risk of
developing dementia and cognitive decline.
 Social interaction and shared intellectual activities help keep the brain active.
3. Reproductive and Sexual Health Aspects
a) Stable Sexual Health
 Marriage promotes regular sexual activity, which has various health benefits, including
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
reduced stress, better heart health, and improved immunity.
 A monogamous relationship reduces the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
b) Pregnancy and Maternal Health
 Married women often receive better prenatal and postnatal care due to emotional and
financial support from their spouses.
 A stable marriage provides a healthier environment for child-rearing and family
planning.
c) Family Planning and Reproductive Decision-Making
 Married couples can plan pregnancies and space children appropriately, leading to better
maternal and child health.

 Access to healthcare and mutual decision-making improve reproductive well-being.

4. Potential Health Risks and Challenges in Marriage

a) Marital Stress and Mental Health Issues
 Unhealthy marriages with frequent conflicts, abuse, or neglect can lead to depression,
anxiety, and other mental health issues.
 High levels of marital stress may increase the risk of substance abuse and suicidal
tendencies.
b) Domestic Violence and Health Consequences
 Unhealthy marriages may involve physical, emotional, or psychological abuse,
negatively impacting overall health.
 Victims of domestic violence may suffer from chronic stress, PTSD, and physical
injuries.
c) Impact on Chronic Illness Management
 While supportive marriages help in managing chronic illnesses, unsupportive
relationships may worsen conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.
 A toxic marriage may contribute to high blood pressure, obesity, and sleep disorders.
5. Strategies for a Healthy Marriage and Well-being
 Effective Communication: Open and honest communication reduces stress and
strengthens emotional bonds.
 Emotional Support: Providing love, understanding, and reassurance enhances mental
well-being.
 Healthy Conflict Resolution: Constructive problem-solving prevents long-term stress and
resentment.
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 Shared Health Goals: Encouraging each other to maintain a healthy diet, exercise, and
regular medical check-ups.
 Work-Life Balance: Managing career and family responsibilities effectively to reduce
stress.
 Seeking Professional Help: Marriage counselling or therapy can help address conflicts
and improve relationship satisfaction.

Q7. Importance of Primary groups.

Ans A primary group is a small, close-knit, and emotionally connected social unit where
individuals interact regularly and share deep personal relationships. These groups, such as
family, close friends, and peer circles play a crucial role in shaping an individual’s personality,
values and social behaviour. The concept of the primary group was introduced by Charles
Horton Cooley, who described it as the “nursery of human nature.”
1. Characteristics of Primary Groups
 Small Size: Usually consists of a limited number of members, allowing for deep and
meaningful interactions.
 Face-to-Face Interaction: Regular, direct, and personal communication.
 Emotional Bonding: Relationships are based on love, care, and affection rather than self-
interest.
 Permanence and Stability: Members remain connected for a long time (e.g., family ties
last a lifetime).
 Informal Structure: No rigid rules or formal organization; interactions are spontaneous
and natural.
2. Importance of Primary Groups
a) Socialization and Personality Development
 The primary group, especially the family, is the first social environment where a child
learns language, culture, and social norms.
 It shapes a person’s identity, emotional intelligence, and moral values.
 Interaction with close friends and family builds confidence, empathy, and
communication skills.
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
b) Emotional and Psychological Support
 Primary groups provide love, care, and emotional security, helping individuals cope with
stress, anxiety, and challenges.
 A strong support system from family and friends reduces mental health issues like
depression and loneliness.
 People rely on their primary groups during personal crises, such as job loss, illness, or
emotional distress.
c) Development of Social Skills and Moral Values
 Within the primary group, individuals learn basic manners, ethics, and acceptable social
behaviour.

 Family and close friends teach honesty, responsibility, cooperation, and respect.
 Peer groups help in adjusting to social norms and developing teamwork skills.
d) Formation of Identity and Self-Esteem
 A person’s self-concept and self-worth are largely influenced by interactions within
primary groups.
 Positive reinforcement from family and friends boosts confidence and motivation.
 Supportive primary groups help individuals overcome failures and encourage personal
growth.
e) Stability and Social Order
 Family and close relationships maintain social cohesion and stability by reinforcing
cultural traditions and values.
 Primary groups serve as a foundation for larger social structures, like communities and
institutions.
 They act as a moral compass, guiding individuals to make ethical and responsible
decisions.
f) Influence on Behaviour and Decision-Making
 Primary groups strongly influence lifestyle choices, career decisions, and personal
beliefs.
 Peer groups, for example, can impact an individual’s habits, interests, and even political
views.
 A strong family background reduces the likelihood of engaging in antisocial behaviour.
g) Contribution to Mental and Physical Well-being
 People with strong primary group connections tend to be healthier, happier, and more
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
satisfied with life.
 Studies show that individuals with supportive relationships experience lower stress levels
and stronger immunity.
 Family and friends encourage healthy behaviors like exercising, eating well, and seeking
medical help when needed.
3. Examples of Primary Groups
 Family: The most fundamental primary group, influencing an individual from birth.
 Close Friends: Provide companionship, support, and shared experiences.
 Peer Groups: Play a crucial role in adolescence and youth, shaping interests and social
skills.
 Small Community Groups: Such as religious groups or neighbourhood circles, where
members share strong emotional bonds.

Q8. Forms of Accommodation.

Ans Accommodation is the process by which individuals or groups adjust to each other to
resolve conflicts and maintain social harmony. It involves modifying behaviour, attitudes, and
interactions to peacefully coexist despite differences. Accommodation is essential for social
stability, reducing tension, and promoting cooperation in diverse societies.
According to Ogburn and Minkoff, accommodation is "the process of adjusting oneself to a
new environment or modifying relationships with others to avoid conflict."
Forms of Accommodation
Accommodation can take various forms depending on the nature of conflict and the methods
used to resolve it. The major forms include:
1. Tolerance
 Definition: Accepting differences without necessarily agreeing or changing one’s own
beliefs.
 Example: Hindus and Muslims coexisting peacefully in India despite religious
differences.
 Importance: Prevents social conflicts by allowing diverse groups to live together without
interference.
2. Compromise
 Definition: Both conflicting parties make mutual adjustments, giving up some demands
to reach a middle ground.
 Example: In labor disputes, workers may accept a lower wage increase while employers
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
agree to improve working conditions.
 Importance: Encourages cooperation and long-term stability by ensuring that no group
feels completely defeated.
3. Arbitration and Mediation
 Definition: A neutral third party helps resolve disputes between conflicting groups.
 Example: The United Nations mediating peace agreements between warring countries.
 Importance: Prevents conflicts from escalating and ensures fair settlements without
violence.
4. Coercion
 Definition: One party forces another to accept its terms, usually due to power differences.
 Example: A government imposing strict laws to control protests or social unrest.
 Importance: Maintains order but may lead to resentment or further conflict if not applied
fairly.

5. Conversion
 Definition: One group adopts the beliefs, customs, or practices of another, often
voluntarily.
 Example: Religious conversion due to spiritual belief or marriage.
 Importance: Leads to cultural assimilation and reduces identity-based conflicts.
6. Assimilation
 Definition: A minority group gradually adopts the customs, language, and traditions of
the dominant group.
 Example: Immigrants in a new country adopting the language and culture of the host
nation.
 Importance: Promotes unity but may lead to the loss of cultural identity.
7. Accommodation by Structural Arrangements
 Definition: Social institutions create laws or policies to ensure peaceful coexistence.
 Example: Reservation policies in India for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes
(STs) to reduce discrimination.
 Importance: Encourages equality and social justice by addressing historical
disadvantages.

Q9. Technological Factors of social change

Ans Technology plays a crucial role in shaping societies by influencing lifestyles, economies,
and cultural practices. It is one of the most powerful agents of social change, transforming how
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
people interact, work, and think. Technological advancements create new opportunities, improve
living standards, and redefine societal norms.
Definition of Social Change
Social change refers to significant alterations in social structure, behaviour, institutions, and
cultural patterns over time. It can be driven by various factors, including technology, economy,
politics, and culture. Among these, technology is one of the most influential forces.

Industrialization
& Economic
Transformation

Transportation
Military & Space and
Technology communication
advancements

Technologica
l Factors of
Energy &
Environmental
Social Medical &
Healthcare
Technologies
Change Innovations

Information &
Agricultural
Digital
Innovations
Revolutions

Major Technological Factors of Social Change

a) Industrialization and Economic Transformation
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 The Industrial Revolution introduced mechanized production, leading to urbanization and
economic shifts.
 Automation and AI continue to change industries, reducing reliance on manual labor
while increasing efficiency.
 Shift from agrarian economies to industrial and digital economies has altered job
structures and economic systems.
b) Transportation and Communication Advancements
 Railways, automobiles, and airplanes revolutionized travel and migration, making the
world more interconnected.
 Telecommunication technologies (telephones, the internet, and mobile networks) have
enhanced global communication.
 Social media and digital platforms have transformed news consumption, political
activism, and interpersonal relationships.

c) Medical and Healthcare Innovations

 Vaccinations, antibiotics, and advanced surgeries have increased life expectancy and
reduced mortality rates.
 Telemedicine and AI-driven diagnostics improve healthcare access and quality.
 Medical technology advancements have influenced population growth and
demographics.
d) Agricultural Innovations
 The Green Revolution introduced high-yield crops, mechanization, and irrigation
systems, boosting food production.
 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and precision farming have improved
agricultural efficiency.
 These innovations have led to rural-urban migration and shifts in labor dynamics.
e) Information and Digital Revolution
 The rise of the internet, computers, and artificial intelligence has led to a knowledge-
based society.
 E-commerce, digital payments, and blockchain have changed economic transactions.
 Online education and e-learning platforms have made knowledge more accessible
worldwide.
f) Energy and Environmental Technologies
 Renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro) are reducing dependence on fossil fuels
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
and combating climate change.
 Electric vehicles and smart grids are promoting sustainable transportation and energy
consumption.
 Climate change awareness and eco-friendly innovations influence global policies and
lifestyle choices.
g) Military and Space Technology
 Nuclear weapons, drones, and cybersecurity have changed global security dynamics.
 Space exploration has expanded human knowledge and introduced new economic
opportunities, such as satellite technology.
 Technological advancements in defense have impacted international relations and
warfare strategies.

Effects of Technological Change on Society

Positive Impacts
✅ Increased productivity and economic growth.
✅ Improved healthcare, leading to longer life expectancy.
✅ Enhanced education and access to information.
✅ Better communication and global connectivity.
✅ Sustainable energy solutions reducing environmental harm.
Negative Impacts
❌ Job displacement due to automation and AI.
❌ Digital divide, creating inequality in access to technology.
❌ Privacy concerns with increased surveillance and data collection.
❌ Environmental pollution from industrialization and technological waste.
❌ Social isolation due to excessive reliance on digital interactions.

Q10. ‘Poverty’ as a social problem in India

Ans Poverty is one of the most persistent and complex social problems in India. It refers to a
condition where individuals or communities lack the financial resources and essentials for a
minimum standard of living. Despite economic growth, a significant portion of India's
population still struggles with poverty, which leads to other social issues like malnutrition,
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
illiteracy, unemployment, and poor healthcare access.
Definition of Poverty
Poverty can be defined as the inability to afford basic needs such as food, shelter, healthcare, and
education. According to the World Bank, extreme poverty is defined as living on less than $2.15
per day (as of 2023). In India, the poverty line is determined based on per capita income and
consumption patterns.
Causes of Poverty in India
a) Overpopulation
 India has a large and growing population, leading to high demand for resources and jobs.
 Limited employment opportunities result in widespread underemployment and
unemployment.
b) Unemployment and Underemployment
 A large portion of the population, especially in rural areas, is engaged in low-paying
agricultural jobs.

 Lack of industrial growth and skilled labor limits job opportunities in urban areas.
c) Low Agricultural Productivity
 Dependence on traditional farming methods, unpredictable monsoons, and land
fragmentation reduce crop yields.
 Farmers suffer from low income and indebtedness, forcing many into poverty.
d) Unequal Wealth Distribution
 A significant wealth gap exists between the rich and the poor, with economic benefits
concentrated among a few.
 Urban areas have better economic opportunities, while rural populations struggle with
limited resources.
e) Lack of Access to Quality Education
 Many poor children drop out of school due to financial constraints.
 Lack of education leads to low-skilled labor, restricting economic mobility.
f) Corruption and Inefficiency in Governance
 Misuse of government funds meant for poverty alleviation programs.
 Bureaucratic delays and loopholes in welfare schemes hinder proper distribution of
benefits.
g) Social Discrimination and Caste System
 Historically disadvantaged groups (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and minorities)
face social and economic exclusion.
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 Gender inequality restricts women’s access to education, jobs, and financial
independence.
Consequences of Poverty
a) Malnutrition and Poor Health
 Lack of food security leads to stunted growth, anaemia, and weakened immunity.
 Poor sanitation and hygiene cause high infant mortality rates and preventable diseases
like tuberculosis and diarrhoea.
b) Illiteracy and Low Education Levels
 Many poor families cannot afford school fees, leading to low literacy rates.
 Children from poor backgrounds are forced into child labor instead of attending school.
c) Rise in Crime and Social Unrest
 Poverty often leads to theft, robbery, and violent crimes as people struggle to survive.
 Unemployment and frustration contribute to social unrest, protests, and conflicts.

d) Child Labor and Exploitation

 Due to financial hardships, many poor children are forced to work in hazardous
conditions.
 Child labor perpetuates the cycle of poverty as children miss out on education and skill
development.
e) Homelessness and Slum Growth
 Lack of affordable housing forces poor people to live in slums and informal settlements.
 Poor living conditions lead to disease outbreaks, pollution, and lack of sanitation
facilities.
4. Government Measures to Reduce Poverty
The Indian government has implemented several programs to combat poverty and promote
economic development:
a) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
 Provides 100 days of guaranteed employment to rural households.
 Helps reduce unemployment and rural distress.
b) Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKY)
 Aimed at providing food, financial assistance, and healthcare to the poor, especially
during crises like COVID-19.
c) Public Distribution System (PDS)
 Ensures subsidized food grains to economically weaker sections.
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 Helps improve food security and nutrition levels.
d) National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and Ayushman Bharat
 Provides affordable healthcare to poor families.
 Aims to reduce infant and maternal mortality rates.
e) Skill India and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)
 Focuses on vocational training and skill development for youth.
 Helps create better employment opportunities.
f) Digital India and Financial Inclusion
 Encourages banking access, digital payments, and microfinance to empower poor
households.
 Helps reduce economic inequality and dependence on middlemen.

5. Challenges in Poverty Eradication

Despite several initiatives, poverty remains a major challenge due to:
❌ Population growth putting pressure on resources.
❌ Corruption and inefficiency in welfare distribution.
❌ Lack of awareness about government schemes among the poor.
❌ Slow implementation of rural development programs.

Q11. Differentiate primary and secondary groups

Ans

Basis of
Primary Group Secondary Group
Comparison

A small, close-knit group where A larger, formal group where

Definition members have personal, emotional, relationships are based on specific
and long-term relationships. goals, interests, or activities.

Large (e.g., workplace, political party,

Size Small (e.g., family, close friends).
social organizations).

Nature of Personal, deep, and emotional Impersonal, goal-oriented, and formal

Relationship connections. interactions.

Short-term or temporary, based on

Duration Long-term or lifelong.
necessity.

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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
Formal, with defined roles and
Structure Informal, no strict rules or regulations.
responsibilities.

Focuses on emotional support, Exists for specific objectives like

Purpose
companionship, and socialization. work, education, or governance.

Family, childhood friends, peer Schools, workplaces, religious

Example
groups. institutions, governments.

Influence on Strongly influences personal identity, Shapes professional skills, discipline,

Personality values, and character. and specialized knowledge.

Informal social control through love, Formal social control through laws,
Social Control
care, and personal interactions. rules, and regulations.

Q12. Rights of Children

Ans Children's rights are fundamental human rights that ensure their safety, well-being, and
development. These rights protect children from abuse, exploitation, and neglect while promoting their
education, health, and overall growth.

Rights of Children
1. Right to Education 📚

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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
 Every child has the right to free and compulsory education.
 Ensures access to quality schooling and prevents child labor.
 Protected under laws like the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 in India.
2. Right to Health 🏥
 Guarantees access to medical care, nutrition, and clean drinking water.
 Protects children from malnutrition, diseases, and inadequate healthcare.
 Recognized by WHO and UNICEF as a fundamental child right.
3. Right to Shelter 🏠
 Ensures a safe living environment, free from violence and neglect.
 Governments and NGOs work to provide housing for homeless and orphaned children.

4. Protection from Child Labor 🚫👷

 Prohibits forced or exploitative labor for children under legal working age.
 Enforced through laws like the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 in
India.
5. Protection from Sexual Abuse ❌🚸
 Safeguards children from any form of sexual violence and exploitation.
 Laws like POCSO Act, 2012 (Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses) protect
children from abuse.
6. Right to Juvenile Justice ⚖️
 Ensures fair treatment of children in conflict with the law.
 Provides rehabilitation rather than punishment, under laws like the Juvenile Justice Act,
2015.
Short Answers 2x10=20 Marks
13. Re-socialization:
Ans Re-socialization is the process of learning new norms, values, and behaviors when an
individual transitions into a new social role or environment. It occurs in institutions like the
military, prisons, or rehabilitation centres.
14. Community Sentiment:
Ans Community sentiment refers to the emotional attachment and sense of belonging that
individuals feel towards their community. It is based on shared values, traditions, and mutual
cooperation.
15. Components of Culture:
Ans The main components of culture are:
1. Material Culture – Physical objects (e.g., clothing, tools, buildings).
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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.
2. Non-Material Culture – Beliefs, values, customs, language, and traditions.
16. Ethnocentrism:
Ans Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others. It leads to cultural
bias and can create misunderstandings or discrimination against different cultural groups.
17. Fraternal Polyandry:
Ans Fraternal polyandry is a form of marriage where a woman is married to two or more
brothers. It is practiced in some Himalayan regions to keep family property intact.

18. Two Ways of Resolving Conflict:

1. Compromise – Both parties make mutual concessions to reach an agreement.
2. Mediation – A neutral third party helps settle disputes peacefully.
19. Factors of Social Change:
1. Technological advancements (e.g., industrialization, the internet).
2. Cultural changes (e.g., new ideas, beliefs).
3. Economic shifts (e.g., globalization).
4. Political movements (e.g., democracy, revolutions).
20. Family Disorganization:
Ans Family disorganization refers to the breakdown of traditional family structures due to
factors like divorce, domestic violence, financial crises, or substance abuse. It affects emotional
and social stability.
21. Children’s Act:
Ans The Children’s Act is a legal framework designed to protect children's rights, ensuring their
welfare, education, health, and protection from abuse and exploitation.
22 Child Abuse
Ans Child abuse refers to any form of physical, emotional, sexual harm, or neglect that
negatively impacts a child’s well-being. It includes maltreatment, exploitation, and lack of
proper care.

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Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka
Note: The Answers are Prepared on par with prescribed curriculum of INC & suggested textbook references by industry stalwarts. Students are encouraged to
consult additional textbooks and resources for comprehensive understanding.

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