GIIS CONFERENCE 2023

DISEC
STUDY GUIDE

Disarmament & International Security

Committee
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAIR FOREWORDS 2

INTRODUCTION TO DISEC 3

INTRODUCTION TO THE AGENDA 4

KEY TERMS 6

TIMELINE 8

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON TREATIES 12

MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS 15

SCOPE OF DEBATE 17

QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER (QARMA) 20

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 21

FURTHER READING 23

BIBLIOGRAPHY 23

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Chair Foreword

Aadish Shele
Head Chair

Aadish, also more commonly known among his friends as ‘Radish’ or ‘Kapil Dev’, is a
kind and likable debater who has grown very fond of debate events and would like
every delegate to take part and enjoy the experience. He is a bit complicated, yet
humorous and caring. Aside from his astonishing looks and magnificent eyes, he can
be occasionally seen playing chess between classes, reading up on current-day news
or fantasizing over new game and movie releases. He believes himself to be an avid
reader and somewhat of a ‘kind grizzly bear’ who might look intimidating but is all
the more a gentle soul. Aadish is a diehard F1 fan who has supported Mclaren since
2020 and a passionate Manchester United fan ( Careful here; he might get mad at
Manchester City fans). He is excited to meet every single one of you delegates at the
GIIS Conference and is waiting to see what kind of debates and ideas each and every
one of you can bring up.

Mridini Sivakumar
Co-chair

Mridini is someone you would find raving over her beloved computer science notes
or debating over controversies all day. Being the biggest Brooklyn-99, Kendrick
Lamar, and reading fan, she hopes to find more people with the same interests as
her lively personality and enthusiasm for stimulating conversations! Apart from her
passion for writing poetry with a mild Chuck Bass energy, she loves to speak and
believes that the first step towards expressing anything is voicing out (singing counts
too, she loves to sing)! Nonetheless, she is beyond excited to have her second
chairing experience at the GIIS Conference and can’t wait to see the exciting debates
that the committee can conjure up.

2
Introduction to DISEC
First founded in 1945 along with the creation of the United Nations, DISEC is the first
committee of the UN General Assembly, intending to assess and discuss the
disarmament of dangerous military powers. It also deals with threats and
international challenges and the establishment of rules pertaining to ‘keeping’ peace
and security among all members of the committee20.

It is essential to know that DISEC does not act as an instant means to disarmament
but more so offering suggestions to the General Assembly and the Security Council.
The main goals for DISEC would be to:

● Point out any impending global challenges or issues pertaining to

military conflict or war
● Suggest methods for dealing with said global challenges and establish
a level of peace between all states.

At DISEC, we would like to make our best attempts at achieving our end goal-
Nuclear Disarmament.

The delegates should note that none of the resolutions passed by the committee are
legally binding.

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INTRODUCTION TO AGENDA:

Nuclear Disarmament and Weapon Control

Nuclear weapons are highly destructive devices that use the power of nuclear
reactions to release an immense amount of energy in the form of explosive force. The
release of this energy can cause massive destruction, with the potential to destroy
nations and have far-reaching consequences. Due to their catastrophic impact,
nuclear weapons are subject to international agreements and regulations to control
their proliferation (i.e., the large amounts of nuclear weapons in countries'
inventories) and their use.

Nuclear weapons usage has the potential to have disastrous consequences, such as
● widespread mortality,
● environmental harm,
● long-lasting health problems,
● the possibility of a neverending fusion reaction that effectively ends the world.
These are a few risks that humanity takes whenever nuclear bombs are either tested
or deployed, and there always lies a chance of the destruction of the world with
these weaponry.

As these nuclear weapons have various consequences, disarmament of these

weapons is highly significant. Nuclear disarmament is the agreement of nations to
eliminate or reduce their nuclear weapons. This is to promote global peace and
security.

Hence, the control of nuclear weapons and disarmament is very important as the
fear of the usage of such weapons can further cause international tensions and
possibly start global conflicts. An example of this would be the infamous ‘Cold War’, a
period of intense geopolitical tension.

Nuclear weapons also play a major role in being able to maintain peace amongst
other nations. An example of such a role is the Mutually Assured Destruction concept
(MAD)28.
● Essentially, if 2 powerful nuclear nations realise that using nuclear bombs
against each other would inevitably lead to both nations' destruction, each of
them would be less likely to take an initiative towards nuclear conflict. This is
known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

4
Control of Nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament are similar international
commitments to advance safety and security. They aim to prevent the potential
harm of these weapons and motivate nations to cooperate for a safer future.

5
Key Terms and Definitions:
1. Disarmament: The process of reducing and eliminating nuclear weapons
globally to promote international peace and security7.

2. Treaty: A binding formal agreement, contract, or other written instrument

that establishes obligations (between two or more subjects) of international
law.

3. Mortality: The state or condition of being subject to death; mortal character,

nature, or existence8.

4. Agreement: When people or countries decide to do something together or

follow certain rules. Imagine your mom having an agreement with you over
permission for a sleepover (that's a very rare chance)

5. Non-proliferation: Action of controlling the rapid spread of something.

6. Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): An international treaty aimed at preventing

the excessive spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology while
promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It has three main pillars:
disarmament, non-proliferation, and the right to access peaceful nuclear
technology.

7. Safety Measures: Steps to ensure things are secure and unlikely to cause
harm or danger. An example would be the safety measures taken during a fire
in a school, such as not taking the lifts and going in an orderly manner.

8. Arms Control: A set of agreements and measures designed to limit the

development, production, and deployment of weapons to enhance stability
and reduce the risk of conflict. You can imagine it as your mom taking your
Nerf gun away after you use it for too long and ambushing your parents or
friends9.

9. Denuclearisation: The act of completely removing nuclear weapons and their

infrastructure from a particular area or region, often used in the context of
global disarmament efforts10.

10. Disarmament Verification: The process of verifying and confirming the

reduction or elimination of nuclear weapons and related capabilities, usually
through inspections, data exchange, and other monitoring mechanisms11.

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11. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: An international agreement that seeks to ban all
nuclear explosions for both civilian and military purposes, thus preventing the
development and improvement of nuclear weapons12.

12. Nuclear Terrorism: The intentional use of nuclear weapons in order to cause
fear or direct destruction by single or groups of people for certain reasons
such as politics.

13. Warhead: The front part of any device that contains the necessities for a
particular action. In our scenario, the warhead of a nuclear bomb contains the
necessary ingredients to create a chemical reaction to cause a nuclear
explosion.

14. Payload: It would be considered the object carried by aeroplanes or other

modes of transport for a certain action. Just imagine the payload of your
lunchbox would be the delicious and yummy food you have inside the
lunchbox.

15. Ratification: To approve of a certain decision.

16. Radioactive: A type of energy that is dangerous to organisms and the

environment.

17. Post-Soviet: The independent countries that rose after the conclusion of the
Soviet union.

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 Timeline, History, and Major Events:

Year Name of Event What happened?

August, 1942 Beginning of the On this date, the US established the

‘Manhattan Project’ ‘Manhattan Project’, a project to develop the
first-ever Nuclear bomb5.

July 16, 1945 The Trinity test The US tests their first ever developed
(nuclear bombs) ‘Atomic bomb’ south of Los Alamos, New
Mexico. Designed by Robert Oppenheimer,
the bomb had a blast radius of 100 miles,
crushing windows of civilian homes.

August 6, 1945 The Hiroshima Almost a month after the Trinity Test, the US,
Bombings in full force, displayed the terrifying
capabilities of its overpowering nuclear
weapon. On the 6th of August, 1945, the first
bomb, named ‘Little Boy’, was dropped on
the centre of Hiroshima, Japan, destroying
the buildings around it and turning
Hiroshima into a hazardous region6.

August 9, 1945 The Nagasaki The bombing of Hiroshima would not be the
Bombings only show of power the US had, as roughly 3
days after Hiroshima, the US dropped a
bigger, more impactful bomb with the
nickname ‘Fat man’, on the city of Nagasaki,
Japan. The explosion destroyed the city and
the civilians6.

October 30, 1961 Largest ever bomb The Soviet Union exploded the most violent
test (hydrogen and largest atomic bomb to have been
bomb) created, the ‘Tsar bomba’ near current
northern Russia.

October 16, 1964 China’s first nuclear China detonates its first nuclear bomb at the
test former dried-up lake of Lop Nur, footing itself
as a nuclear nation27.

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1st July, 1968 Introduction of NPT The NPT was a treaty introduced to attempt
(Nuclear to address the spread of Nuclear weapons at
Non-Proliferation the time.
Treaty)
The treaty had been opened to signature
(countries were now allowed to sign/ take
part in the treaty) in 1968 and had entered
into full force in 1970, when 46 states had
signed the treaty, and India, Israel, North
Korea, Pakistan, and South Sudan did not
sign it.

18 May 1974 India conducts its India conducted an underground nuclear

first nuclear test test at Pokhran in the Rajasthan desert,
code-named the “Smiling Buddha”.

12 June, 1982 Largest Roughly one million people joined together

Disarmament rally and rallied for the disarmament and
abolishment of Nuclear weaponry. This rally
turned out to be the largest antiwar
demonstration in history.

31st July, 1991 Introduction of the A treaty signed between the USA and the
START I (Strategic Soviet Union (the Soviet Union has since
Arms Reduction been discontinued); it was a bilateral treaty
Treaty)
between the 2 powers to introduce
reduction/limitations on each of the
country’s military power, such as limits on
nuclear weapons.

11th May, 1995 Extension of the NPT The NPT parties discussed together and
(Non-proliferation produced a result in which the treaty had
treaty) been extended to an ‘infinite treaty’ (The
conditions of the treaty will last forever).

2000 13 steps towards 13 steps towards Nuclear Disarmament were

nuclear disarmament officially revealed and declared to outline a
comprehensive plan for reducing and
eventually eliminating nuclear weapons.

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 These steps were proposed during the 2000
Review Conference of the NPT2.

2007 ICAN ( International ICAN (International Campaign to Abolish

Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons) was introduced as a
Nuclear Weapons) global connection of NGOs working to
eliminate nuclear weapons. It was founded in
2007 in response to the humanitarian impact
of nuclear weapons.

The ICAN has done a good job of raising

awareness about the subject of nuclear
disarmament and highlighting society's
importance in tackling this topic.

2010 Review Conference The 2010 Review Conference of the Treaty on

of the NPT the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
(NPT) was held in New York, with discussions
on nuclear disarmament, non-proliferation,
and peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

2014 Nuclear Security The Nuclear Security Summit was held in the
Summit Netherlands, discussing the security of
nuclear materials and the prevention of
nuclear terrorism.

2015 JCPOA ( Joint The Iran nuclear deal, known as the JCPOA of
Comprehensive Plan 2015, involved Iran and the P5+1 countries
of Action) (US, UK, France, Germany, Russia, China). It
aimed to curb Iran's nuclear program to
ensure its peaceful nature. Iran agreed to
limit uranium enrichment, modify nuclear
facilities, and allow enhanced monitoring by
the IAEA. (International Atomic Energy
Agency)

2017 TPNW (Treaty on the 7th July 2017 - TPNW (Treaty on the
Prohibition of Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons) was
Nuclear Weapons) acquired by the United Nations Conference
in 2017 and was opened for signatures on
20th September 2017. The TPNW was used as
legal binding to ensure the abandonment

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11
Additional Information on Treaties (For reference):

Treaty Name Information

START I and II Treaties The START I treaty, signed in 1991, was an

agreement between the United States and
the Soviet Union (the Soviet Union has
since been broken into 15 states26) to
reduce their strategic nuclear arms. It
limited the number of deployed strategic
nuclear weapons. The START II treaty,
signed in 1993 but never fully implemented,
aimed to make even deeper cuts in nuclear
weapons.

The reason for introducing a second START

treaty was to build upon the progress of
the first one and achieve further
reductions in nuclear weapons,
promoting global stability and reducing
the risk of nuclear conflict. The agreements
were important steps in reducing the
nuclear threat during the Cold War and its
aftermath.

The NPT Treaty The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is

deemed unreliable due to its slow progress
in achieving nuclear disarmament among
existing nuclear-armed states.
The treaty lacks:
● binding commitments for
disarmament
● fails to establish specific
mechanisms to enforce its objectives
effectively.

This has led to concerns about its overall

effectiveness in preventing the spread of
nuclear weapons, along with people

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 questioning whether the NPT has
succeeded in truly acquiring peace.

● North Korea had initially signed this

treaty however it has recently
withdrawn due to its stance on
disarmament on maintaining its
nuclear capabilities3.

13 steps towards Nuclear The 13 steps towards nuclear disarmament

Disarmament are listed in a paragraph of the Final
document23 during the 2000 review
conference of the NPT, notable steps would
be
● Necessity for the
CTBT(Comprehensive test ban
treaty) to enter the force
● Ways to reduce the testing and
operations of nuclear weapons
● Nuclear capable states are required
to submit reports to NPT review
conferences about their methods of
Nuclear disarmament and its
effectiveness.

ICAN (International Campaign to ● It won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017

Abolish Nuclear Weapons) for helping in the advancement of
the TPNW treaty
● Its ability to rally a multitude of
people from every position (Doctors,
engineers, teachers) to rally for
nuclear disarmament
● It requires ratification by 50 countries
to enter into force; as of 2020, it has
been ratified by 54 nations except
the United States, Russia, China,
United Kingdom, and France
because of concerns about the
treaty's potential impact on their
strategic interests and global
stability.

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The CTBT Treaty (Comprehensive ● CTBT was a treaty which stopped the
Test Ban Treaty) testing and deployment of nuclear
weapons. The treaty was opened for
signature in September of 1996, and
the treaty provides a halt on nuclear
testing by any country in order to
promote peace22.
● However, there are still countries yet
to sign this treaty, such as North
Korea, India and Pakistan. Even after
signing the treaty, certain countries
whose ratifications are necessary for
the CTBT to enter force, such as the
USA, China, Egypt, Israel and Iran,
have not ratified the treaty and has
led to a halt on the ability for the
CTBT to enter the force21

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Major Stakeholders:
1. The United States Of America:
Having designed and created the first nuclear bomb, the USA is a powerful
stakeholder in terms of Nuclear warfare. Having 5,244 warheads on hold and
having run the most nuclear tests out of all the countries, the US stands as a
powerful nation with great knowledge and experience of military weaponry.
The U.S is a country that practises the ‘hair trigger alert’ (discussed in the
scope of debate) . Actively engaged in advocating for the Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT), the U.S. shows its commitment to encourage disarmament,
proving its stance in several negotiations13.

2. Russia:
Russia stands as a key stakeholder in nuclear disarmament and weapon
control, primarily due to its historical and current role as a major nuclear
power. Emerging from the Cold War19, Russia possesses an extensive nuclear
inventory, contributing to its prominent position in global nuclear discussions.
Its involvement in landmark agreements such as the Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty (START) proving their commitment to arms control and
reduction. Another important note is that events like the deterioration of the
U.S.-Russia relations following Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 have
strained cooperative efforts14.

3. China:
China's position as a nuclear-armed state positions it as a critical participant in
discussions around disarmament. Their commitment to a "no first use" policy,
wherein it pledges not to use nuclear weapons unless first attacked,
contributes to stability and arms control considerations, but, China's relatively
limited engagement in arms control agreements, in comparison to the United
States, has sparked debates regarding its responsibilities as a nuclear power,
as China has resisted bilateral talks with the USA over nuclear disarmament
and a reduction in arms inventory. Ongoing problems, such as tensions in the
South China Sea, impact China's role in broader disarmament initiatives15.

4. United Kingdom:
The United Kingdom holds a significant role as a key stakeholder in nuclear
disarmament and weapon control, owing to its status as a recognized
nuclear-armed state and its commitment to maintaining a credible minimum
deterrence, i.e, a country’s efforts to keep its nuclear weaponry present but
heavily limited in terms of how much they can use it. The UK's nuclear
inventory, while smaller compared to major nuclear powers, highlights its role

15
 in global security discussions. The country's attachment to the Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and its approval for disarmament initiatives
highlight its commitment to international norms. The UK's participation in
arms control efforts, such as reductions in the number of nuclear weapons
demonstrates its engagement in global discussions16.

5. France:
France is a significant stakeholder in nuclear disarmament and weapon
control due to its status as a nuclear-armed nation with a smaller nuclear
inventory. It maintains independent nuclear discouragement (meaning that it
tries its best to keep itself from using nuclear power), joined the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) in 1996, and reduced its
nuclear warhead numbers. France's engagement in international
organisations like the United Nations, as well as its signing and ratification of
the CTBT draws its commitment to nuclear disarmament. France remains at a
state of ‘strict sufficiency’24, in which its nuclear inventory is at the lowest
sufficient point to keep nuclear weapons ready. This places France as a notable
influencer in global nuclear discussions17.

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Scope of the debate:

● Reduction or complete disarmament of nuclear weapons:

○ Discussions can be held regarding the modern day global inventory for
nuclear weaponry or strategies to limit or completely shut down the
testing and usage of military weaponry.

○ Reduction of nuclear weapons would result in the shortages of

availability and development of nuclear weaponry, while complete
disarmament would result in there being quite literally no availability or
development of nuclear weaponry.

○ Complete disarmament of nuclear weapons would not be very viable as

countries may not want to sacrifice their nuclear power in fear of
another country’s attack. It is key to remember that countries will do
whatever they can to keep things going according to their interests, so
simply getting a nation to completely remove their nuclear inventory is
a complex process.

● Hair trigger alert:

○ Having its origin in the Cold War19, the Hair trigger alert is a US policy
that allows for the rapid launch of nuclear warheads at a sign of threat
or danger. The USA has multiple land based patrol bombers (Planes
used to monitor certain areas and regions) and nuclear silos (a
cylinder-like structure which holds nuclear bombs) at the ready in the
event of a threat from any opposing countries.

○ Along with the US, Russia follows a similar alert, having on hand roughly
900 nuclear weapons ready to launch in the event of a direct threat to
the country. Both countries have their nuclear weapons stored in
nuclear silos throughout the continents, and a single click of the button,
or a single tap of a mouse is more than enough to launch these
weapons and start a war.

○ The removal of nuclear weapons, especially those on hair trigger alert, is

argued to be necessary to remove, not only because they instigate war,
but because the tendency for human error increases as control systems
become more and more complex. It would be as if you accidentally

17
 clicked submit on an exam you didn’t finish, and the low marks would
be the equivalent of a full blown warfare, hence removal of ‘hair trigger’
would be very important.

○ It is also key to consider that nuclear weapons remain a key power that
can be used to provide security in times of threats and crisis to
countries, which is why certain countries choose to not remove their
nuclear weapons. Furthermore, if one country removes the hair trigger
alert, the other country could possibly take advantage of this, hence
amplifying global tensions.

● The harmful effect of Nuclear weapons on the environment and humanity.

○ Nuclear weapons are highly radioactive. If a nuclear bomb was dropped
near you, even if you somehow avoid the physical impact of the bomb,
the surrounding radiation would be more than enough to cause burn
injuries, radiation poisoning (toxins from the bomb would cause severe
harm to your body) and more. The radiation that is left after a nuclear
explosion remains over land for a long amount of time. It can vary from
months, to years, and takes a long time for the radiation to leave and
promote an area as safe. A very clear example of this would be
Chernobyl, where the conditions are still unlivable as the ground has
absorbed the radiation. For context, Chernobyl , in the year 1968, was a
location in Ukraine where a nuclear power plant which provided usable
energy melted and exploded, causing the surroundings to be heavily
toxic and uninhabitable.

● Verification and transparency:

○ Verification talks about agreement with disarmament policies through
inspections and monitoring, and can be a possible step to ensure that
countries stick to their stances. Transparency involves countries willingly
disclosing information about their nuclear activities, in order to build
trust amongst nations. However, both verification and transparency
face multiple challenges. Countries may be hesitant to allow unwanted
inspections due to wishing to keep their data and knowledge a secret,
especially those regarding sensitive nuclear facilities. History is a great
indicator to show that suspicion among nations can disrupt the
effectiveness of both verification and transparency. Striking a balance
between these requirements and addressing concerns about national
security and unequal capabilities is an important scope of debate.

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● Failed Treaties:
○ It is important to discuss and understand why numerous treaties have
failed in the past, in order to be able to better pinpoint the reasons for
their failure. Finding out the exact reason a treaty had failed is
instrumental in avoiding the same mistakes the next time a treaty
would be made.

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Questions a resolution must answer (QARMA):

The resolution is a proposal suggested by the various countries and the committee in
order to encourage and call for action. The questions that the resolution must
answer would be:-

● How would the process of ensuring peace and keeping disarmament in

check be coordinated and overseen?

● What kinds of Nuclear weapons would be covered under the disarmament

act?

● To what extent will Disarmament be checked and verified?

● What repercussions would be in place in the event of a country not complying

to the disarmament commitments?

● How could countries balance disarmament with their interests in national

security?

● What is the predicted impact on the overall global peace and security due to
Disarmament?

● In what way could existing treaties be either enhanced and made more
comprehensive, or previous failed treaties be revived?

● To what degree can highly nuclear armed states commit to disarmament and
lead other countries as a benchmark?

20
Possible solutions:
● Creating nuclear weapon free zones:
A Nuclear weapon free zone is an agreement between countries in a certain
zone that limit or ban the testing of a nuclear arsenal in said zone. An example
of a country using this would be Mongolia, who declared themself and their
territory as a nuclear weapon free zone18. With the usage of nuclear weapon
free zones, countries will have to abandon any attempts to create or test
nuclear weapons in the zone which has been labelled as a nuclear free zone.

Nuclear weapon free zones instead can promote tests in which nuclear
technology is used for its benefits, such as finding out ways to harness nuclear
energy so we can use it for daily life energy requirements. Nuclear energy
holds a significant advantage in the global race for cleaner energy solutions
due to its remarkably low carbon footprints. (It does not produce as much
greenhouse gases as the other sources of energy do).

● Establishing Confidence-Building Measures:

Member states should engage in confidence-building measures (CBMs) to
reduce the risk of accidental conflict. These measures can include information
sharing, joint military exercises, and establishment of communication
channels to prevent misunderstandings and de-escalate potential crises.

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) provides

examples of CBMs that have been successful in conventional arms control. An
example of such success would be the ‘Vienna document’25, in which states
who are a part of OSCE will be subject to inspections performed on their state
and transfer of data amongst the members of OSCE in a way of increasing the
level of transparency between states.

● Investment in Sustainable Security:

Sustainability emphasises the importance of addressing security challenges in
a way that ensures long-term stability, minimises negative environmental and
social impacts, and promotes cooperation among nations, making it distinct
from conventional security approaches. Sustainable security explains the idea
of countries enhancing their capacity to address regional or international
security issues, such as terrorism or war (direct military conflict between 2
countries).

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 Allocating a portion of a country’s military budgets away from military
investments, and towards sustainable development, conflict prevention, and
diplomacy, along with reducing the perceived reliance on nuclear weapons (as
a threat) is a possible solution to nuclear disarmament and weapon control.
Hence this fosters international cooperation in addressing root causes of
conflicts as it builds relationships and trust through means such as diplomacy,
and sharing of knowledge between countries.

● Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Ratification:

Encourage all states, especially nuclear-armed ones, to ratify and implement
the CTBT to prohibit all nuclear explosions, thus preventing the development
of advanced nuclear weapons technologies and reducing global nuclear
tensions. Ratification means taking action, so countries which would have
signed and ratified the CTBT treaty will have to ensure they take the
appropriate steps to disarmament.

● Creating or strengthening treaties:

Multiple countries can work together towards deploying new treaties in order
to deal with disarmament. Creating treaties can also play a major role, since
such treaties allow for transparency between states, so one state will know for
sure what the other state is up to. Such a level of transparency helps to build
trust between nations, which helps reduce the need for nuclear weapons in
the first place.

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Further reading:
https://www.world-nuclear.org/ukraine-information/chernobyl-accident.aspx - The
accident at Chernobyl

2.https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&cha
pter=26#:~:text=The%20Treaty%20was%20adopted%20on,June%20to%207%20July%2
02017. - TPNW treaty

3.https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/2017/ican/facts/#:~:text=We%20were%20a
warded%20the%202017,based%20prohibition%20of%20such%20weapons” - ICAN
campaign achieves a Nobel Peace Prize award.

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