LUSAKA CITY COUNCIL

LUSAKA CITY STATE OF ENVIRONMENT

OUTLOOK REPORT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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LUSAKA CITY STATE OF ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK

SUMMARY REPORT

A report by Lusaka City Council, Environmental Council of Zambia and stakeholders

ISBN: 978-9982-861-01-4

DISCLAIMER
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-print
purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the
source is made. Lusaka City Council (LCC) and Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) would appreciate
receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.

No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever
without prior permission in writing from LCC and ECZ.

The opinions, figures and estimates set forth in this publication should not necessarily be considered as
reflecting the view or carrying the endorsement of LCC and ECZ.

Contacts:
Lusaka City Council
Office of the Town Clerk
Plot No. Rem 3249, Civic Centre, Independence Avenue
P.O. Box 30077
Tel:+260-211-250773
Fax:+260-211-252141
E-mail: info@lcc.gov.zm
Website: http://www.lcc.gov.zm/

Environmental Council of Zambia

P.O. Box 35131, Lusaka, Zambia
Tel: +260-211-254130/254023/59
Fax: +260-254164
E-mail: ecz@necz.org.zm
Website: http://www.necz.org.zm/

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FOREWORD

The Lusaka City State of Environment (SoE) Outlook report has been
produced in order to facilitate planning of the city of Lusaka. There has been
growing global concern and awareness on environmental issues since the
first United Nations Conference on the Environment held in Stockholm in
1972. The focus over the years has been on sustainable development as a
process of change in which the exploitation of natural resources, direction
of investments, orientation of technological development and institutional
change are made consistent with both the current and future potential to
meet human needs.

In Zambia, sustainable use of natural resources has become a cornerstone for economic development.
In this regard, Government has established legal and institutional frameworks to guide environmental
management in the country by enacting regulations, plans and programmes. These include; the
National Conservation Strategy (NCS) of 1985, National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) of 1994 and
Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA) of 1990 which led to the subsequent
establishment of the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ). The NEAP was then piloted through the
Environmental Support Programme (ESP), which was aimed at supporting public, private and
community based approaches to environmental and natural resources management.

In order to achieve an integrated approach to the use and management of natural resources,
Government has developed a National Policy on Environment (NPE). The main purpose of the policy is to
ensure that socio-economic development will be achieved effectively without damaging the integrity of
the environment or its resources.

Further, Government policy on Decentralization is aimed at enhancing institutional and human resource
capacity at all levels of Government. The policy aims to empower local authorities and local communities
by devolving decision-making authority, functions and resources from the centre to the lowest level with
matching resources in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of services.

In addition to this, the Fifth National Development Plan (FNDP), 2006-2011 is a guide to the country's
development efforts over the medium and long-term period. The FNDP is an important vehicle towards
the realization of the Vision 2030 in which Government has articulated long-term development
objectives and identified a number of development goals. The FNDP has acknowledged the weak
management capacity at provincial, district and sub-district levels and suggests the need for capacity
building at these levels. Improved environmental management at the local level will enhance the
participation of those whose livelihoods are dependent upon the sustainable management of renewable
natural resources.

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Government recognises that achieving sustainable development in Zambia requires access to data and
information so that those involved in decision making can reach the level of knowledge and
understanding needed for successful programme planning and service delivery.

For this reason, the country has been engaged in periodic production of SoE Outlook reports in order to
provide for an assessment of the environment so as to raise awareness and understanding of
environmental trends, their causes and consequences among stakeholders.

In line with this, the country has gone a step further beyond regular production of national environment
outlook reports to district SoE Outlook reporting to facilitate the measurement of progress made towards
sustainable development.

The Lusaka City SoE Outlook Report is therefore important in strengthening management and
monitoring of environmental issues at city level and is expected to have a significant impact on
effectiveness and service delivery in Lusaka City.

Government is optimistic that through the environmental assessment and reporting process, there will
be increasing responsibility for environmental planning and management at all levels.

Honourable Michael Kaingu, M.P.

MINISTER
TOURISM, ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES

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PREFACE

The Lusaka City State of Environment (SoE) Outlook report is a product

of a stakeholder participatory process. The report has been prepared by a
Technical Working Group comprising key Government departments and
service providers in the city with support from United Nations Human
Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP).

Production of the report has been undertaken as part of the Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP), a global
programme aimed at promoting urban environmental planning and management. The overall objective
of SCP is to support and strengthen local authorities and their partners in the public and private sectors to
plan, and manage their city environment in a sustainable manner. Such growth is bound to have a major
influence on the urban environment in Africa, and there are already challenges facing policymakers. The
SCP has warned that environmental degradation threatens economic efficiency in the use of scarce
development resources and social equity in the distribution of development benefits and costs.

The report will therefore, increase knowledge about the interaction between society and the
environment so as to bring about the needed changes for urban planning and management. It focuses
mainly on assessing the pressures the environment is facing and analyses actions aimed at enhancing
environmental management at district level. It goes a step further to propose policy options for
addressing environmental challenges. Some of the key issues covered in the report include; provision of
basic services such as education, health and housing, illegal settlements, transportation, land
degradation, waste management, water and sanitation, energy, air pollution and governance.

The challenge is for various stakeholders in the district to utilise the report for planning and decision
making at all levels. We must therefore use this document as a tool in the management of the
environment and to consider an integrated approach in the sustainable development of the district.

We recognise limitations in availability of data in the district. It remains our challenge to strengthen data
collection, analysis and monitoring activities in the district such that subsequent environment outlook
reports will have improved data.

I wish to take this opportunity to thank members of the Technical Working Group for their commitment
throughout this process. I am further indebted to Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ), UN-Habitat
and UNEP for their technical and financial support during the preparation of this report.

Stephen Chilatu
LUSAKA MAYOR

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Lusaka City Council (LCC) and members of the Technical Working Group (TWG) would like to thank all
stakeholders especially institutions represented on the TWG for contributing to the production of the
Lusaka City State of Environment Outlook report. In particular, the efforts of ECZ in guiding the process
of producing this report are commendable.

LCC wishes to acknowledge the guidance and technical and financial support of the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) and UN-Habitat for preparation of the report. We further wish to thank
the many institutions and individuals that made specific contributions to the information contained in this
report.
Lead Authors
Energy and Atmosphere Joseph Kanyanga
Pizye Nankamba
Land/Built Environment Joseph Zulu
Socio-Economics Matongo Mundia
Water and Sanitation Henry Mtine
Michael K. Kabungo
Scenarios and Policy Options Julius Daka
Irene G. Lungu
Gift Sikaundi
Joseph Zulu
Michael K. Kabungo
Individuals/Institutional members of the Technical Working Group:
Air Pollution Information Network Pizye Nankamba
Central Statistical Office Modesto Banda
Henry Munsanje
Department of Social Welfare Cecilia M. Banda
Environmental Council of Zambia Julius P. Daka
Irene G. Lungu
Gift Sikaundi
Justin Mukosa
Theresa Bowa
Mirriam Mumba
Nosiku S. Munyinda
Lusaka City Council Joseph M. Mukupa
Joseph Zulu
Michael K. Kabungo
Chanda Chabala
Lusaka District Health Management Team Florence Ngala
Lusaka Province Planning Office Andiseya P. Lengalenga

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Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Henry Mtine

Ministry of Lands Anna Mwitwa
Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources Allan Dauchi
Ministry of Local Government and Housing, Department of Meembo N. Changula
Physical Planning and Housing
Department of Survey Peter Mwanza
National Water Supply and Sanitation Council Paul Banda
Zambia Alliance of Women Matongo Mundia
Zambia Telecommunications Ltd Nickie Phiri
Zambia Association of Manufacturers Christian Fundafunda
ZESCO Ltd Flaviour Chanda

PROCESS GUIDANCE:

Environmental Council of Zambia

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Julius Daka
Irene G. Lungu
Gift Sikaundi
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STRATEGIC SUPPORT TEAM

United Nations Environment Programme

Sekou Toure
Christopher Ambala
Julia Crause

UN-Habitat

Kangwa Chama
Sandra Bos
Kibe Muigai

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Introduction The population of Lusaka is estimated to be about

1.3 million and the city is growing rapidly. The
The Lusaka City State of Environment (SoE)
highest population is concentrated in the peri-
Outlook Report is aimed at raising awareness
urban areas. The population of Lusaka, like the
levels on the nature and background of
rest of the country is predominantly young. Up to
environmental challenges facing the city and
70 per cent of the population is below the age of
attempts to show the linkages between society
30 (CSO, 2000).
and the environment. The report covers four
themes namely;
The growth of the city in part is attributed to a high
1. Socio-economic issues
immigration from other parts of the country. Up to
2. Land
24 per cent of the population comprises persons
3. Energy, Atmosphere and
born outside Lusaka. The most likely drivers for
4. Water and Sanitation.
immigration into Lusaka remain higher economic
prospects, opportunities for higher education and
It also includes a chapter on scenarios and
higher wage employment. (CSO, 1996).
policy options for future action. Summaries of
the chapter are given as follows:
The poverty level has been steadily increasing
over the last two to three decades mainly due to
Socio-economic issues
the high levels of population growth, which are
not matched by economic growth. The majority of
The city faces a number of challenges in this
the total estimated city population reside in
sector including rapid population growth,
informal settlements. Due to the decline in the
transportation, migration, health, HIV/AIDS,
availability of formal wage employment, majority
education, employment and governance issues.

Figure 1: Showing Population Trends for Lusaka 1969 -2005

1,400,000
1,247,939
1,200,000
1,084,703
1,000,000
Population

800,000
769,353
600,000
535,830
400,000

200,000
83,625
0
1969 1980 1990 2000 2005

Year
Source: CSO Living Conditions Surveys

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of residents of Lusaka work mainly in the plan was completed in 1975 and came into force in
informal sector. The literacy rate in Lusaka 1978. In 2000, the Integrated Development Plan
Province is higher than the country's average at (IDP) was prepared for the city but has not been
95.5 per cent (CSO, 1996). As can be observed, approved. Informal land delivery is the most
the population of Lusaka is growing and is commonly used land delivery system accounting
putting pressure on basic services such as for not less than 60 per cent of all new
education, health and housing. This population developments in the city of Lusaka. The Local
growth demands improvements in provision of Authority has recorded a rise in the number of
basic services. complaints involving land allocation and
ownership. Illegal quarrying is common in the city
Land/Built Environment and this has led to land degradation.

The history and experience in city planning The land has lost potential utility through this
combined with increased demand for services reduction in ecosystem diversity and these areas
from the population growth and mushrooming are prone to flooding in the rainy season. The
of informal settlements, has led to the abandoned quarries become breeding grounds for
degradation of infrastructure and increased mosquitoes and bacteria.
demand for land in the city.
The National Housing Policy of the Republic of
During the last few decades, development of Zambia set guidelines to sustain an effective and
the City has been conducted using outdated efficient housing development programme. These
development guidelines. An approved master include making serviced land available for housing

Quarrying along Lusaka - Kafue Road

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development and streamlining the land for electricity.

allocation system. The current land During the period 2004/2005, the major sector for
management situation in the city needs electricity consumption in the city was the
attention and will worsen if no corrective domestic sector. Out of over 200,000 households,
measures are put in place. There is need to build 54 per cent used charcoal, 44 per cent use
capacity of the local authority by providing electricity and other households use kerosene and
adequate resources to monitor land delivery firewood (Ministry of Energy, 2004).
and use.
Anthropogenic activities both combustion and non

Energy and Atmosphere combustion are the main sources of air pollution in
the city. Stationary combustion sources of air

Energy is fuel for growth in any social and pollution in Lusaka mainly come from coal, wood

economic development. Sources for industrial and diesel fired boilers. Domestic fuels such as

energy include coal, wood, diesel and electricity charcoal and other wood fuels also produce

while domestic sources for heating, cooking and pollutants. Other sources include tyre burning

lighting is largely provided by charcoal and which is rampant in illegal quarries and open air

electricity. burning of waste. Mobile sources are largely from

the internal combustion engines (petrol and

In the last five years, the cost of transport fuels diesel). Non combustion sources of air pollution

has risen by 60 per cent. Studies have shown include dust from quarrying and emissions from

that over the last ten years (1994-2004), there use of solvents, paints and sprays. There is no

has been over 100per cent increase in demand documented data on pollution from these sources.

Figure 2: Growing demand for Electricity in Lusaka from 1994 to 2004

Growing demand for Electricity (Lusaka)

1,800

1,500

1,200
Bulk Supply (KMWh)

900
600

300

0
1994/95

1995/96

1996/97

1997/98

1998/99

1999/20

2000/01

2001/02

2002/03

2003/04

Year
Source: ZESCO, 2005

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Figure 3: Map showing the distribution of households with access to electricity in Lusaka by Ward

23 – 37
38 – 51
52 – 89
90 - 100
 SoE Outlook Report for Lusaka City

Source: NWASCO, AQUATIS, 2005

Residents queuing for water

Two thirds of vehicle population in Lusaka use 220 000m per day. The increasing population and
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petrol. The SADC target of phasing out leaded economic activities in the city have increased
fuel by 31st December 2005 has not been met demand for water supply. In 1993, the total water
and the majority of the vehicles are still using supplied to Lusaka by LWSC was approximately
leaded fuel. 210 000m per day (UN-Habitat, 2004). The
3

company was still supplying the same quantity of

Average temperatures for both maximum and water by 2005.
minimum temperatures over Lusaka city have
increased by approximately 1 C over the last 30 Water supply is inadequate due to a number of
o

years. Warmer climates are exacerbating the reasons which include; the increasing number of
spread of diseases such as Malaria and other unplanned new developments in the city, leakages
vector borne diseases. and pipe bursts within the water distribution
system and old infrastructure. LWSC estimates
Water and Sanitation that 56 per cent of the water produced is
unaccounted for and probably lost through such
Lusaka city relies on both surface and ground means as leakages in distribution. Water supply
water as its source of water. The quantity of particularly to peri-urban areas in Lusaka is
water supplied by Lusaka Water and Sewerage insufficient in comparison to the population in
Company (LWSC) is between 200 000m to these areas. The geology of Lusaka comprises an
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ancient basement complex overlain by planning and management. The chapter also
limestone and dolomite. Its porous and soluble proposes actions that can be undertaken for all the
characteristic renders it susceptible to pollution. themes discussed in the report. Most of the actions
supplement proposed actions identified in the
Urban growth has resulted in increased Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for Lusaka
amounts of waste. The main waste streams in City
the city include domestic, commercial, industrial
and hazardous. Limited financial capacity and Possible development scenarios are discussed
human resource are some of the reasons within the context of Lusaka City according to the
contributing to the failure by the local authority thematic areas which are Socio economics, Land,
to fulfill its obligations in waste management. Atmosphere, Energy, Water and Sanitation. The
The problem is exacerbated by inadequate base year is 2000 and the time horizon is 2000 to
infrastructure and recycling facilities. 2030 in line with the Vision 2030 for the country.
Households are the main generators of waste, The population growth was based on CSO
contributing about 80 per cent of the total projections for the year 2000 of which the
amount generated. population of Lusaka was 1,084,703 and the
annual growth rate was 3.2per cent.
In 2003, LCC produced a Strategic Plan for
Municipal Solid Waste Management for the City. The key policy questions for each theme were:
Through this plan, two new waste management
systems were developed to serve the Socio-economic
conventional and peri-urban areas. To support What are the economic development and basic social
the new waste management system, the LCC services required to improve people's livelihood in Lusaka?
elaborated the Municipal Waste Management
By-Law. Business As Usual Scenario

SCENARIOS AND OPTIONS FOR ACTION The population of Lusaka in 2000 was 1 084 703
and the city has been growing rapidly with a
Scenario analysis was conducted to consider a population increase of about 3.2 per cent per
long range future in light of uncertainties and to annum. By 2015, the population of Lusaka will be
examine the requirements for a transition to about 1.7 million and 2.8 million in 2030. An
sustainability. Scenarios are indispensable tools increase in population will result in increased
for environmental management that focus on demand for education, health and other social
long term interactions between development services.
and the environment. They have been built for The economy of the City of Lusaka only provides
each thematic issue and in general, the formal employment to a small proportion of its
provision of basic services in the city does not labour force. This means that the majority of the
match the growing population. There is need to labour force earned its livelihood from informal
build the capacity of the local authority and economic activities.
relevant service providers to improve urban

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Further, Lusaka has witnessed an increase in the has however, not been matched by an expansion
number of motor vehicles. This development of the road network and as a result, congestion
Source: Zulu 2006

Kasangula Road during construction

Source: Zulu, 2007

The completed Kasangula Road

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and traffic jams are a common feature on most the economic development of the city through
roads, especially in the CBD during peak times. programmes such as urban renewal which can be
This scenario raises implications on the self financing. Poverty reduction programmes
environment which if not addressed will result in should be continued. These include construction
poor service delivery. It is clear also that the of modern markets to accommodate the informal
demand for services cannot be met by the sector which are predominantly in the trading
service providers in the city. business. Microfinancing programmes to support
community and small scale entrepreneurships
Investment Scenario should be encouraged.

To address some of the identified transportation LAND

problems in the city, there is need for LCC to
construct ring roads in order to reduce traffic Policy Question:
congestion in the city particularly in the CBD. “Is there a need to address land delivery mechanisms in
The construction of Kasangula Road which links order to meet various developmental needs, and enhance
Great North and Great East Roads has brought monitoring activities on land use?”
benefits to the city.
Business As Usual Scenario
Health services in the city need improvement to
include upgrading of health centres to equip Lusaka is the most populated city yet it occupies
them with such facilities as laboratory, one of the smallest districts in the country. Lack of
maternity wards, mortuaries and qualified expansion space, poor mechanisms of making
personnel so as to decongest the University land available and capacity to monitor and control
Teaching Hospital. development coupled with rapid population
To improve provision of housing in the city, a growth has subjected the city to environmental
densification policy should be adopted and problems. In addition, the lengthy procedures for
additional land should be sought to encourage acquisition of land have contributed to the growth
housing developments. LCC should promote of illegal settlements.
standards in housing development by adopting
a policy of encouraging institutional housing The prevailing economy has exacerbated pressure
development. on land as some residents have taken to informal
economic activities such as illegal small scale
Policy Reform Scenario quarrying which have left tracts of undeveloped
land scarred with excavations rendering land
Promoting economic development in Lusaka derelict, difficult and expensive to develop. The
City said excavations are also an environmental hazard
Since about 65 per cent of the city's local as they serve as breeding ground for mosquitoes
economy is in the informal sector, there will be and increase the incidences of Malaria. They are
need to encourage private sector involvement in also a physical danger to humans.

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Policy Reform Scenario main causes of deforestation in Chongwe district

and other adjacent areas. Charcoal trading
Strengthen land delivery mechanisms required for various provides employment to many people. It gives a
development needs. turnover of about K200 billion for Lusaka city
alone. The large market of charcoal provided by
Lusaka needs to streamline land delivery those not supplied with electricity encourages the
mechanisms for various developments by trade. Most of the people not supplied with
making more land available and fairly alienated electricity dwell in peri-urban areas where
to developers. This mechanism will respond to provision of this energy source is difficult. In
the escalating demand for land that has led to addition, the majority of the people are not able to
illegal land allocation and development. meet capital costs of acquiring the service.
Lack of space for expansion of the city needs to
be rigorously pursued as it is evident that the Levels of ambient and indoor air pollution are not
city will continue to expand. known. However, the large proportion of people
using charcoal and wood fuel does encourage
LCC will need to acquire land from neighbouring ambient and indoor air pollution and consequently
districts in order to extend the district respiratory and heart diseases. The SADC target of
boundaries and provide more land for phasing out leaded fuel by 31 December 2005
st

development. was not met due to lack of frameworks to

implement the agreement.
There will be need to improve the capacity of the
local authority by providing adequate resources Policy Reform Scenario
to enable the institution develop strategies to
monitor land delivery to deserving applicants, Reducing dependence on woodfuel to ensure
monitor land use and improve services to areas sustainable provision of affordable, reliable
already being developed. modern energy services to households as a means
to raising productivity and standards of living
ATMOSPHERE AND ENERGY
There will be need to promote appropriate
Policy Question alternatives to woodfuel and reduce its
Are clean and sustainable sources of energy required to consumption by encouraging the use of other
meet the city's energy demand in support of economic renewable sources of energy, alternative fuels for
development and for improving people's livelihood? household use and wherever possible,
encouraging people to grow energy crops. Supply
Business As Usual Scenario of electricity to peri-urban areas where the
majority of the people reside will need to be
Out of over 200,000 households in Lusaka, 54 improved in order to reduce dependence on
per cent use charcoal, 44 per cent use electricity charcoal and subsequently, reduce pressure on
and the rest use kerosene and firewood. Use of forests in the neighbouring districts.
charcoal in Lusaka is considered to be one of the Monitoring of air quality in the city should be

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embarked on by relevant authorities in order to The problem of water supply in the city can be
establish levels of ambient and in door air addressed by increasing water production from
pollution. The government policy to phase out Kafue River and ground water production by
leaded fuel in line with the SADC declaration strategically sinking more boreholes. The water
requires implementation so as to protect the reticulation network requires expansion in order to
environment. meet the demand for these services. LWSC will
Evidently, it is recommended to consider the need to invest in new treatment plants for both
impacts of Business as usual Scenario and water and sewer systems to improve service
implement measures proposed in the Policy delivery. In view of the fact that majority of the city
Reform Scenario. population reside in peri-urban areas, there will be
need to improve water and sanitation service
WATER AND SANITATION delivery to these areas. Further, efforts to protect
the aquifer should start with prohibiting any
Policy Question: potentially contaminating development within
Is people's access to safe drinking water and sanitation each borehole's capture zone.
sustainable?
The growth and expansion of Lusaka City
Business As Usual Scenario demands provision of adequate water and
sanitation services to meet the growing demand.
Lusaka already has a water supply deficit. The
estimated average daily demand for the year WASTE MANAGEMENT
2000 was 287 825m per day, approximately 80
3

000m per day in excess of supply, as metered

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Policy Question
by LWSC. The water demand is expected to What are the issues surrounding ensuring sustainable waste
increase due to the increase in population and management for the city of Lusaka?
economic activities such as industrial
development. In order to meet the demand for Business As Usual Scenario
water, significant quantities of ground water is
being extracted from boreholes. However, the Waste Management is administered on two levels.
increasing demand for land in the city has Municipal Solid Waste Management is a
resulted in developments in strategic recharge responsibility of the Local Authority as mandated
areas of the aquifer. under the Local Government Act regulated by ECZ.
Hazardous Waste Generators are directly
Investment Scenario regulated by ECZ with a possibility of delegation of
such functions to the local Authority under the
Refurbishment and expansion of the existing EPPCA.
water reticulation and sewer networks and
treatment facilities Although Lusaka has developed a Strategic Plan
for SWM, implementation depends on the Local

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Authority's ability to raise needed financing incinerators located at various clinics. However
through improved SWM service delivery and these also are not up to standard in terms of
partnerships with the private sector. Lusaka has emissions and require upgrading.
no clearly established Hazardous Waste
disposal mechanisms and facilities. Clinical LCC has been implementing the Lusaka Waste
waste is generally disposed off through Management Project whose overall development
Source: ECZ, 2005

Old Chunga dumpsite

Source: LCC, 2007

A modern Landfill being developed at Chunga

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objective is to establish sustainable and poverty options identified from the issues discussed in the
oriented Municipal Solid Waste Management thematic and scenarios chapters of this report.
(MSWM) system. It is evident that under the The options demand stakeholder participation in
Lusaka Waste Management Project, basic the development of the city. These include
operating infrastructure has been provided for Government Ministries and Departments, private
LCC as well as human resource development sector, civil society, academic and research
through training of WMU staff. However, institutions as well as communities.
capacity among the Local Authority Agents
(Franchise Contractors) is still very limited both 8.1 Socio-Economics
in terms of equipment and technical expertise.
Revenue generation is still low. The following policy options have been identified:

Investment Scenario 1. LCC should construct ring roads in the city

so as to reduce traffic congestion.
Developing infrastructure and human resource 2. LCC in collaboration with relevant
capacity in waste management. agencies should design new routes for
public transportation to enable people
LCC and ECZ need to enforce improved waste travel directly from one part of the city to
disposal practices that will minimise the extent another without passing through the
of illegal waste disposal, which continues to CBD.
pollute the environment and potentially lead to 3. Development of new buildings in the city
insufficient income from disposal fees to should include provisions for car parks to
maintain operations. The reality is that these address the problem of parking space in
entities have very limited resources and the city.
therefore, this is a risk. 4. Development of the social services such
as housing, education and health sectors
Matters of sustainability of the entire waste to cope with the increasing population
management system will need to be given extra should be embarked on. This can be
attention. The Lusaka waste management achieved by providing incentives for the
system is designed to be a closed loop self private sector to invest in these services.
financing waste management system. 5. Adoption of cleaner technologies for
However, experience during these past few industries should be encouraged. To
years indicate that sustainability will take longer achieve this, regulators such as ECZ
than originally envisaged. Mechanisms for should ensure that industries comply
ensuring full cost recovery therefore, need to be with all standards.
strengthened. 6. Strategies of capturing revenue e.g.
through collection of taxes from informal
OPTIONS FOR ACTION sector should be developed so as to
strengthen their contribution to the
This chapter presents a summary of policy

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 SoE Outlook Report for Lusaka City

economy. energy end-use patterns and energy

7. Youth empowerment programmes carriers to more efficient modern and
should be introduced and implemented cleaner technologies.
to address the concerns of the growing 3. Develop and implement regulations for
youthful population. mobile sources of air pollution.
8. Decentralization Policy should be 4. Promote the use of alternative fuels such
implemented to among other as bio-diesel and ethanol as part of
interventions introduce district and city Government policy to phase out
specific data collection and reporting unleaded fuel.
mechanisms to ensure activities at the 5. Review and harmonize transport policies
said levels are measured against defined to ensure efficient management of
targets. emissions from motor vehicles.
9. Implementation of deliberate measures
in all sectors to mainstream gender and 8.3 Land/Built Environment
ensure equal participation of males and
females; Policy reform should focus on:
1. Developing and implementing a Land
10. Institutional capacity and co-ordination Policy that provides equal access to land
for environmental management should for all groups in society.
be undertaken to strengthen the capacity 2. Reviewing and implementing a new
of the local authority to effectively integrated planning and budgeting
monitor and enforce relevant legislation. system that is supportive of the National
11. The Population Policy in addition to other Decentralization Policy.
economic interventions that encourage 3. Strengthening the regulatory
investment in rural areas should be mechanisms for implementing urban
implemented in order to promote growth development and environmental policy
in other parts of the country and reduce such as the Town and Country Planning
the migration to Lusaka. Act, Public Health Act, Land Act,
EPPCA and all relevant acts related to
8.2 Energy and Atmosphere provision of utility services.
4. Strengthening local authority's structures
The following actions are proposed: such as the District Development Co-
1. Develop and implement programmes ordinating Committee (DDCC) which
that promote increased community provides a suitable forum for
participation in energy conservation and development input from key actors at
management programmes such as the district level.
use of energy efficient appliances, 5. Developing a land information system for
alternative energy sources such as solar. the city.
2. Promote cleaner industrial technologies 6. Encouraging land use planning and
in order to shift from use of traditional management.

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 SoE Outlook Report for Lusaka City

8.4 Water and Sanitation intake in Kafue district to Lusaka to meet

the water demand in the city.
For this sector, there is need to: 8. Strengthen polluter responsibility
1. Improve institutional capacity of the regulations in conjunction with relevant
Local Authority to effectively manage institutions such as Ministry of
waste in the city. Commerce, Trade and Industry e.g. for
2. Ensure private sector access to packaging waste through introduction of
affordable financing to invest in waste relevant environmental taxes.
collection equipment. 9. Expansion of the sewer network and
3. Strengthen knowledge transfer between rehabilitation of the sewerage treatment
WMU Staff and Franchise contractors as plant.
well as curricular development for 10. Develop and maintain ground and
specific formal training in Waste surface water assessment programmes
Management in the city.
4. Facilitation of establishment of waste 11. Develop and implement a supportive
recovery and recycling facilities to reduce legal framework to regulate and
waste at the disposal site and ensure harmonize management of water and
value addition to waste through material sanitation in the city.
recovery.
5. Strengthening the enforcement of both
the EPPCA and By-Laws
6. Strengthen municipal financing
mechanisms to wards to ensure cost
recovery of services is delivered to the
peri urban areas and other public
surroundings.
7. Installation of parallel 36 Inch
transmission main from Kafue River

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 SoE Outlook Report for Lusaka City

3.11 References Board of Health, Lusaka.

http://www.jica/english/evaluation/projects
1. African Energy Policy Research Network (JICA 1995-2005)
(AFREPREN) (1990). African Energy, Issues in 15. Houghton, John (1994) Global Warming:
Planning and Practice. The complete Briefing, Cambridge Press
2. Central Statistical Office. (2001). Zambia 16. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Information Database. Lusaka (IPCC).(2000).Emissions Scenarios,
3. Chidumayo, E.N (1999). Zambia Report: The Cambridge University Press.
Charcoal Potential for Southern Africa 17. Kabungo Michael K. (1998) Urban Planning
(CHAPOSA), Lusaka. and Environmental Management A Case of
4. Chileshe, L (1989). Soils of the Lusaka Lusaka, Unpublished BSc Thesis, CBU, Kitwe.
Province- memoir accompanying the 1:1, 18. Kajoba, Gear M.(1997): The Landmarks of
000, 000 Soil Map, Soil Survey Report Number Zambia's Land Tenure System: from
206 Protectionism to Empowerment, University of
5. Colls, Jeremy. (1997), Air Pollution, an Zambia; Lusaka.
Introduction. University of Nottingham. 19. Kambole, S. M. (2002) Institutional Waste
6. Commonwealth Science Council (1991). Survey for the City of Lusaka, Lusaka.
Charcoal Production: A Handbook 20. Karekezi, Stephen.(2002) Energy Options for
7. CSO ( 2000) Census of Population and Africa: Environmentally Stable Alternatives,
Housing. Central Statistical Office, Lusaka. and Gordon Mackenzie.
8. CSO (1990) Census of Population and 21. LCC (1997). An Environmental Profile of the
Housing, Central Statistical Office, Lusaka. Greater Lusaka Area; Lusaka.
9. CSO (2003) Zambia Demographic and Health 22. LCC (2000). Lusaka Integrated Development
Survey, Lusaka. Plan, Lusaka, V3 Consulting Engineers,
10. CSO (2004) Zambia 2000 Census of Lusaka.
Population and Housing, Lusaka Province 23. LCC (2003). Strategic Solid Waste
Volume Five, Central Statistical Office, Management Plan for the City of Lusaka,
Lusaka. Lusaka.
11. CSO (2005) Living Conditions Monitoring 24. LCC. (2006) Pictorial Lusaka: A Harmony of
Survey Report 2004, Central Statistical Office. Contrasts. LCC, Lusaka.
12. CSO (2005) Zambia HIV/AIDS 25. Mutale, S.B (2000). Hospital Waste
Epidemiological Projections 1985-2010, Management in Lusaka, University of Zambia,
Central Statistical Office, Lusaka. Lusaka
13. Dioxiadis Development Associates 26. Nankamba, Pizye. (2003). Report on State of
International Company Ltd., (1975). Lusaka Environment for Lusaka City using GIS based
Development Plan, Lusaka Applications. ECZ, Lusaka
14. Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ). 27. Nkhuwa, D.C.W (2006). Groundwater
Annual Health Statistical Bulletin; Health Quality Assessments in the John Laing and
Management Information System. Central Misisi areas of Lusaka, School of Mines,

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 SoE Outlook Report for Lusaka City

University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. 34. UNEP. (2006). Africa Environment Outlook 2:
28. NWASCO (2006). AQUATIS: The Urban and Our Environment, Our Wealth. Division of
Peri-Urban Water Water Supply and Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA),
Sanitation Database, Lusaka. Nairobi.
29. Sagar V. Krupa (1997). Air Pollution, People, 35. UN-Habitat: Lusaka Urban Sector Profile
and Plants, an Introduction, Minnesota. Study: Lusaka
30. Sichilombe, A. (2007) Analysis of Integrated 36. World Bank (1997). Energy Options and Policy
Segment Life Cycle Costs. MSc Thesis, Issues in Developing Countries.Staff
UNESCO Institute for Water Education, Working Paper No.350, August.
Delft 37. World Health Organization (2000). Guidelines
32. Sokotela S.B. and Mambo, A. (2003). Zambian for Air Quality. Geneva
Soil Brief-General Information on Soils of 38. Zambia Meteorological Department,
Zambia, Soil Survey, Lusaka. Computer Centre, 2005
33. UNDP.(2007) 2007 Zambia Development 39. ZESCO (2005). Annual Report 2004/2005,
Report: Enhancing Household Capacity to Lusaka
respond to HIV/AIDS, UNDP, Lusaka

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Notes

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 SoE Outlook Report for Lusaka City
Notes

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LUSAKA CITY STATE OF ENVIRONMENT
OUTLOOK REPORT

Designed and Printed by PRINTECH LTD., Lusaka

AL COUNCIL
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CARING INTO THE FUTURE

Lusaka City Council Republic of Zambia Environmental Council of Zambia