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A- Presentation :

Today's society is undergoing profound changes that affect its foundations and the way it functions. Among these
changes, the changing structure of unemployment and employment is undoubtedly the most worrying problem
facing modern society.

I -1/ Definition of unemployment :

Unemployment is the cessation or interruption of voluntary or involuntary employment or self-employment. It is a

According to the International Labour Office (ILO), unemployment is the state of being without work, available for
work and effectively seeking work.

I -2/Measuring unemployment :

To calculate the unemployment rate, we establish the ratio between the unemployed and the employed working
population, the whole forming what is known as the working population. Unemployment rate = Number of
unemployed. 100 Labour force

II - Unemployment typology :

Unemployment affects certain categories to a greater or lesser extent:

a) By sector :

Unemployment affects the industrial sector more than other sectors of activity, for reasons that we will mention
later in this presentation.

b) By socio-professional category :

Skilled manual and white-collar workers are the first victims of unemployment. Managers and intermediate
professions are less affected, provided they retrain regularly.

c) By region :

Geographical location also plays a role. Some regions are more affected by unemployment than others.

d) By gender :

Women are more affected than men, with more than half of the unemployed being women.

III - The different forms of unemployment :

a) Mobility or frictional unemployment :

Short-term unemployment is the time it takes to go from one job to another.

It is linked to a search for a job after resigning from a job that was not in the public sector.

unsatisfactory or following a redundancy linked to a change in the company's activity which

employed the employee .

It is caused by a slowdown in economic activity in one sector or the economy as a whole. It is reversible and short-
lived.

c) Structural unemployment :

It is linked to long-term changes in a country's demographic, economic, social and industrial structures.

d) Short-time working :

It is due to technical progress. It corresponds to a loss of jobs linked to greater use of technical capital in the
production process. It appears as a result of labour-saving innovations (robotisation, computerisation).

e) Seasonal unemployment :

It is defined as all the activities that take place in a cycle that is not constant over time.

This type of unemployment concerns, for example, tourism-related activities or certain agricultural activities.

B - Causes and consequences of unemployment

I - Characteristics of unemployment :

- The duration of unemployment is increasing, making reintegration more difficult.

- Young people and women are the hardest hit.

- Significant drop in employment, especially in agriculture, but also in industry.

- Blue-collar and white-collar workers are more affected than managers and professionals.

- The unemployment rate decreases as the level of education increases.

- There is a risk that the number of jobseekers will be increased by the number of insecure jobs (jobs of limited
duration).

II - The causes of unemployment :

The main causes of unemployment are well known: The cost of industrial labour is too high, largely because of the
charges levied on companies.

Part of the population has no qualifications at all, or qualifications that do not meet the requirements of the labour
market.

does not meet demand.

In some cases, it is almost preferable to receive unemployment benefit

rather than return to work,

II -1/ The economic causes of unemployment :

- Technical progress and changes in productivity (more machines per month) have had a major impact.

of men).

- The economic crisis and the slowdown in growth. (Sectors in

- Company relocations and competition from countries with low labour costs.

II -2/ Demographic causes :

- Demographic changes (age groups; more people entering the market than leaving).

- Incoherence unemployment (coexistence of unemployment and labour shortage).

- Inadequate or inappropriate vocational training.

III -3/ The consequences of unemployment :

They are particularly serious, both for a country's economy and for the people affected. A distinction can be made
between economic and social consequences:

a) Economic consequences :

The unemployed population is unproductive, the financing of aid granted to the unemployed is increasingly
burdensome, and the rise in unemployment increases the expenditure of the State and companies.

b) Social consequences :

- Weakening of social ties, marginalisation of part of the population.

- Social cost of unemployment.

- Reduced demand due to falling living standards, or feelings of uncertainty.

VI - Solutions :

Treating unemployment is only one aspect of employment policy, which is defined as all public interventions aimed
at improving the functioning of the labour market and reducing its imbalances.

VI-1/ The social treatment of unemployment :

- Help with finding a job, encouraging geographic mobility.

- Unemployment compensation.

VI-2/Economic treatment (objective: creation of new jobs) :

- Vocational training that is better adapted to the jobs on offer and those in demand.

- Lower labour costs (hiring subsidies, lower charges).

- Creation of public sector jobs (youth jobs),

- Decrease in the working population (longer schooling and earlier retirement age).

- Reduction in working hours (the 35-hour week).

V- Unemployment in Morocco :
The unemployment rate in Morocco rose to 10% in the first quarter of 2010, compared with 9.6% in the same period
of 2009, according to a report by the Moroccan High Commission for Planning (HCP). This rate reached 14.7% in
urban areas and 4.6% in rural areas. Over the same period, the working population aged 15 and over reached 11.444
million, an increase of 1% compared with the same period a year earlier (+1.9% in urban areas and +0.1% in rural
areas). The number of jobs created rose from 10.236 million to 10.304 million, representing a net creation of 68,000
jobs, according to the HCP in its report on the situation of the labour market in Morocco.

C- Employment or unemployment policy

I - The labour market :

This is where aggregate supply and aggregate demand for labour meet, with individual suppliers and demanders
seeking to maximise their respective interests. This confrontation leads to the joint determination of an employment
level and an equilibrium wage rate.

II - Employment policies :

a) Employment policies and the treatment of unemployment worldwide :

Over the last ten years or so, policies to combat unemployment have been implemented with the aim of remedying
the malfunctioning of the labour market, because unemployment is a plague of modern times. To fight a disease,
you have to eliminate its causes. Various employment policies have been implemented, such as social treatment:

- Creating public sector jobs

- Help for unemployed people setting up their own business

- Training courses

- Reduced working hours.

- Revitalising farms to boost production

- Investment guidance to improve competitiveness

- Reducing tax and social charges to cut costs.

III - Labour supply and demand :

a) Neoclassical :

1) Demand for labour :

Companies offer jobs for which they will hire workers. Only the quality of labour is likely to be modified in the short
term, capital being assumed to be constant, and to have a positive impact on the level of production, so the labour
demand function is an increasing function.

2) Labour supply :
The supply of labour is more difficult to assess because wages have two dimensions: on the one hand, they represent
an income for the worker and, on the other, they enable the worker to consume goods and services. The supply of
labour is therefore dependent on the willingness of economic agents to consume.

b) Keynesians :

In the Keynesian analysis, a company's demand for labour is a decreasing function of the real wage. On the other
hand, labour suppliers are prisoners of monetary appearances. As a result, their calculations in terms of labour
supply are based on nominal wages and not on real wages as with the classics. It is clear that under these conditions
workers will not be able to optimise their labour supply in the same way as the rational labour supply in classical
analysis.

Conclusion:

Unemployment is a major phenomenon in most industrialised countries, and is now a daily reality for many people.
It is also the subject of debate among economists. There is no problem without a solution, but there are no miracle
solutions or immediate cures, or without considerable effort.