CITIZENSHIP is membership in a political community (7) In case of a woman, upon her marriage, to a

with all its concomitant rights and responsibilities.the foreigner if, by virtue of the laws in force in her
following are considered citizens of the Philippines: husband’s country, she acquires his nationality
(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the Dual citizenship is now recognized in this country
time of the adoption of this Constitution. and allows natural-born Filipinos to enjoy the rights
(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the they used to enjoy here before they acquired a new
Philippines. citizenship abroad.
(3) Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino Dual allegiance is when a person is loyal to two or
mother, who elect Philippine citizenship more states at the same time, as a result of their own
upon attaining the age of majority. actions. This is different from dual citizenship, which
(4) Those who are naturalized I accordance with law. is involuntary.
Social Movement, a loosely organized but
Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of sustained campaign in support of a social goal,
the Philippines from birth typically either the implementation or the prevention
without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect of a change in society’s structure or values.
their Philippine citizenship. Those who social movement is a collectivity with a common
elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with goal and shared values. The quixotic efforts of bold,
paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed imaginative individuals do not constitute social
natural-born citizens. best example is a child born to movements
Filipino parents who will thus follow their citizenship There is no single, standard typology of social
and be considered born a Filipino movements. As various scholars focus on different
aspects of movements, different schemes of
Naturalization is a process by which a foreigner classification emerge. Hence any social movement
acquires, voluntarily or by operation of may be described in terms of several dimensions.
law, the citizenship of another state. As a collectivity, a social movement is characterized
Naturalization may be direct or derivative. by an emergent social structure and a culture. The
Direct naturalization is effected: social structure is reflected in the relationship
(1) by individual proceedings, usually judicial, under between leaders and followers, the culture in the
general naturalization laws; values and norms.
(2) by special act of the legislature, often in favor of Propaganda thus becomes an important tool of
distinguished leadership, important for maintaining morale and
foreigners who have rendered some notable service unity
to the local state; Norms are standardized expectations of behaviour
(3) by collective change developed by members.
of nationality (naturalization en mase) as a result of Values include the program and the ideology Both
cession or subjugation; and individual psychological states and the characteristics
(4) in some case, of a society at a particular time may be considered as
by adoption of orphan minors as nationals of the State causes of social movements. Psychological
where they are born. states that either convince people to join a movement
Derivative naturalization in turn is conferred: Alienation feelings of powerlessness, hopelessness,
(1) on the wife of the naturalized husband; and estrangement from society may predispose
(2) on the minor children of the naturalized parents; individuals to participation.
and Different kinds of alienation.
(3) on alien woman upon marriage to a One type leads merely to apathy and resignation.
national. Political alienation, however, reflects a loss of faith in
Loss and Reacquisition of Citizenship the political community and predisposes the
According to C.A. No. 63, Philippine citizenship is lost: individual to join a movement that challenges it.
(1) By naturalization in a foreign country; Strain in values arises when the values themselves
(2) By express renunciation of citizenship; seem to interfere with the satisfaction of
(3) By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support Normative strain arises when changing conditions
the Constitution or laws of a foreign country upon create a situation in which the established norms no
longer lead to the attainment of important, accepted
attaining eighteen years of age or more: Provided,
values.
however, that a Filipino may not divest himself of
CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
Philippine citizenship in any manner while the
-may lead them to view all governmental authorities
Republic of the Philippines is at war with any country;
as villains, while ordinary citizens view them as
(4) By rendering service to or accepting commission
legitimate leaders.
in the armed forces of a foreign country (5) By
-Some things taken for granted before becoming part
cancellation of the certificate of naturalization;
of the movement will never seem the same again,
(6) By having been declared by competent authority, a
even after leaving the discipline of the movement.
deserter of the Philippine armed forces in time of war,
unless subsequently, a plenary pardon or amnesty
has been granted; and
The principles inherent in a democracy that Automated Election System.-To carry out the above-
“sovereignty resides in the people and all stated policy, the commission on Elections, herein
government authority emanates from them” is referred to as the commission, is hereby authorized to
morally and legally derived from the citizens through use automated election system or systems in the same
suffrage. a election in different provinces, wherein paper-based or
democracy are called the electorate who use the a direct recording electronic election system as may
ballot as an instrument to choose government deem appropriate and practical for the process of
officials and from their mandate, as a result of a voting, counting of votes and canvassing/consolidation
clean, honest and credible election and transmittal of results of electoral exercises xxx.
Suffrage is the right and obligation of the people to A relative within the fourth civil degree is a person
vote in an election of candidates aspiring for public who is related to you by consanguinity or affinity and is
office. four steps apart on a consanguinity chart.
-Election is the selection of a person or persons for
office by vote.
-Plebiscite is the submission of apolitical issue for
the electorate to decide by direct vote, either for or
against.
-Referendum is the submission of a proposed law to
the electorate of a country for their ratification or
rejection of an important public question.
Recall. This is a method by which an elected public
official may be removed from office before the
expiration of the term if his performance is found to
be unsatisfactory (or due to loss of confidence).
A clean, honest, peaceful and credible election is
one of the fundamental requisites of popular
government.
Commission on Elections, an independent
constitutional body of the government, is primarily
organized for that purpose.
Qualification of Voters
Citizenship. Most states allow only citizens, either
natural-born or
naturalized to enjoy the privilege of suffrage.
Residence. The mobility of population is necessary
to establish the
residence of qualified voters.
Sex. Filipino women began to exercise their right to
vote in 1935.
Age. The age requirement for voting is an important
qualification of voters for maturity to exercise an
important political right will influence the future of a
country.
Mental and Moral Qualifications. In some
countries, suffrage is restricted to persons of honesty
and integrity. Convicted criminals and insane people
are deprived of the right to vote
Registration of qualified voters before election day
is an important mechanism instituted by poll body in
order to prevent election fraud, like “flying voters”
and other election malpractices.
A political party refers to an organized group of
citizens advocating an ideology or flatform, principle
and policies for the general conduct of government.
Party-list system is a social justice tool design to
have the marginalized and underrepresented sectors
of society in the House of Representatives