AP Calculus

Unit 1 Limits and Continuity

Notes B
 Calculus 1.10 Types of Discontinuities Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Continuity

 y
Types of Discontinuities: 



1. Hole. (removable) 
x
    
 y



2. Discontinuity due to a vertical asymptote. (nonremovable) 


x
    
 y


3. Jump discontinuity. (nonremovable)




x
    

For each function identify the type of each discontinuity and where it is located.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑔(𝑥) =

3. ℎ(𝑥) = tan 2𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1

1
1.10 Types of Discontinuities
Calculus
Practice
For each function identify the type of each discontinuity and where it is located.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4𝑥

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = sec 2𝑥 for

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9. 𝑓(𝑥) =

10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 11. 𝑓(𝑥) = 12. 𝑓(𝑥) = csc for

0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋

2
1.10 Types of Discontinuities Test Prep
13. The graph of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is shown to the right: y


Which of the following statements is true about 𝑓?
I. 𝑓 is undefined at 𝑥 = 1. 

II. 𝑓 is defined but not continuous at 𝑥 = 2.
 x
III. 𝑓 is defined and continuous at 𝑥 = 3.
    
(A) Only I (B) Only II (C) I and II (D) I and III (E) None of the statements
are true.

y


Questions 14 through 16 are based on the function f (x) shown in 

the graph on the right. x

     





14. The function 𝑓(𝑥) has a removable discontinuity at:

(A) 𝑥 = −2 only (B) 𝑥 = 0 only (C) 𝑥 = 1 only

(D) 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0 only (E) 𝑓(𝑥) has no removable discontinuities.

15. On what intervals is 𝑓(𝑥) continuous?

(A) [−3, −2] ∪ [−2, 0] ∪ [0, 2.5] (B) [−3, −2] ∪ (−2, 0] ∪ [0, 2.5]

(C) [−3, −2] ∪ (−2, 0] ∪ (0, 2.5] (D) [−3, −2] ∪ [−2, 0] ∪ (0, 2.5]

(E) [−3, −2] ∪ (−2, 0] ∪ (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2.5]

16. The function has a jump discontinuity at:

(A) 𝑥 = −2 only (B) 𝑥 = 0 only (C) 𝑥 = 1 only

(D) 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 0 only (E) 𝑓(𝑥) has no jump discontinuities.

3
1.10 Types of Discontinuities
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
For each function identify the type of each discontinuity and where it is located.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 2. 𝑓 𝑥 3. 𝑓 𝑥 tan 3𝑥
for 0 𝑥 2𝜋

4. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 4 5. 𝑓 𝑥 6. 𝑓 𝑥

4
1.10 Types of Discontinuities
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
For each function identify the type of each discontinuity and where it is located.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥
for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋

4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = sec

for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋

5
 Calculus 1.11 Defining Continuity at a Point Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Formal Definition of Continuity:

For 𝑓(𝑥) to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐, the following three conditions must be met:
1. 𝑓(𝑐) is defined. [In other words, 𝑐 is in the domain.]

2. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists

→

3. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)

→

𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 < −1
1. State whether the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2 is continuous at the
2 , 𝑥≥2
given 𝑥 values. Justify your answers!
a. 𝑥 = −1 b. 𝑥 = 2

Identify the type of discontinuities (if any) and where they occur.
3𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 < 4 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 < −1
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 > −1
− 1, 𝑥 ≥ 4
5 𝑥 = −1

2−𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ −2
4. Let ℎ be the function defined by ℎ(𝑥) = . What value of 𝑘 would
4𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑥 > −2
make ℎ continuous?

6
1.11 Defining Continuity at a Point
Calculus
Practice
State whether the function is continuous at the given 𝒙 values. Justify your answers!
, 𝑥 ≤ −1
Continuous at 𝑥 = −1? Continuous at 𝑥 = 2?
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 , −1 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑥 − 1, 𝑥≥2

𝑥−𝑥 , 𝑥 <1
Continuous at 𝑥 = 1?
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 , 𝑥>1
𝑥, 𝑥=1

𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4, 𝑥 < −3
Continuous at 𝑥 = −3? Continuous at 𝑥 = 4?
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 , −3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4
17 − 𝑥 , 𝑥>4

cos 𝑥 , 𝑥≤
Continuous at 𝑥 = ? Continuous at 𝑥 = 𝜋?
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 , <𝑥<𝜋
sin 𝑥 , 𝑥≥𝜋

7
For each function identify the type of each discontinuities and where they are is located.
𝑥 − 3𝑥, 𝑥 < −2 2𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 < −1
⎧ ⎧
⎪ 3, 𝑥 = −2 ⎪ 3, 𝑥 = −1
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. 𝑓(𝑥) =
⎨−√𝑥 + 2, −2 < 𝑥 ≤ 4 ⎨−𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 6, −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
⎪ ⎪
⎩ ln 𝑥 𝑥>4 ⎩ 3 𝑥>1

2 , 𝑥 < −2 1−𝑥 , 𝑥<1

⎧ ⎧
⎪ , 𝑥 = −2 ⎪ −2, 𝑥=1
7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8. 𝑓(𝑥) =
⎨1 − , −2 < 𝑥 < −1 ⎨ ln 𝑥 , 1<𝑥≤𝑒
⎪ ⎪
⎩ 5𝑥 − 1 𝑥 ≥ −1 ⎩ 4𝑥 𝑥>𝑒

For each function find the value 𝒌 that makes the function continuous.
3−𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤4 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑥 ≤ −1
9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 10. 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑥 > 4 5𝑥 − 2, 𝑥 > −1

(𝑘 + 𝑥)(3 + 𝑘), 𝑥 ≤ 2 (𝑘 + 2𝑥)(𝑘 − 4), 𝑥≤1

11. ℎ(𝑥) = 12. 𝑓(𝑥) =
− − 3𝑘, 𝑥>2 𝑘𝑥 + 2, 𝑥>1

8
1.11 Defining Continuity at a Point Test Prep
13. The function 𝑓 has the properties indicated in the table below. Which of the following must be true?

𝑏 lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑏)

𝑛→𝑏− 𝑛→𝑏+
1 −1 3 3
2 5 5 8
3 1 1 1

(A) 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1. (B) 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

(C) 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 3. (D) None of the above.

CALCULATOR ACTIVE PROBLEM

14. Let 𝑓 be the function 𝑓(𝑥) = . Which of the following conditions explains why 𝑓 is not continuous
at 𝑥 = 1.

(A) Both lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(1) exist, but lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(1).
→ →

(B) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists, but 𝑓(1) does not exist.

→

(C) Both lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(1) exist, but lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(1).
→ →

(D) Neither lim 𝑓(𝑥) nor 𝑓(1) exists.

→

9
1.11 Defining Continuity at a Point
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
State whether the function is continuous at the given 𝒙 values. Justify your answers!
2𝑥 1, 𝑥 1
𝑥 Continuous at 𝑥 1? Continuous at 𝑥 4?
1. 𝑓 𝑥 2 2
, 1 𝑥 4
𝑥2 3𝑥, 𝑥 4

𝑥2 3𝑥 7, 𝑥 3
Continuous at 𝑥 3? Continuous at 𝑥 1?
2. 𝑔 𝑥 2𝑥 1, 3 𝑥 1
ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 1

For each function identify the type of each discontinuities and where they are is located.
4𝑥 , 𝑥 1 𝑥 𝜋
⎧ ⎧cos 3 , 𝑥 2
⎪ 2, 𝑥 1 ⎪ √3
⎪ 𝜋
3. ℎ 𝑥 2
, 𝑥 2
𝑥 4. 𝑓 𝑥
⎨ , 1 𝑥 4 𝜋
⎪ 4 ⎨ sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 𝜋
2
⎩ √𝑥 𝑥 4 ⎪
⎪ 𝑥
⎩ sin 2 𝑥 𝜋

For each function find the value 𝒌 that makes the function continuous.
𝑥2 6, 𝑥 2 𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 1 , 𝑥 1
5. 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 6. ℎ 𝑥
𝑘, 𝑥 2 13𝑥 2𝑘, 𝑥 1
3

10
1.11 Defining Continuity at a Point
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
State whether the function is continuous at the given 𝒙 values. Justify your answers!
𝑒 , 𝑥 ≤ ln 3
Continuous at 𝑥 = ln 3? Continuous at 𝑥 = 2?
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 , ln 3 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 1, 𝑥≥2

sin(2𝑥) , 𝑥 < −𝜋
⎧ Continuous at 𝑥 = −𝜋?
cos , −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ Continuous at 𝑥 = ?
2. 𝑔(𝑥) =
⎨
⎩ sin(𝑥) , 𝑥>

For each function identify the type of each discontinuities and where they are is located.
ln(𝑒𝑥) , 𝑥<1 3 , 𝑥 < −1
⎧ ⎧
⎪ 5, 𝑥=1 ⎪ 4, 𝑥 = −1
3. ℎ(𝑥) = 4. 𝑓(𝑥) =
⎨3𝑥 − 1, 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 3 ⎨ 𝑥 + , −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
⎪ ⎪
⎩𝑥 + 2 𝑥>3 ⎩𝑥 − 2 𝑥>1

For each function find the value 𝒌 that makes the function continuous.
8 − 2𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ −1 (𝑘 + 𝑥)(𝑘 − 3), 𝑥 ≤ 4
5. 𝑔(𝑥) = 6. ℎ(𝑥) =
5𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑥 > −1 𝑘 − 2𝑥, 𝑥>4

11
 Calculus 1.12 Confirming Continuity Over an Interval Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Finding the Domain
Three scenarios to watch for when looking for a restriction on the domain.
𝑥 5
1. Denominators 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 1

2. Even Roots (Radicals) 𝑓 𝑥 √7𝑥 3

3. Logarithms 𝑓 𝑥 ln 2𝑥 1

Find the domain of each function.

√ 3. ℎ 𝑥
1. 𝑓 𝑥 2. 𝑓 𝑥 √

4. ln 5. Where is the function continuous?

⎧𝑥 2𝑥 , 𝑥 0
⎪
𝑓 𝑥 , 0 𝑥 3
⎨
⎪ , 𝑥 3
⎩

12
1.12 Confirming Continuity Over an Interval
Calculus
Practice
Find the domain of each function.
1. 𝑔 𝑥 √12 2𝑥 2. 𝑓 𝑥 3. 𝑓 𝑥 ln 2𝑥 5

4. ℎ 𝑥 √ 6. ℎ 𝑥
√
5. ℎ 𝑡 √

√
7. ℎ 𝑥 ln 8. 𝑤 𝑡 9. ℎ 𝑥

10. 𝑓 𝑥 11. 𝑔 𝑥 ln √𝑥 7 12. 𝑔 𝑡 √3 5𝑡

13
1.12 Confirming Continuity Over an Interval Test Prep
13. Let 𝑓 be the function given below. On which of the following intervals is 𝑓 continuous?

3 , 𝑥 1
⎧
⎪ , 1 𝑥 0
𝑓 𝑥
⎨𝑥 2𝑥, 0 𝑥 4
⎪
⎩ tan 𝑥 𝑥 4

(A) 5, 0 (B) 0.5, 3 (C) 3, 5 (D) 5, ∞

ANSWER: A

14. Which of the following functions is not continuous on the interval ∞ 𝑥 ∞?

(A) 𝑓 𝑥 cos 𝑥

(B) 𝑔 𝑥

(C) ℎ 𝑥

(D) 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
ANSWER: C

15. Which of the following functions are continuous on the interval 1 𝑥 6?

I. 𝑓 𝑥
II. 𝑔 𝑥
III. ℎ 𝑥 ln

(A) II only

(B) I and II only

(C) I and III only

(D) II and III only

ANSWER: D
14
1.12 Confirming Continuity Over an Interval
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Find the domain of each function.
1. 𝑔(𝑡) = √6 − 2𝑡 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln(3𝑥 − 1) + 4 3. 𝑣(𝑡) =

4. 𝑔(𝑤) = 5. 𝑣(𝑡) =
√ √

√
6. 𝑔(𝑥) = ln 7. ℎ(𝑥) =

15
1.12 Confirming Continuity Over an Interval
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Find the domain of each function.
1. ℎ 𝑡
√ 2. 𝑔 𝑥 √5 𝑥 3. 𝑓 𝑥 ln 2 7𝑥

4. ℎ 𝑡 5. 𝑓 𝑥 ln 𝑥 2

6. 𝑣 𝑥 7. 𝑠 𝑡 √3𝑡 9
√

16
 Calculus 1.13 Removing Discontinuities Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Recall: What is a removable discontinuity?

lim 𝑓 𝑥 exists, but lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑐

→ →

1. 𝑓 𝑥

Find the 𝑥-value of the hole. How do we find the 𝑦-value?

lim 𝑓 𝑥
→

2. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers and if 𝑓 𝑥 when 𝑥 4,

then 𝑓 4

, 𝑥 6
3. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 . For what value of 𝑎 is 𝑓
𝑎, 𝑥 6
continuous at 𝑥 6?

1.13 Removing Discontinuities

Calculus
Practice
1. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real 2. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real
numbers and if 𝑓 𝑥 when 𝑥 3, then numbers and if 𝑓 𝑥 when
𝑓 3 𝑥 10, then 𝑓 10

17
3. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real 4. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real
numbers and if 𝑓 𝑥 when 𝑥 1, numbers and if 𝑓 𝑥 when
then 𝑓 1 𝑥 8, then 𝑓 8

5. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 6. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by

, 5 𝑥 , 7 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑎, 𝑥 5 𝑏, 𝑥 7
For what value of 𝑎 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 5? For what value of 𝑏 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 7?

7. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 8. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by

, 0 𝑥 , 3 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑐, 𝑥 0 𝑎, 𝑥 3
For what value of 𝑐 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 0? For what value of 𝑎 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 3?

9. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 10. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by

, 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 7
𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑏, 𝑥 1 𝑐, 𝑥 7
For what value of 𝑏 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 1? For what value of 𝑐 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 7?

18
 11. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 12. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by
, 𝑥 0 , 𝑥 0
𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑎, 𝑥 0 𝑏, 𝑥 0
For what value of 𝑎 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 0? For what value of 𝑏 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 0?

1.13 Removing Discontinuities Test Prep

13. Let 𝑦 . This function has a hole. What is the y-value of the hole?

(A) (B) 3 (C) (D) 0 (E) 3

𝑥2 𝑘 2𝑥 6
14. For what value of 𝑘 will the function 𝑓 𝑥 have a point discontinuity at 𝑥 𝑘?
𝑥 𝑘

(A) 𝑘 1 (B) 𝑘 0 (C) 𝑘 1 (D) 𝑘 2 (E) 𝑘 3

19
1.13 Removing Discontinuities
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
1. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real 2. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by
numbers and if 𝑓 𝑥 when 𝑥 3, , 𝑥10
𝑓 𝑥 .
then 𝑓 3 𝑎, 𝑥 10
For what value of 𝑎 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 10?

3. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 4. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real
, 𝑥 4 numbers and if 𝑓 𝑥 when 𝑥 1,
𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑏, 𝑥 4 then 𝑓 1
For what value of 𝑏 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 4?

5. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 6. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by

, 𝑥 0 , 𝑥2
𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑥 .
𝑐, 𝑥 0 𝑐, 𝑥 2
For what value of 𝑐 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 0? For what value of 𝑐 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 2?

20
1.13 Removing Discontinuities
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
1. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 2. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by
, 𝑥≠3 , 𝑥≠0
𝑓(𝑥) = . 𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑎, 𝑥=3 𝑏, 𝑥=0
For what value of 𝑎 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 = 3? For what value of 𝑏 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 = 0?

3. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real 4. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by
numbers and if 𝑓(𝑥) = when 𝑥 ≠ 9, then ,𝑥 ≠ −2
𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) .
𝑓(9) = 𝑐, 𝑥 = −2
For what value of 𝑐 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 = −2?

5. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 6. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real
( )
, 𝑥≠0 numbers and if 𝑓(𝑥) = when 𝑥 ≠ 7,
𝑓(𝑥) = .
𝑎, 𝑥=0 then 𝑓(7) =
For what value of 𝑎 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 = 0?

21
 Calculus 1.14 Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
𝑥𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑥−8
Use the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥−12 to answer the following.
1. Identify all vertical asymptotes. 2. Evaluate lim− 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 3. Evaluate lim+ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→3

Find the limit.

1−𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥−3
4. lim+ 𝑥𝑥−3 5. lim 𝑥𝑥 2 −2𝑥𝑥+1
𝑥𝑥→3 𝑥𝑥→1

1.14 Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes

Calculus
Practice
Identify the vertical asymptotes of each function.
𝑥𝑥−6 2𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−3 𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−12
1. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 −9𝑥𝑥+18 2. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 3. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
3𝑥𝑥 +4𝑥𝑥+1 𝑥𝑥+7

3𝑥𝑥 2 −11𝑥𝑥+10 𝑥𝑥 3 +2𝑥𝑥 2 −24𝑥𝑥 7𝑥𝑥 2 +4𝑥𝑥−3

4. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥−2
5. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥
6. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 7𝑥𝑥−3

22
7. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = csc(2𝑥𝑥) on the interval [0, 𝜋𝜋] 𝑥𝑥
8. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sec �2� on the interval [−𝜋𝜋, 𝜋𝜋]

Evaluate the limit.

𝑥𝑥 2 −3 𝑥𝑥−2
9. lim+ 𝑥𝑥−1 10. lim − 𝑥𝑥+2 11. lim+ 𝑥𝑥 2 −3𝑥𝑥+2
𝑥𝑥→1 𝑥𝑥→−2 𝑥𝑥→1

𝑥𝑥+3 𝑥𝑥−1
12. lim 13. lim
𝑥𝑥→−2 𝑥𝑥 2 +4𝑥𝑥+4 𝑥𝑥→−1 𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−2

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥−1
14. lim − 15. lim
𝑥𝑥→3 3𝑥𝑥−9 𝑥𝑥→−3 𝑥𝑥 2 +6𝑥𝑥+9

23
1.14 Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes Test Prep
cos 𝑥𝑥
16. lim+ 𝑥𝑥
=
𝑥𝑥→0

(A) −∞ (B) −1 (C) 0 (D) 1 (E) ∞

1 1
17. Consider the functions 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0, and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑥𝑥 ≠ 0. Which of the following
describes the behavior of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 as 𝑥𝑥 → 0?

(A) lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 0 (B) lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) do not exist.
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0

(C) lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 and lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) does not exist. (D) lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) does not exist and lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 0
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0

(E) lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ∞ and lim 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 0

𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥→0

𝑥𝑥 2 −𝑥𝑥−20 𝑥𝑥 2 +10𝑥𝑥+25
18. CHALLENGING PROBLEM! The function ℎ is defined by ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = � 𝑥𝑥+4
� ln � 𝑥𝑥 2 +5𝑥𝑥
�. At
what values of 𝑥𝑥 does the graph of ℎ have a vertical asymptote?

(A) 𝑥𝑥 = −5 only (B) 𝑥𝑥 = 0 only

(C) 𝑥𝑥 = −5 and 𝑥𝑥 = 0 only (D) 𝑥𝑥 = −5, 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = −4

24
1.14 Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Identify the vertical asymptotes of each function.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑓(𝑥) =

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan(2𝑥) on the interval [0, 𝜋] 4. 𝑓(𝑥) =

Evaluate the limit.

5. lim 6. lim
→ →

7. lim 8. lim
→ →

25
1.14 Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Identify the vertical asymptotes of each function.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑓(𝑥) =

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = cot on the interval [−𝜋, 𝜋] 4. 𝑓(𝑥) =

Evaluate the limit.

5. lim 6. lim
→ →

7. lim 8. lim
→ →

26
 Calculus 1.15 Limits at Infinity and Horizontal Asymptotes Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Horizontal Asymptotes: (End-behavior)
What does the 𝑦-value approach as the 𝑥-value approaches negative infinity AND
positive infinity? Does it approach a specific number, or is it growing without bound?

Basic Rules for Horizontal Asymptotes:

DENOMINATOR grows faster means =𝟎
!

!
If the numerator and denominator grow EQUALLY fast, then you have =𝟏
!

!
If the NUMERATOR grows faster than the denominator, then you have =∞

First, you need to recognize which functions grow faster as 𝑥-values get larger and larger.
Rank Fastest
to Slowest 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥=1 𝑥 = 10 𝑥 = 100 𝑥 = 1000
6 𝑥 1 100 10,000 10
5 𝑥 1 1,000 10 10
4 𝑥 1 10 10 10
3 2 2 1,024 1.26 × 10 1.07 × 10
2 𝑒 2.718 22,026 2.69 × 10 REALLY BIG
1 4 4 1.05 × 10 1.6 × 10 SUPER-DUPER BIG
7 ln 𝑥 0 2.303 4.605 6.908

Find the horizontal asymptote(s) of each function.

( )( )
4. 𝑦 = 5. 𝑦 = 6. 𝑦 = 7. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( )

√ √ Evaluate the limit.

8. 𝑦 = 9. 𝑦 =
10. lim −4𝑒 11. lim 5𝑒
→
→

27
Write your questions
and thoughts here!
Trig Functions’ Horizontal Asymptotes:
Evaluate the limit.
12. lim 13. lim −3 cos 14. lim sin 𝑥 15. lim 5𝑥 cos 𝑥
→ → → →

1.15 Limits at Infinity and Horizontal Asymptotes

Calculus
Practice
Identify all horizontal asymptotes of each function.
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( )
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) 3. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( )

√ √ √ 7. 𝑓(𝑥) =
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = +3 √

Evaluate each limit.

8. lim 9. lim sin − 10. lim 5 cos 11. lim −5
→ → → →

12. lim 3 +2 13. lim −3𝑥 cos 𝑥 14. lim 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 15. lim
→ → →
→

16. lim 17. lim cos 18. lim −4 19. lim

→ → → →

20. lim 21. lim 𝑥 2 22. lim 23. lim

→
→ → →

28
 24. lim 25. lim +2 26. lim cos +4 27. lim
→ → → →

28. lim sin(2𝑥) √ √

→ 29. lim cos 30. lim cos
→ →

1.15 Limits at Infinity and Horizontal Asymptotes Test Prep

31. Which of the following functions grows the fastest?

(A) 𝑎(𝑢) = (B) 𝑏(𝑢) = 𝑢 +𝑢 (C) 𝑐(𝑢) = 4

(D) 𝑑(𝑢) = 200𝑒 (E) 𝑒(𝑢) = 3 + 𝑢

( )
32. Suppose that 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 √𝑥 + 4, and lim = 0. Which of the following functions could
→ ( )
be 𝑓?

(A) 𝑥 (B) 𝑥 (C) 𝑥 (D) 𝑥 (E) ln 𝑥

33. Which of the following statements are true for the function 𝑓(𝑥) =
I. 𝑓(𝑥) has a horizontal asymptote of 𝑦 = 1
II. 𝑓(𝑥) has a horizontal asymptote of 𝑦 = 0
III. 𝑓(𝑥) has a vertical asymptote of 𝑥 = 0

(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and III only (E) II and III only

29
34. Which of the following functions has both a vertical and horizontal asymptote?

(A) 𝑓(𝑥) = (B) 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 (C) 𝑓(𝑥) =

(D) 𝑓(𝑥) = (E) 𝑓(𝑥) =

, 𝑥≥0
35. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = has which of the following asymptotes?
, 𝑥<0

(A) 𝑦 = 0 only. (B) 𝑦 = 1 only. (C) 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = 1 only.

(D) 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = ±1 only. (E) 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = ±1.

36. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = has a horizontal asymptote of 𝑦 = 2 and a vertical asymptote
of 𝑥 = 0, then 𝑤 − 𝑎 =

(A) −1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) ∞ (E) The limit does not exist.

37. What are all horizontal asymptotes of the graph of 𝑦 = in the 𝑥𝑦-plane?

(A) 𝑦 = −1 only (B) 𝑦 = 0 only (C) 𝑦 = 5 only

(D) 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑦 = 0 (E) 𝑦 = −1 and 𝑦 = 5

30
1.15 Limits at Infinity and Horizontal Asymptotes
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Identify the horizontal asymptotes of each function.
√ ( )( )
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( )

( )( )
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) 4. 𝑓(𝑥) =
√

Evaluate each limit.

5. lim 6. lim 4 +1 7. lim 8. lim −𝑥 cos 𝑥
→ →
→ →

9. lim sin 10. lim sin(6𝑥) 11. lim 12. lim cos
→
→ → →

13. lim 14. lim 3 sin 15. lim 16. lim

→ → → →

31
1.15 Limits at Infinity and Horizontal Asymptotes
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Identify the horizontal asymptotes of each function.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 2. 𝑓 𝑥

√ √
3. 𝑓 𝑥 4. 𝑓 𝑥

Evaluate each limit.

5. lim 6. lim 3 2 7. lim 8. lim 𝑥 sin 𝑥
→ →
→ →

9. lim cos 10. lim cos 𝑥 11. lim 12. lim sin
→
→ → →

13. lim 14. lim 4 cos 15. lim 16. lim

→ → → →

32
 Calculus 1.16 Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT) Notes
Write your questions
and thoughts here!

Intermediate Value Theorem (for continuous functions) - IVT

Justification with the IVT.
i. The function 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous on an
interval .
ii. 𝑓 𝑓
iii. ___ is between 𝑓 and 𝑓 .

Conclusion: ∴ IVT applies and there exists a value 𝑐 between ___ and ___ such
that 𝑓 𝑐 ____.

Determine if the Intermediate Value Theorem holds for the given value of 𝒌.
1. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 1, 𝑎, 𝑏 1, 5 , 2. ℎ 𝑥 , 𝑎, 𝑏 3, 5 , 𝑘
𝑘 8

i. 𝒇 is a continuous on 𝟏, 𝟓 i. 𝒉 is a continuous on 𝟑, 𝟓
ii. 𝒇 𝟏 𝟏, 𝒇 𝟓 𝟐𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇 𝟏 𝒇 𝟓 ii. 𝒉 𝟑 ,h 𝟓
𝟐 𝟒
𝒉 𝟑 𝒉 𝟓
iii. 𝒌 𝟖 is between 𝒇 𝟏 and 𝒇 𝟓 .
𝟏
iii. 𝒌 is between 𝒉 𝟑 and 𝒉 𝟓 .
𝟑

∴ IVT applies and there exists a value 𝒄

between 𝟏, 𝟓 such that 𝒇 𝒄 𝟖. ∴ IVT applies and there exists a value 𝒄
𝟏
between 𝟑, 𝟓 such that 𝒉 𝒄 .
𝟑

Below is a table of values for a continuous function 𝑓.

𝑥 0 3 4 8 9
𝑓 𝑥 1 5 3 7 1

3. On the interval 4 𝑥 9, what is the fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥 1?

4. On the interval 0 𝑥 4, must there be a value of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 𝑥 2? Explain.

i. 𝒇 is a continuous on 𝟎, 𝟒
ii. 𝒇 𝟎 𝟏, 𝒇 𝟒 𝟑
𝒇 𝟎 𝒇 𝟒
iii. 𝒌 𝟐 is between 𝒇 𝟎 and 𝒇 𝟒 .

33
1.16 Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)
Calculus
Practice
Below is a table of values for a continuous function 𝑓.
𝑥 5 1 3 8 14
𝑓 𝑥 7 40 21 75 100
1. On the interval 5 𝑥 1, must there be a value of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 𝑥 30? Explain.

2. On the interval 5 𝑥 14 3. For 1 𝑥 14, what is the 4. For 1 𝑥 8, what is the

what is the minimum number of fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥 20? fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥 7?
zeros?

Below is a table of values for a continuous function ℎ.

𝑥 7 2 1 4 11
ℎ 𝑥 2 5 6 1 10
5. On the interval 4 𝑥 11, must there be a value of 𝑥 for which ℎ 𝑥 2? Explain.

6. On the interval 7 𝑥 11 7. For 2 𝑥 4, what is the 8. For 7 𝑥 1, what is the

what is the minimum number of fewest possible times ℎ 𝑥 2? fewest possible times ℎ 𝑥 3?
zeros?

Below is a table of values for a continuous function 𝑔.

𝑥 0 2 15 32 50
𝑔 𝑥 1 10 17 10 8
9. On the interval 15 𝑥 32, must there be a value of 𝑥 for which 𝑔 𝑥 11? Explain.

10. On the interval 15 𝑥 50 11. On the interval 0 𝑥 50 12. For 15 𝑥 50, what is the
what is the minimum number of what is the minimum number of fewest possible times 𝑔 𝑥 1?
zeros? zeros?

34
 Determine if the Intermediate Value Theorem holds for the given value of 𝒌.
13. 𝑓 𝑥 3 𝑥 , 𝑎, 𝑏 2, 1 , 𝑘 0 14. 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑎, 𝑏 2, 5 , 𝑘 1
𝒈 𝒙 is discontinuous at 𝑥 0, but is continuous on
𝒇 𝒙 is a continuous po
the interval 2, 5 .
lynomial function. 𝟏 𝟏
𝒈 𝟐 and 𝒈 𝟓
𝟐 𝟓

There is no guarantee that 𝒈 𝒙 𝟏 because the

𝒇 𝟐 𝟏 and 𝒇 𝟏 𝟐 smallest value is .

According to the IVT, there is a value 𝒄 such that

𝒇 𝒄 𝟎 and 𝟐 𝒄 𝟏.

15. Calculator active. 16. 𝑓 𝑡 3𝑡 10𝑡 2, 𝑎, 𝑏 1, 3 , 𝑘 1

ℎ 𝑥 ln 2𝑥 1 , 𝑎, 𝑏 2, 20 , 𝑘 3
𝟏 𝒇 𝒕 is a continuous polynomial function.
𝒉 𝒙 is continuous on 𝒙
𝟐

𝒇 𝟏 𝟏𝟓 and 𝒇 𝟑 𝟏

According to the IVT, there is a value 𝒄 such that

𝒉 𝟐 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟗 and 𝒉 𝟐𝟎 𝟑. 𝟕𝟏𝟑𝟓
𝒇 𝒄 𝟏 and 𝟏 𝒄 𝟑.

According to the IVT, there is a value 𝒄 such that

𝒉 𝒄 𝟑 and 𝟐 𝒄 𝟐𝟎.

1.16 Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT) Test Prep

17. Let 𝑓 be a continuous function such that 𝑓 1 7 and 𝑓 7 1. Let 𝑔 be the function given by 𝑔 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 𝑥. Explain why there must be a value 𝑐 for 1 𝑐 7 such that 𝑔 𝑐 0.

35
18. The function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval 1, 3 and has values that are given in the table below.

𝑥 1 2 3
𝑓 𝑥 2 𝑘 3

The equation 𝑔 𝑥 1 must have at least two intersections with 𝑓 in the interval 1, 3 if 𝑘

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4

19. Suppose 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval 0,4 and suppose 𝑓 0 1, 𝑓 1 2, 𝑓 2 0, 𝑓 3 3,

𝑓 4 3. Which of the following statements about the zeros of 𝑓 on 0,4 is always true?

(A) 𝑓 has exactly one zero on 0, 4 .

(B) 𝑓 has more than one zero on 0, 4 .

(C) 𝑓 has more than two zeros on 0, 4 .

(D) 𝑓 has exactly two zeros on 0, 4 .

36
1.16 Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #1
Below is a table of values for a continuous function 𝑓.
𝑥 0 2 4 7 10
𝑓 𝑥 100 1 3 2 5

1. On the interval 0 𝑥 2, must there be a value of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 𝑥 4? Explain.

2. On the interval 0 𝑥 10 what 3. For 2 𝑥 7, what is the 4. For 0 𝑥 7, what is the

is the minimum number of fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥 1? fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥
zeros? 2?

Below is a table of values for a continuous function 𝑔.

𝑥 5 10 17 20 30
𝑔 𝑥 2 6 5 9 1

5. On the interval 10 𝑥 17, must there be a value of 𝑥 for which 𝑔 𝑥 2? Explain.

6. On the interval 5 𝑥 30 7. For 17 𝑥 30, what is the 8. For 5 𝑥 20, what is the
what is the minimum number of fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥 10? fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥 3?
zeros?

Determine if the Intermediate Value Theorem holds for the given value of 𝒌.
9. 𝑓 𝑥 10 𝑥 , 𝑎, 𝑏 1, 3 , 𝑘 5 10. 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑎, 𝑏 ,3 , 𝑘 2
on

37
1.16 Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)
Calculus Name: _____________________________ CA #2
Below is a table of values for a continuous function 𝑔.
𝑥 0 5 13 28 50
𝑔 𝑥 4 8 20 11 15

1. On the interval 28 𝑥 50, must there be a value of 𝑥 for which 𝑔 𝑥 10? Explain.

2. On the interval 0 𝑥 50 what 3. For 5 𝑥 28, what is the 4. For 0 𝑥 28, what is the
is the minimum number of fewest possible times 𝑔 𝑥 10? fewest possible times 𝑔 𝑥 5?
zeros?

Below is a table of values for a continuous function 𝑓.

𝑥 12 6 1 30 40
𝑓 𝑥 6 30 40 10 10

5. On the interval 1 𝑥 40, must there be a value of 𝑥 for which 𝑓 𝑥 9? Explain.

6. On the interval 12 𝑥 40 7. For 1 𝑥 40, what is the 8. For 12 𝑥 1, what is the

what is the minimum number of fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥 15? fewest possible times 𝑓 𝑥 3?
zeros?

Determine if the Intermediate Value Theorem holds for the given value of 𝒌.
9. 𝑓 𝑥 3𝑥 5𝑥 2, 𝑎, 𝑏 0, 3 , 𝑘 1 10. 𝑔 𝑥 7𝑥 5𝑥, 𝑎, 𝑏 1, 2 , 𝑘 20

38
Name: _______________________________ Date:_______________ Period: _____ Review
End of Unit 1 Review– Limits and Continuity
Lessons 1.10 through 1.16.
Reviews do NOT cover all material from the lessons but will hopefully remind you of key points. To be prepared,
you should review all packets from Unit 1 (including the Mid-Unit Review).

1. If 𝑓(𝑥) = , identify the type of each discontinuity and where it is located.

State whether the function is continuous at the given 𝒙 values. Justify your answers!
cos(3𝑥) , 𝑥<0
⎧
Continuous at 𝑥 = 0? Continuous at 𝑥 = ?
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥 , 0≤𝑥<
⎨
⎩ sin(2𝑥) , 𝑥≥

Find the domain of each function.

√
3. ℎ(𝑡) = 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = ln

5. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers and if 𝑓(𝑥) = when 𝑥 ≠ −2, then 𝑓(−2) =

, 𝑥 ≠ −6
6. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = . For what value of 𝑏 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 = −6?
𝑏, 𝑥 = −6

39
 Evaluate the limit.
7. lim sin 8. lim 9. lim
→ → →

10. lim 11. lim 12. lim 𝑥 3

→ →
→

√
13. Identify all horizontal asymptotes of 𝑓(𝑥) = .

40
 Corrective Assignment
Name: _______________________________ Date:_______________
End of Unit 1 Corrective Assignment – Limits and Continuity
Give the value of each statement. If the value does not exist, write “does not exist” or “undefined.”
1.  y

a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 b. 𝑓 3 
→


c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 d. lim 𝑓 𝑥 
x
→ →
         



e. 𝑓 3 f. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ 





Evaluate the limit.

2. lim
√ 3. lim √

→ → 4. lim sin
→

5. lim 6. lim 7. lim

→ → →

| |
8. lim 9. lim 10. lim
→ → →

41
 a. lim 𝑓 𝑥 b. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ →
⎧sin 2𝑥 , 𝑥
⎪
11. If 𝑓 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 𝜋 c. lim 𝑓 𝑥 d. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ →
⎨
⎪ cos , 𝑥 𝜋
⎩ e. 𝑓 f. 𝑓 𝜋
find the following:
g. lim 𝑓 𝑥 h. lim 𝑓 𝑥
→ →

Identify any horizontal asymptote(s) of the following functions

12. 𝑓 𝑥 4 13. 𝑓 𝑥 √
14. 𝑓 𝑥

15. Let 𝑔 and ℎ be the functions defined by 𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 3 and ℎ 𝑥 2𝑥 1. If 𝑓 is a function that

satisfies 𝑔 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 for all 𝑥, what is lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?
→

In a certain country, the number of deaths in a year can be modeled by 𝑑, where 𝑑 𝑡 is the number of deaths
and 𝑡 is the year since 1975 for 0 𝑡 30.
16. What does 𝑑 25 represent? .
17. What does 18. What does
.
represent? represent?

42
 For each function identify the type of each discontinuity and where it is located.
ln 𝑒𝑥 , 𝑥 1 20. 𝑓 𝑥
⎧ 21. 𝑓 𝑥
⎪ 2, 𝑥 1
19. 𝑔 𝑥
⎨𝑥 1, 1 𝑥 2
⎪
⎩𝑥 3 𝑥 2

State whether the function is continuous at the given 𝒙 values. Justify your answers!
⎧ , 𝑥 2
a. Continuous at 𝑥 2? b. Continuous at 𝑥 1?
22. 𝑓 𝑥 3 , 2 𝑥 1
⎨
⎩cos 3𝜋𝑥 , 𝑥 1

Find the domain of each function.

23. 𝑤 𝑡 24. 𝑓 𝑥 ln 6𝑥 5
√

25. If the function 𝑓 is continuous for all real numbers and if 𝑓 𝑥 when 𝑥 9, then 𝑓 9

43
 , 𝑥 0
26. Let 𝑓 be the function defined by 𝑓 𝑥 . For what value of 𝑎 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 0?
𝑎, 𝑥 0

27. According to the table, what is value of lim 𝑓 𝑥 ?

→
𝑥 1.8 1.99 2.01 2.3
𝑓 𝑥 5.6 5.501 5.499 5.3

44
n identify
2𝑥the1,type of 3each𝑥 discontinuities
1 and where they are is located.
𝑥) , 𝑥<1 3 , 𝑥 < −1
45
ln 𝑥 , 𝑥 1 ⎧
et, 𝑓 be the𝑥function
= 1 defined by be the
6. Let 𝑓 ⎪ 4, function𝑥defined
= −1 by
, 𝑥 0 4. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = , 𝑥 2
− 1, 𝑥𝑥≤3
1𝑓 < . Answers to 1.15 CA #2 ⎨ 𝑥
𝑓+𝑥 , −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 .
𝑐, 𝑥 0 ⎪ 𝑐, 𝑥 2
+
r what
2 value
𝑥 >of3𝑐 is 𝑓 continuous at 𝑥 0?
⎩ −2 1
For what𝑥value continuous
of 𝑐 is 𝑥𝑓 > at 𝑥
=𝑣 𝑥 5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 7. 𝑠 𝑡 √3𝑡 9 6. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sec
Answers to 1.15 CA #2
√
h function identify the type of each discontinuities and where they are for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
is located. √
(𝑥) = ln
4𝑥 , 𝑥 1 7. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 𝜋
⎧𝑥 , 𝑥 ⎧cos 3 2
2𝑥 4 5. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥
⎪ 2, 𝑥 1 ⎪ √3 6.
⎪ 𝜋
2
, 𝑥 2
⎨ 𝑥, 1 𝑥 4 4. 𝑓 𝑥 𝜋
⎪ 4 ⎨ sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 𝜋
2
⎩ √𝑥 𝑥 4 ⎪
⎪ 𝑥
⎩ sin 2 𝑥 𝜋
5. 𝑎 = 4. 𝑐 = ±√8
n find the value 𝒌 that makes the function continuous.
6. −1
Answers to 1.13 CA #2
3. 18 2. 𝑏 = −5 1. 𝑎 = −4
2𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ −1 → (𝑘 + 𝑥)(𝑘 − 3), 𝑥 ≤ 4 → → →
16. lim 6. ℎ(𝑥 ) = 15. lim 14. lim 4 cos 3. lim
𝑘, 𝑥 > −1 𝑘 − 2𝑥, 𝑥>4
h function find the value 𝒌 that makes the function continuous.
𝑥2 6, 𝑥 2 𝑘 𝑥 𝑘 1 , 𝑥 1
𝑥 → → 6. ℎ 𝑥 →
𝑘, 𝑥
12. lim sin 2 11. lim 13𝑥 2𝑘,
→
𝑥 1
. lim cos
3
10. lim cos 𝑥
→ →
→ 7. lim → . lim
8. lim 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 6. lim 3
Evaluate each limit.
4. 𝑓 𝑥 . 𝑓 𝑥
√ √
 Answers to 1.16 CA #1
1. 5. 9. 10.
i. 𝑓 is continuous on 0, 2 . i. 𝑔 is continuous on 10, 17 . i. 𝑓 is continuous on 1, 3 . i. 𝑔 is continuous on ,3 .
ii. 𝑓 0 100, 𝑓 2 1 ii. 𝑔 10 6, 𝑔 17 5 ii. 𝑓 1 9, 𝑓 3 1
𝑓 0 𝑓 2 𝑔 10 𝑔 17 𝑓 1 𝑓 3 ii. 𝑔 4, 𝑔 3
iii. 𝑘 0 is between 𝑓 2 iii. 𝑘 2 is between 𝑔 10 and iii. 𝑘 5 is between 𝑓 1 𝑔 𝑔 2
and 𝑓 1 . 𝑔 17 .
27. According to the table, what is value of lim 𝑓 𝑥 ? and 𝑓 3 .
→ iii. 𝑘 2 is between 𝑔
∴ IVT applies and there ∴ IVT applies and there exists a 𝑥
∴ IVT applies and1.8
there exists1.99 and 𝑔2.013 . 2.3
exists a value 𝒄 between value 𝒄 between 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟕 such a value 𝒄
𝑓 𝑥 between 𝟏,
5.6 𝟑 5.501 5.499 5.3
𝟎, 𝟐 such that 𝒇 𝒄 𝟒. that 𝒈 𝒄 𝟐. such that 𝒇 𝒄 𝟓. ∴ IVT applies and there
exists a value 𝒄 between
2. 2 6. 2 𝟏
, 𝟑 such that 𝒈 𝒄 𝟐.
3. 1 7. 0 𝟐

4. 3 8. 3
Answers to 1.16 CA #2
1. 5. 9. 10.
i. 𝑔 is continuous on i. 𝑓 is continuous on 1, 40 . i. 𝑓 is continuous on 0, 3 . i. 𝑔 is continuous on 1, 2 .
28, 50 . ii. 𝑓 1 40, 𝑓 40 10 ii. 𝑓 0 2, 𝑓 3 10 ii. 𝑔 1 2, 𝑔 2 46
ii. 𝑔 28 11, 𝑔 50 𝑓 1 𝑓 40 𝑓 0 𝑓 3 𝑔 1 𝑔 2
15 iii. 𝑘 9 is between 𝑓 1 and iii. 𝑘 1 is between 𝑓 0 iii. 𝑘 20 is between 𝑔 1
𝑔 28 𝑔 50 𝑓 40 . and 𝑓 3 . and 𝑔 2 .
iii. 𝑘 10 is between
𝑔 25 and 𝑔 50 . ∴ IVT applies and there exists a ∴ IVT applies and there exists ∴ IVT applies and there
value 𝒄 between 𝟏, 𝟒𝟎 such a value 𝒄 between 𝟎, 𝟑 such exists a value 𝒄 between
∴ IVT applies and there that 𝒇 𝒄 𝟗. that 𝒇 𝒄 𝟏. 𝟏, 𝟐 such that 𝒈 𝒄 𝟐𝟎.
exists a value 𝒄 between
𝟐𝟖, 𝟓𝟎 such that 𝒈 𝒄
𝟏𝟎.

2. 2 6. 2
3. 1 7. 0
4. 1 8. 1

Answers
1a. 2 1b. 2 1c. 1 1d. 2 1e. 4 1f. 2
2. 3. ∞ 4. 0 5. ∞ 6. 7. 49

8. 9. 2 10. 1 11a.
√ 11b. 1 11c. 0
11d. 0 11e.
√ 11f. 0 11g. DNE 11h. 0 12. 𝑦 0

13. 𝑦 14. 𝑦 3 5
16. The number of deaths 17.
15. The average number of deaths
in the year 2000. per year from 1995 to 2005.
18. The number of deaths per year 19. Jump at 𝑥 1 20. Hole at 𝑥 0 21. Hole at 𝑥 7
in 1990. V.A. at 𝑥 4
22a. Yes. 𝑓 2 and 22b. No. 23. 𝑡 49 24. 𝑥
lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥
lim 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 2 → →
→
25. 16 26. 27. 5.5

46