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Basic Calculus

This document is a module for a Basic Calculus course aimed at Senior High School students, focusing on the concept of limits. It covers the definition of limits, one-sided limits, and conditions under which limits do not exist, along with basic limit laws and operations. The module includes guide questions, discussions, examples, and assessments to reinforce learning.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
58 views17 pages

Basic Calculus

This document is a module for a Basic Calculus course aimed at Senior High School students, focusing on the concept of limits. It covers the definition of limits, one-sided limits, and conditions under which limits do not exist, along with basic limit laws and operations. The module includes guide questions, discussions, examples, and assessments to reinforce learning.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL ACADEMIC STRAND

BASIC CALCULUS (ACADEMIC)


(APPLIED SUBJECT)

EduKahon® is duly registered at the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines under application number 4/2021/00528566 by Kingsville Advanced School
Inc.
Subject: BASIC CALCULUS

Module No. 1 of 4 Strand: Academic - GAS

REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE MODULE

Guide Questions
▪ What is a limit of a function?
▪ How to write limits in symbol?
▪ How to identify one – sided limits and limits that does not exist?

Discussion

Good day, Royals! For this week, we will be learning about the
Limits.

Get ready now and let’s get it on!

LESSON 1: Introduction to Limits

This lesson deals about limit of a function. A limit informs us of the value that a function approaches as
its inputs approach a certain value.

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We read this as Limit of f(x) = L as x approaches a.

This means that we are approaching the closer and closer value of L as we substitute it to our x in f(x),
but x must not be equal to the value of a since we’re having the closer value of it but not the exact
value.

LESSON 2: Different Type of Limits.

As we are already known what is limit. Let’s proceed to the different types of limits since we must know
it before we proceed on solving limits.

The One-sided Limit

1. Compute for the values of f(x) as x approaches a from the left. Check whether these values
approach a certain number. We shall symbolize the limit from the left of a as limit of f(x) as x
approaches a to the left.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂−

2. Do the same for the values of f(x) as x approaches a from the right. We shall symbolize the limit
from the right of a as a limit of f(x) as x approaches a to the right.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂+

When a Limit DNE (Does Not Exist)

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1. Compute for the values of f(x) as x approaches a from the left as well as when it approaches a
from the right. Check whether these values approach a certain number. If the value of lim− 𝑓(𝑥) ≠
𝑥→𝑎
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) then lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist at all. Therefore, lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→0

Readings

▪ Familiarize the basic laws and the main laws in solving limits.
▪ View this link below for more interesting video and examples.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/2-3-the-limit-laws

Assessment

Read each question carefully. Select the letter of the correct answer.

1. How to write limit of f(x) = N as x approaches c in symbol?


a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑁 b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑁 d. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

2. How to write limit of x = 1 as x approaches 1 in symbol?


a. lim 𝑥 = 1 b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 c. lim 𝑥 = 1 d. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥→1 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→1 𝑥→𝑐

3. How to write limit of f(x) = 3 as x approaches 3 in symbol?


a. lim 𝑥 = 3 b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 c. lim 𝑥 = 3 d. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→𝑐

4. How to write limit of 5 = 5 as x approaches 2 in symbol?


b. lim 𝑥 = 5 b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 c. lim 5 = 5 d. lim 𝑓(5) = 5
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

5. How to write limit of f(x) = 7x as x approaches 4 in symbol?


c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 7 b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥 c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 d. lim 𝑓(7) = 7
𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→7 𝑥→4

6. It tells the value that a function approaches as its inputs approach a certain value.
a. Limits b. DNE c. Right – Sided d. Left – Sided

7. Which of the following shows the limit of f(x) as x approaches to the left?
a. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) b. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) c. lim∗ 𝑓(𝑥) d. lim𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

8. Which of the following shows the limit of f(x) as x approaches to the right?

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a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) b. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) c. lim∗ 𝑓(𝑥) d. lim𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 + 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

9. Which of the following limits does not exist?


a. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 b. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 c. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝐿 d. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

10. If the left and right side limits are not equal then the limit does not exist.
a. True b. False c. Maybe d. Sometimes

----- End of Module 1 -----

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Subject: BASIC CALCULUS

Module No. 2 of 4 Strand: Academic - GAS

REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE MODULE

Guide Questions
1. What are limit laws?

2. How do you apply limit laws in evaluating limits?

Discussion

Good day, Royals! For this week, we will be learning about the
Limits Theorems.

Get ready now and let’s get it on!

LESSON 1: Basic Limit Laws

This lesson deals about basic limit laws. There are three basic limit laws that you must learn in studying
limits.

1. Limit of a Constant
The limit of a constant function is equal to the constant.
Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑐 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 = 1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 5 = 5
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→1 𝑥→3

2. Limit of Linear Function


Step 1: Substitute the given value of x to every x in the given function.
Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4
𝑥→3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(3) = 3 (3) + 4
𝑥→3

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Step 2: Simplify the given function as we are near of finding the value of our function.
Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(3) = 3 (3) + 4
𝑥→3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(3) = 9 + 4
𝑥→3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(3) = 13
𝑥→3

Step 3: Box the final answer.


Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(3) = 13
𝑥→3

3. Limit of the Identity Function

Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→1

LESSON 2: Operations on Limits

As we are already known what the basic rules regarding limit are, we will now proceed to the limit laws.

1. Limit of Sum of a Function


Step 1: Distribute the limit to the function.

Ex: lim(𝑥 + 1) = lim 𝑥 + lim 1


𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4

Step 2: After distributing the limit to the function, apply limit of the identity and limit of a constant in
each function.

Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 = 4 + 1


𝑥→4 𝑥→4

Step 3: Simplify and box the final answer.

Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 + 1) = 5
𝑥→4

2. Limit of Difference of a Function

Step 1: Distribute the limit to the function.

Ex: lim(𝑥 − 1) = lim 𝑥 − lim 1


𝑥→4 𝑥→4 𝑥→4

Step 2: After distributing the limit to the function, apply limit of the identity and limit of a constant in
each function.

Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚 1 = 4 − 1


𝑥→4 𝑥→4

Step 3: Simplify and box the final answer.

Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 − 1) = 3
𝑥→4

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3. Limit of the nth Power of a Function

Step 1: Arrange the function.


2
Ex: lim(3𝑥 + 3)2 = [lim (3𝑥 + 3)]
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Step 2: Substitute the given value of x to the x’s in equation.


2 2
Ex: [𝑙𝑖𝑚(3𝑥 + 3)] = [lim(3(2) + 3)]
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Step 3: Use the PEMDAS rule in simplifying function.

What is PEMDAS? Parenthesis, Exponent, Multiplication, Division, Addition, and Subtraction.


2 2
Ex: [lim(3(2) + 3)] = [lim(6 + 3)]
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Step 4: Simplify the function.


2
Ex: [lim(6 + 3)] = lim 92
𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Step 5: Simplify it and box the final answer.

Ex: lim 92 = lim = 81


𝑥→2 𝑥→2

Readings

▪ Familiarize the derivative of a function and derivation rules.


▪ View this link below for more interesting video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tp1IXl_DIoo

Assessment
Evaluate the following limits by applying the limit laws. Select the letter of the correct answer. Show
your solution.

1. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
𝑥→5

b. 0 b. 1 c. 5 d. 10

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2. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥→1
b. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

3. lim (𝑥 − 5)
𝑥→25
d. 10 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

4. lim(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→3
b. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

5. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 1
𝑥→4
e. 4 b. 9 c. 13 d. 17

6. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥→10
f. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 13

7. lim(𝑥 + 3)2
𝑥→2
b. 9 b. 16 c. 25 d. 36
8. lim(2𝑥 + 2)2
𝑥→5
b. 49 b. 64 c. 100 d. 144

9. lim(𝑥 − 2)2
𝑥→1
b. 1 b. -1 c. 2 d. -2

10. lim(3𝑥 − 1)2


𝑥→4
b. 100 b. 121 c. 144 d. 169

----- End of Module 2 -----

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Subject: BASIC CALCULUS

Module No. 3 of 4 Strand: Academic - GAS

REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE MODULE

Guide Questions
▪ What is the derivative of a function?
▪ When should derivative be used?
▪ How to apply the differentiation rules for algebraic function?

Discussion

Good day, Royals! For this week, we will be learning about the
Derivatives Part 1.

Get ready now and let’s get it on!

LESSON 1: Derivative of a Function

This lesson deals about derivative of a function.

According to Byju’s (2022), “Derivative


of a function f(x) signifies the rate of
change of the function f(x) with respect
to x at a point lying in its domain. For a
function to be differentiable at any
point x = a in its domain, it must be
continuous at that particular point but
vice-versa is necessarily not always
true.” Hence, this means that
derivatives signify as well the changes
in rate of the function with respect to x
if its point is at its domain.

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We are deriving the function or formula since there are cases that the given function is
undefined if we will solve it without deriving it, as well as for the formula. Since, there
are some cases that we can derive the formula for us to easily the function.

LESSON 2: Differentiation Rule for Algebraic Function

As we are already known what are the basic things about derivatives. Let’s move to the differentiation
rule when it is an algebraic function.

1. Constant Rule
If there are any constant term in the given function, ALWAYS CONVERT it to the value of ZERO, no
matter how big the value of it is.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ex: = 1 = 114 = 520
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 0 𝑑𝑥
= 0 𝑑𝑥
= 0

2. Power Rule
Multiply the coefficient to the exponent, after that subtract one value from the exponent.

Step 1: Identify what is the coefficient and exponent first.


𝑑𝑦
Ex:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 + 4

In 𝒙𝟑 what is the coefficient? = 𝟏 In 𝟔𝒙 what is the coefficient? = 𝟔

In 𝒙𝟑 what is the exponent? = 𝟑 In 𝟔𝒙 what is the exponent? = 𝟏

* Take note: If there is no number beside the variable, ALWAYS remember that there’s ALWAYS
1 beside it.

Step 2: Multiply the coefficient and exponent.

Ex:

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏 × 𝟑 = 𝟑
𝟔𝒙 = 𝟔 × 𝟏 = 𝟔

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Step 3: Subtract 1 from the value of exponent.

Ex:

In 𝒙𝟑 what is the exponent? = 3

𝟑– 𝟏 = 𝟐
In 𝟔𝒙 what is the exponent? = 1

𝟏– 𝟏 = 𝟎

* Take Note: Any value raises to zero is ALWAYS equal to 1.

Step 4: Simplify and arrange it to get the final answer.


𝑑𝑦
Ex:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 + 4

𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐

𝟔𝒙 = 𝟔
𝟒 = 𝟎

𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔

Readings

▪ Familiarize the chain rule.


▪ View this link below for more interesting video and examples.
https://byjus.com/maths/chain-rule/
https://www.matheno.com/learn/math/calculus-1/chain-rule-problems-and-solutions/

Assessment

Find the derivative of each function by applying the differentiation rule for algebraic function. Select
the letter of the correct answer. Show your solution.

𝑑𝑦
1. 2
𝑑𝑥
c. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4

𝑑𝑦
2. 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
c. 1 b. 5 c. 10 d. 15

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𝑑𝑦
3. = 25𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
g. 10 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

𝑑𝑦
4. 143
𝑑𝑥
c. 1 b. 0 c. d. 5

𝑑𝑦
5. 12𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 64
𝑑𝑥
c. 24𝑥 + 3 b. 12𝑥 + 64 c. 24𝑥 2 + 3 d. 12𝑥

𝑑𝑦
6. 1000
𝑑𝑥
h. 1 b. −1 c. 0 d. 10

𝑑𝑦
7. 9𝑥
𝑑𝑥
c. 9 b. 16 c. 25 d. 36

𝑑𝑦
8. 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
c. 6𝑥 b. 6𝑥 2 c. 8𝑥 d. 8𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
9. 7𝑥 3 + 2
𝑑𝑥
c. 21𝑥 b. 7𝑥 2 c. 21𝑥 2 d. 10𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
10. = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6
𝑑𝑥
a. 4𝑥 + 3 b. 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 c. 4𝑥 + 9 d. 4𝑥 2
b.

----- End of Module 3 -----

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Email: admin@kingsvilleph.com Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph
Subject: BASIC CALCULUS

Module No. 4 of 4 Strand: Academic - GAS

REMINDER: DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THE MODULE

Guide Questions
▪ What is the chain rule?
▪ When should chain rule be used?
▪ How to derive a function using chain rule?

Discussion

Good day, Royals! For this week, we will be learning about the
Derivatives Part 2.

Get ready now and let’s get it on!

LESSON 1: Introduction to Chain Rule

This lesson deals about one of the more useful and important differentiation formulas, The Chain Rule.

We are using Chain Rule for the quantities that have a higher value of degree. The chain
rule is here for us to solve the given function who have higher degree than two easily.
We study the basics in limits first since they are needed in the process of chain rule.

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The chain rule is a rule for differentiating
compositions of functions. It tells us to first
differentiate the outer function, leaving the
inner function unchanged, then differentiate
the inner function. This process will become
clearer as you do the problems. In most
cases, final answers are given in the most
simplified form.

LESSON 2: Deriving Function Using Chain Rule

As we are already known what the basic things about chain rule are. Let’s move to deriving a function
using chain rule.

𝒅𝒚 𝟑
Example 1: = (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)
𝒅𝒙

Step 1: Let’s apply the power rule to the given function. How? Let’s multiply our outermost exponent
to our outermost coefficient which is the invisible one outside the quantity symbol. After that, since we’re
applying the power rule, we must subtract one to the value of our exponent.

Before: After:
𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
= (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟑(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)

Step 2: After that let’s set aside first the values that we just solved and focus on the next step

which is deriving the function inside the quantity symbol.

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Before: After:
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
= 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟖𝒙

Step 3: Then we must combine the values that we’ve solved by multiplication.

1st value: 2nd value: Combined value:


𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
= 𝟑(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟖𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟑(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) ∙ 𝟖𝒙

Step 4: Last step would be simplifying the expression to get the final answer.

Before: After:
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
= 𝟑(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) ∙ 𝟖𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝟒𝒙(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)

Readings

▪ Familiarize the derivation of other compositions of functions using chain rule.


▪ View this link below for more interesting examples.
https://mathsathome.com/chain-rule-differentiation/

Assessment

Find the derivative of each function by applying the chain rule. Select the letter of the correct
answer. Show your solution.

𝑑𝑦
1. (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥
d. 3(2𝑥 + 2)2 b. 2(2𝑥 + 1)3 c. 3(3𝑥 + 2)3 d. 2(3𝑥 + 1)2

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𝑑𝑦
2. (𝑥 + 5)4
𝑑𝑥
d. 2(2𝑥 + 5)3 b. 2(2𝑥 + 10)2 c. 3(2𝑥 + 5)2 d. 4(2𝑥 + 5)3

𝑑𝑦
3. = (2𝑥 + 3)3
𝑑𝑥
a. 3(2𝑥 + 3) b. 3(2𝑥 + 3)2 c. 6(2𝑥 + 3)2 d. 6(2𝑥 + 3)3

𝑑𝑦
4. (7𝑥 + 1)4
𝑑𝑥
d. 3(7𝑥 + 1)3 b. 14(7𝑥 + 1)3 c. 21(7𝑥 + 1)3 d. 28(7𝑥 + 1)3

𝑑𝑦
5. = (5𝑥 + 6)3
𝑑𝑥
c. 15(5𝑥 + 6)2 b. 10(5𝑥 + 6)2 c. (5𝑥 + 6)2 d. 3(5𝑥 + 6)2

𝑑𝑦
6. (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥
i. 3(𝑥 + 1) b. 3(𝑥 + 1)2 c. 3(𝑥 + 1)3 d. 3(𝑥 + 1) + 1

𝑑𝑦
7. (𝑥 + 5)3
𝑑𝑥
d. (𝑥 + 5)2 b. 3(𝑥 + 5)3 c. 2(𝑥 + 5)3 d. 3(𝑥 + 5)2

𝑑𝑦
8. (2𝑥 + 5)3
𝑑𝑥
d. 6(2𝑥 + 5)2 b. 3(2𝑥 + 5)2 c. 6(2𝑥 + 5)3 d. 3(2𝑥 + 5)3

𝑑𝑦
9. (𝑥 + 1)5
𝑑𝑥
d. 5(𝑥 + 1) b. 5𝑥 + 5 c. 5(𝑥 + 1)4 d. 15(𝑥 + 5)4

𝑑𝑦
10. (11𝑥 + 5)4
𝑑𝑥
d. 11(𝑥 + 5)3 b. 44(11𝑥 + 5)3 c. 4(11𝑥 + 5)3 d. 44(11𝑥 + 5)2

----- End of Module 4 -----

Revolutionizing Education ™
This material belongs to Kingsville. Unauthorized duplication is strictly prohibited.
Main: New Kingsville Building, Quezon Boulevard
Poblacion D, Tayug, Pangasinan, Philippines 2445
Phone: (075) 636 1584 Mobile: 0920 745 7630
Email: admin@kingsvilleph.com Website: www.kingsville.edu.ph

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