Basic Calculus
Basic Calculus
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Subject: BASIC CALCULUS
Guide Questions
▪ What is a limit of a function?
▪ How to write limits in symbol?
▪ How to identify one – sided limits and limits that does not exist?
Discussion
Good day, Royals! For this week, we will be learning about the
Limits.
This lesson deals about limit of a function. A limit informs us of the value that a function approaches as
its inputs approach a certain value.
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We read this as Limit of f(x) = L as x approaches a.
This means that we are approaching the closer and closer value of L as we substitute it to our x in f(x),
but x must not be equal to the value of a since we’re having the closer value of it but not the exact
value.
As we are already known what is limit. Let’s proceed to the different types of limits since we must know
it before we proceed on solving limits.
1. Compute for the values of f(x) as x approaches a from the left. Check whether these values
approach a certain number. We shall symbolize the limit from the left of a as limit of f(x) as x
approaches a to the left.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂−
2. Do the same for the values of f(x) as x approaches a from the right. We shall symbolize the limit
from the right of a as a limit of f(x) as x approaches a to the right.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂+
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1. Compute for the values of f(x) as x approaches a from the left as well as when it approaches a
from the right. Check whether these values approach a certain number. If the value of lim− 𝑓(𝑥) ≠
𝑥→𝑎
lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) then lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist at all. Therefore, lim 𝑓(𝑥) DNE.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→0
Readings
▪ Familiarize the basic laws and the main laws in solving limits.
▪ View this link below for more interesting video and examples.
https://openstax.org/books/calculus-volume-1/pages/2-3-the-limit-laws
Assessment
Read each question carefully. Select the letter of the correct answer.
6. It tells the value that a function approaches as its inputs approach a certain value.
a. Limits b. DNE c. Right – Sided d. Left – Sided
7. Which of the following shows the limit of f(x) as x approaches to the left?
a. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) b. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) c. lim∗ 𝑓(𝑥) d. lim𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
8. Which of the following shows the limit of f(x) as x approaches to the right?
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a. lim 𝑓(𝑥) b. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) c. lim∗ 𝑓(𝑥) d. lim𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 + 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
10. If the left and right side limits are not equal then the limit does not exist.
a. True b. False c. Maybe d. Sometimes
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Subject: BASIC CALCULUS
Guide Questions
1. What are limit laws?
Discussion
Good day, Royals! For this week, we will be learning about the
Limits Theorems.
This lesson deals about basic limit laws. There are three basic limit laws that you must learn in studying
limits.
1. Limit of a Constant
The limit of a constant function is equal to the constant.
Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑐 = 𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 = 1 𝑙𝑖𝑚 5 = 5
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→1 𝑥→3
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Step 2: Simplify the given function as we are near of finding the value of our function.
Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(3) = 3 (3) + 4
𝑥→3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(3) = 9 + 4
𝑥→3
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(3) = 13
𝑥→3
Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 = 1
𝑥→1
As we are already known what the basic rules regarding limit are, we will now proceed to the limit laws.
Step 2: After distributing the limit to the function, apply limit of the identity and limit of a constant in
each function.
Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 + 1) = 5
𝑥→4
Step 2: After distributing the limit to the function, apply limit of the identity and limit of a constant in
each function.
Ex: 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑥 − 1) = 3
𝑥→4
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3. Limit of the nth Power of a Function
Readings
Assessment
Evaluate the following limits by applying the limit laws. Select the letter of the correct answer. Show
your solution.
1. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥
𝑥→5
b. 0 b. 1 c. 5 d. 10
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2. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥→1
b. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
3. lim (𝑥 − 5)
𝑥→25
d. 10 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30
4. lim(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→3
b. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
5. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 1
𝑥→4
e. 4 b. 9 c. 13 d. 17
6. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1
𝑥→10
f. 10 b. 11 c. 12 d. 13
7. lim(𝑥 + 3)2
𝑥→2
b. 9 b. 16 c. 25 d. 36
8. lim(2𝑥 + 2)2
𝑥→5
b. 49 b. 64 c. 100 d. 144
9. lim(𝑥 − 2)2
𝑥→1
b. 1 b. -1 c. 2 d. -2
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Subject: BASIC CALCULUS
Guide Questions
▪ What is the derivative of a function?
▪ When should derivative be used?
▪ How to apply the differentiation rules for algebraic function?
Discussion
Good day, Royals! For this week, we will be learning about the
Derivatives Part 1.
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We are deriving the function or formula since there are cases that the given function is
undefined if we will solve it without deriving it, as well as for the formula. Since, there
are some cases that we can derive the formula for us to easily the function.
As we are already known what are the basic things about derivatives. Let’s move to the differentiation
rule when it is an algebraic function.
1. Constant Rule
If there are any constant term in the given function, ALWAYS CONVERT it to the value of ZERO, no
matter how big the value of it is.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Ex: = 1 = 114 = 520
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= 0 𝑑𝑥
= 0 𝑑𝑥
= 0
2. Power Rule
Multiply the coefficient to the exponent, after that subtract one value from the exponent.
* Take note: If there is no number beside the variable, ALWAYS remember that there’s ALWAYS
1 beside it.
Ex:
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟏 × 𝟑 = 𝟑
𝟔𝒙 = 𝟔 × 𝟏 = 𝟔
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Step 3: Subtract 1 from the value of exponent.
Ex:
𝟑– 𝟏 = 𝟐
In 𝟔𝒙 what is the exponent? = 1
𝟏– 𝟏 = 𝟎
𝒙𝟑 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
𝟔𝒙 = 𝟔
𝟒 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔
Readings
Assessment
Find the derivative of each function by applying the differentiation rule for algebraic function. Select
the letter of the correct answer. Show your solution.
𝑑𝑦
1. 2
𝑑𝑥
c. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4
𝑑𝑦
2. 5𝑥
𝑑𝑥
c. 1 b. 5 c. 10 d. 15
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𝑑𝑦
3. = 25𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥
g. 10 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30
𝑑𝑦
4. 143
𝑑𝑥
c. 1 b. 0 c. d. 5
𝑑𝑦
5. 12𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 64
𝑑𝑥
c. 24𝑥 + 3 b. 12𝑥 + 64 c. 24𝑥 2 + 3 d. 12𝑥
𝑑𝑦
6. 1000
𝑑𝑥
h. 1 b. −1 c. 0 d. 10
𝑑𝑦
7. 9𝑥
𝑑𝑥
c. 9 b. 16 c. 25 d. 36
𝑑𝑦
8. 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
c. 6𝑥 b. 6𝑥 2 c. 8𝑥 d. 8𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
9. 7𝑥 3 + 2
𝑑𝑥
c. 21𝑥 b. 7𝑥 2 c. 21𝑥 2 d. 10𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
10. = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6
𝑑𝑥
a. 4𝑥 + 3 b. 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 c. 4𝑥 + 9 d. 4𝑥 2
b.
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Subject: BASIC CALCULUS
Guide Questions
▪ What is the chain rule?
▪ When should chain rule be used?
▪ How to derive a function using chain rule?
Discussion
Good day, Royals! For this week, we will be learning about the
Derivatives Part 2.
This lesson deals about one of the more useful and important differentiation formulas, The Chain Rule.
We are using Chain Rule for the quantities that have a higher value of degree. The chain
rule is here for us to solve the given function who have higher degree than two easily.
We study the basics in limits first since they are needed in the process of chain rule.
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The chain rule is a rule for differentiating
compositions of functions. It tells us to first
differentiate the outer function, leaving the
inner function unchanged, then differentiate
the inner function. This process will become
clearer as you do the problems. In most
cases, final answers are given in the most
simplified form.
As we are already known what the basic things about chain rule are. Let’s move to deriving a function
using chain rule.
𝒅𝒚 𝟑
Example 1: = (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)
𝒅𝒙
Step 1: Let’s apply the power rule to the given function. How? Let’s multiply our outermost exponent
to our outermost coefficient which is the invisible one outside the quantity symbol. After that, since we’re
applying the power rule, we must subtract one to the value of our exponent.
Before: After:
𝒅𝒚 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
= (𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟑(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)
Step 2: After that let’s set aside first the values that we just solved and focus on the next step
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Before: After:
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒙
= 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟖𝒙
Step 3: Then we must combine the values that we’ve solved by multiplication.
Step 4: Last step would be simplifying the expression to get the final answer.
Before: After:
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
= 𝟑(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓) ∙ 𝟖𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐𝟒𝒙(𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓)
Readings
Assessment
Find the derivative of each function by applying the chain rule. Select the letter of the correct
answer. Show your solution.
𝑑𝑦
1. (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥
d. 3(2𝑥 + 2)2 b. 2(2𝑥 + 1)3 c. 3(3𝑥 + 2)3 d. 2(3𝑥 + 1)2
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𝑑𝑦
2. (𝑥 + 5)4
𝑑𝑥
d. 2(2𝑥 + 5)3 b. 2(2𝑥 + 10)2 c. 3(2𝑥 + 5)2 d. 4(2𝑥 + 5)3
𝑑𝑦
3. = (2𝑥 + 3)3
𝑑𝑥
a. 3(2𝑥 + 3) b. 3(2𝑥 + 3)2 c. 6(2𝑥 + 3)2 d. 6(2𝑥 + 3)3
𝑑𝑦
4. (7𝑥 + 1)4
𝑑𝑥
d. 3(7𝑥 + 1)3 b. 14(7𝑥 + 1)3 c. 21(7𝑥 + 1)3 d. 28(7𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑦
5. = (5𝑥 + 6)3
𝑑𝑥
c. 15(5𝑥 + 6)2 b. 10(5𝑥 + 6)2 c. (5𝑥 + 6)2 d. 3(5𝑥 + 6)2
𝑑𝑦
6. (𝑥 + 1)3
𝑑𝑥
i. 3(𝑥 + 1) b. 3(𝑥 + 1)2 c. 3(𝑥 + 1)3 d. 3(𝑥 + 1) + 1
𝑑𝑦
7. (𝑥 + 5)3
𝑑𝑥
d. (𝑥 + 5)2 b. 3(𝑥 + 5)3 c. 2(𝑥 + 5)3 d. 3(𝑥 + 5)2
𝑑𝑦
8. (2𝑥 + 5)3
𝑑𝑥
d. 6(2𝑥 + 5)2 b. 3(2𝑥 + 5)2 c. 6(2𝑥 + 5)3 d. 3(2𝑥 + 5)3
𝑑𝑦
9. (𝑥 + 1)5
𝑑𝑥
d. 5(𝑥 + 1) b. 5𝑥 + 5 c. 5(𝑥 + 1)4 d. 15(𝑥 + 5)4
𝑑𝑦
10. (11𝑥 + 5)4
𝑑𝑥
d. 11(𝑥 + 5)3 b. 44(11𝑥 + 5)3 c. 4(11𝑥 + 5)3 d. 44(11𝑥 + 5)2
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