World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Ravindra et al. SJIF Research
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Impact Factor 8.074
Volume 8, Issue 8, 910-920. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
A PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW ON MORINGA OLEIFERA
Anap Vidyatai Ravindra*, Dr. Rao Priya S.1 and Dr. Siddheshwar S. S.
Department of Pharmacognosy, Pravara Rural College of Pharmacy, Pravaranagar, Tal-
Rahata, Dist-Ahmednagar.
ABSTRACT
Article Received on
16 May 2019, Moringa oleifera is known for its nutritional and numerous medicinal
Revised on 08 June 2019,
Accepted on 29 June 2019
uses that have been appreciated for centuries in many parts of habitat
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20198-15048 and introduced ranges. Moringa oleifera is a tree that grows widely in
many tropical and subtropical countries. It belongs to Moringaceae
*Corresponding Author family. In addition to its high nutritional value, these plant is very
Anap Vidyatai Ravindra important for its medicinal value. Various parts of these plant such as
Department of leaves, roots, seed, fruit, bark, flowers and immature pods act as
Pharmacognosy, Pravara
cardiac and circulatory stimulants, possess antitumor, antipyretic, anti-
Rural College of Pharmacy,
inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive.
Pravaranagar, Tal- Rahata,
Dist-Ahmednagar. Moringa oleifera has been reported to possess analgesic, antioxidant,
anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory effect. Stem bark of this
plant, has been traditionally used for anti-inflammatory purposes and other pharmacological
disorders.
KEYWORDS: Moringa Oleifera, Moringaceae, Pharmacological Activity.
INTRODUCTION[1]
Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a highly valued plant, distributed in many countries of the
tropics and subtropics. It is well known as the “Drumstick” or “horseradish” tree. The
Moringa genus comprises 13 species distributed through southwest Asia, southwest Africa,
northeast Africa and Madagascar. Among the 13 species, current research is limited to
Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala, Moringa Concanensis and Moringa peregrina. As
the other species are endemic to Madagascar and Northeast Africa, they are being evaluated
less as there is less exploration for naturally occurring bioactive substances in these locations.
In contrast, Moringa oleifera which is native to india, is being studied widely. As a result, the
species has been cultivated throughout the world, specifically in Asia, Latin America,
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Florida, the Caribbean and the Pacific Islands. The Moringa genus has traditionally been
widely used to improve health. It has an impressive range of medicinal uses with high
nutritional value. Different parts of this plant contain a profile of important minerals, and
good source of proteins, vitamins, beta-carotene, amino acids and various phenolics. Other
than having a high concentration of vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium and calcium. The
drumstick tree was used as food and medicine since centuries. Varieties of phytocostituents
such as alkaloids (moringine and moringinine), phenolics, several procinidin were reported in
the plant.
The genus is well known for its multiple uses. The seeds are used for puriflying water, the
leaves as nutrition supplements, the oil as a biofuel, the trunks as gum, the flowers as honey
and all of the plant parts can also be used for medicinal purposes. Moringa oleifera which is
also known as the “Miracle Tree” and “Mother‟s Best Friend” has been named the most
nutrient-rich plant. Various research has been conducted on this genus to study its biological
properties, especially on Moringa oleifera that has been under study since the 1970s.
Currently, it is well known that the plant has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and
antidiabetic activities. Recently, more research has been conducted on other species such as
M. concanensis, M. stenopetala and M. peregrine. However, no profound research on other
species has been found.
Herbal medicine involves the use of plants for medicinal purposes. The term „Herb‟ includes
leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, rhizomes and bark. Herbal therapy and herbal
medicines predominates in traditional medicine as well as in alternative medicine, practiced
in both the developed and the developing world. The popularity of herbal medicines notably
increased in the past years due to rapid increase in allopathic drugs price and reports on their
safety. People are often using herbal products especially in rural areas because of its
availability, accessibility and affordability. Herbal products are safer and harmless and
without any adverse side effects because of their natural plant based origin.
Morphology of Moringa oleifera[3]
The Moringa plant is a perennial, evergreen tree that grows up to 20 ft (6.1) tall, with a
straight trunk with corky, whitish bark. The tree has tuberous taproot and brittle stem with
corky bark. The leaves are pale green, compound, tripinnate, 30-60cm (11.8 to 23.6 in) in
lengh, with many small leaflets. The lateral leaflets larger than lateral ones. The fruit pods are
pendulous, green turning brown, triangular and split lengthwise into 3 parts when dry. The
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pods are 1 to 4 ft (30-120 cm) long and 1.8 cm (0.7 in) wide and tapering at both ends. The
pods contain about 10 to 20 seeds embedded in the fleshy pith.
Phytochemistry[8]
Moringa oleifera is rich in compounds containing the simple sugar, rhamnose and fairly
unique group of compounds of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. The bark has been
reported to contain two alkaloids, namely moringine and moringinine. Vanillin, β-sitosterol,
β-sitostenone, 4-hydroxymellin and octacosanoic acid have been isolated from the stem of
Moringa oleifera. Purified, sweet, non-desiccating oil, commercially known as „Ben oil‟of
high quality. Seed contain polypeptides, to serve as natural coagulants for water treatment.
Whole gum exudate from Moringa oleifera has been found to contain L-arabinose, galactose,
glucuronic acid, L-rhamnose, mannose and xylose, while a homogeneous, degraded-gum
polysaccharide consisting of L-galactose, glucuronic acid and L-mannose has been obtained
on mild hydrolysis of the whole gum with acid. Flower contain nine amino acids, sucrose, D-
glucose, traces of alkaloids, wax, quercetin and kaempferat; The ash is rich in potassium and
calcium. They have also been reported to contain some flavonoid pigments such as alkaloids,
kaempherol, rhamnetin, isoquercitrin and kaempferitrin. Antihypertensive compounds
thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate glycosides have been isolated from the acetate phase of the
ethanol extract of moringa pods. The cytokinins have been shown to be present in the fruit. β-
sitoterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, niazirin, β-sitosterol and glycerol-1-(9-octadecanoate)
have been isolated from the ethanol extract of the Moringa seed.
Properties[3]
Moringa oleifera have broad activities like Galactagogue, Rubefacient, Anti-scorbutic,
Diuretic, Stimulant, Purgative, Antibiotic, Antifungal, Antimicrobial, Antibacterial, Anti-
inflammatory, Antitumor, Antioxidant, Anti-aging, Estrogenic, Antiprogestational,
Hypoglycemic, Antihyperthyroidism, Anti-ulcer, Hypocholesterolemic, Antispasmodic,
decreasing blood pressure, relieving headaches and migraines, etc.
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Some common medicinal uses of different parts of Moringa oleifera.[8]
Plant part Medicinal Uses
Antilithic, rubefacient, vesicant, carminative, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, stimulant in
Root paralytic afflictions; act as cardiac/circulatory tonic, used as laxative, abortifacient, treating
rheumatism, articular pains, lower back or kidney pain and constipation.
Purgative, applied as poultice to sores, rubbed on the temples for headaches, used for piles,
Leaves fevers, sore throat, bronchitis, eye and ear infections, scurvy and catarrh; leaf juice is
believed to control glucose levels, applied to reduce glandular swelling.
Rubefacient, vesicant and used to cure eye diseases and for the treatment of delirious
patients, prevent enlargement of the spleen and formation of tuberculous glands of the neck,
Stem bark
to destroy tumors and to heal ulcers. The juice from the root bark is put into ears to relieve
earaches and also placed in a tooth cavity as a pain killer, and has anti-tubercular activity.
Used for dental caries, and is astringent and rubefacient; Gum, mixed with sesame oil, is
Gum used to relieve headaches, fevers, intestinal complaints, dysentery, asthma and sometimes
used as an abortifacient, and to treat syphilis and rheumatism.
High medicinal value as a stimulant, aphrodisiac, abortifacient, cholagogue; used to cure
inflammations, muscle diseases, hysteria, tumors, and enlargement of the spleen; lower the
Flower
serum cholesterol to phospholipid, triglyceride, decrease lipid profile of liver, heart and
aorta in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits and increased the extraction of faecal cholesterol.
Seed extract exerts its protective effect by decreasing liver lipid peroxides, antihypertensive
Seed compounds thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate glycosids have been isolated from the acetate
phase of the ethanolic extract of Moringa pods.
Pharmacological Properties of Moringa oleifera
Antibacterial and Antifungal Efficacy[2]
The antimicrobial activity and antifungal activities of stem distillate of Moringa oleifera
might be possibly due to the essential oil fraction of the plant material present in the distillate
fraction. A considerable reduction in the growth of test bacteria was observed by distillate of
M. oleifera suggesting antibacterial effect. Among bacteria tested, more inhibition was
observed in case of E.coli followed by S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and B.
subtilis. Inhibition of fungi was also observed as reduced colony diameter in plates poisoned
with distillate as compared to control plates.
Anti-Oxidant Effect[5]
Antioxidant property of Moringa presence of phenolic compounds that was confirmed by
phytochemical screening of the hydro-ethanolic extract. Moringa oleifera pods contain
bioactive compounds like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, thiocarbamates and flavonoids.
These compounds quench ROS, chelate metal ions and regenerate membrane-bound
antioxidants. The major compounds reported from the drumsticks of the plant and vitamin A
and C present in M. oleifera serve as an explanation for their mode of action in the induction
of antioxidant profiles in the present investigation.
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Analgesic Activity and Local Anaesthetic Activity[14]
The analgesic activity of alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera and its various fractions as
Petrolium ether, Ethyl acetate, Diethyl ether carried out by using Hot plate method. Moringa
oleifera seeds extract showed analgesic activity. The local anaesthetic activity of the
methanol extract of Moringa was tested in frog and guinea pig models and it was seen that in
both animals. M. oleifera alcoholic extract showed potent analgesic activity which is
comparable to that of aspirin at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. From this study, it can
be concluded that the seeds of M. oleifera posses marked analgesic activity and standard drug
(Aspirin) which establishes the use of M. oleifera seeds as regular analgesic.
Anti-inflammatory Activity[15]
The anti-inflammatory activity of an aqueous extract of root in rats. Moringa treatment
significantly inhibited the development of edema at 1, 3 and 5 hours. Increasing the dose of
Moringa oleifera to 1000 mg/kg did not increase the inhibitory effect on edema development.
These findings shows that an aqueous root extract of Moringa oleifera at 750 mg/kg reduces
the carrageenan induced edema to similar extent as the potent anti-inflammatory drug
indomethacin.
Wound Healing Activity[9]
The aqueous extract of leaves of Moringa was investigated for its wound healing activity.
The extract was studied at dose level of 300 mg/kg body weight using resutured incision
excision and dead space wound models in rats. The prohealing actions seem to be due to
increased collagen deposition as well as better alignment and maturation. From the study
results obtained, it may be concluded that the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera has
significantly wound healing propery.
Hypotensive and Spasmolytic Activities[9]
Bioassay directed fractionation of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves showing
hypotensive activity led to the isolation of two nitrile glycosides, niazirin and niazirinin and
three mustard oil glycosides. Isothiocyanate 4 and the thiocarbamate glycosides niaziminin A
and B showed hypotensive activity while nitrile glycosides 1 and 2 were found to be inactive
in this regard. Spasmolytic activity exhibited by the constituents of the plant provides a
scientific basis for the traditional uses of the plant in gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Gastric Ulcer Protective Activity[9]
Antiulcer effect of water extract of Moringa in two animal models of ulcers. Both models
produced moderate to severe ulcers in control group of animals. The antiulcer effect of
Moringa oleifera was comparable with that of the standard drug in pylorus ligation and
ibuprofen induced ulcer methods. Famotidine and M. oleifera extract significantly reduced
the free acidity and total acidity of gastric juice. The severity of gastric ulceration in both the
models was assessed based on the means of ulcer index. The antiulcer effect of M. oleifera
was comparable with that of the standard drugs in pylorus ligation and ibuprofen induced
ulcer methods.
Cardioprotective Activity[9]
Extract of M. oleifera in the isoproterenol (ISP)-induced model of myocardial infraction.
Chronic treatment with M. oleifera demonstrated mitigating effects on ISP-induced
hemodynamic pertubations. Chronic M. oleifera treatment resulted in significant favorable
modulation of the biochemical enzymes but failed to demonstrate any significant effect on
reduced glutathione compared to the ISP control group. Moringa treatment significantly
prevented the rise in lipid peroxidation in myocardial tissue.
Antiurolithiatic Activity[9]
The effect of oral administration of aqueous and alcoholic extract of M. oleifera root-wood
on calcium oxalate urolithiasis has been studied in male Wistar albino rats. Ethylene glycol
feeding resulted in hyperoxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and
phosphate. Supplementation with aqueous and alcoholic extract of M. oleifera root-wood
significantly reduced the elevated urinary oxalate, showing a regulatory action on
endogenous oxalate synthesis. The result indicate that the root-wood of M. oleifera is
endowed with antiurolithiatic activity.
Antifertility and Abortifacient[13]
Moringa oleifera root shown to unique antiprogestational activity. It is reported to induce
alterations in the normal uterine histoarchitecture which might be the reason for anti-
implantational characteristics. The plant extract were tested in female albino rats for
abortifacient activity. The vaginal smears of caged female rats of known fertility were
monitored daily. Unstained material was observed under a light microscope. The proportion
among the cells observed was used for determination of the estrous cycle phases.
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Urinary tract Infection[16]
Moringa oleifera stem bark is effective on most of the cardinal symptoms of urinary tract
infection. However, further investigations are required to elucidate their exact mechanism of
action. The drug was well tolerated and does not generate any adverse effect during the entire
clinical study. The drug is also helpful in eradicating urinary pathogens like E.coli that are
responsible for UTI.
Hepatoprotective[7]: Various studies reported the ethanolic extract of Moriga oleifera seeds
and leaves to possess hepatoprotective reaction. The root and flower extract also showed
antihepatotoxic activity. The enzyme leaking out from damaged liver cells in to circulating
blood represent the hepatic membrane damage or necrosis. AST is predominantly found in
liver mitochondria and gets significantly increased during chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis;
ALT increased during hepatitis, cirrhosis and obstructive jaundice.CCl4 exposed animals
showed increase in serum bilirubin level but decrease in serum total protein content.
Anticancer Potential[17]
There are a few in vitro studies to evaluate the anticancer potential of Moringa oleifera. The
existing results suggest the potential anticancer properties of M. oleifera. One of the first
studies on M. oleifera antitumor effect was performed with compounds obtained from its
ethanol seed extract. Dichloromethane and methanolic M. oleifera leaf extract present in vitro
anticancer activity against human hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma and
breast adenocarcinoma, with no toxic effects on human fibroblasts.
Neuroprotective potential[17]
The neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera are an emerging area of study. It has been shown
that aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract of M. oleifera leaves potentiate the cognitive activity,
besides acting as neuroprotective in mice with colinotoxin induced dementia. Reduced levels
of brain lipid peroxidation and increased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase were
observed in response to leaf extract administration. In addition, another study has
demonstrated the neuroprotective properties of an ethanolic extract of M. oleifera leaves,
when incubated with a primary culture of hippocampal neurons.
Blindness and Eye Infections[18]: There are many causes of blindness Vitamin A deficiency
causes impaired dark adaption and night blindness. Eating Moringa leaves, pods and leaf
powder which contain high proportion of Vitamin A can help to prevent night blindness and
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eye problems in children. Ingesting drumstick leaves (Bcarotene and leutin) with oil helps in
improving Vitamin A nutrition and perhaps delays the onset of cataract. Also the juice can be
instilled into eyes in cases of conjuctivities.
Anti-arthritic[10]
The anti-arthritic effect of Methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera stem bark could be
observed in acute (Turpentine oil and Formaldehyde induced arthritis). Arthritis is a chronic
inflammatory disease which affects several joints of the body like cartilage, synovium,
tendon and muscle. Moringa oleifera in dose-depending pattern was effective in attenuating
turpentine oil induced paw edema, formaldehyde-induced paw edema and CFA induced
arthritis in rat models of acute and chronic inflammation and therefore it could be
investigated as a potential treatment for acute and chronic arthritis condition in humans.
Other Activities[9]
The Moringa powder was also exploited as anti-AIDS agent. Anti-HIV activity could be due
to its immunostimulatory effect. It is also known that polysaccharide isolated from the hot
aqueous extract of mature pods of M.oleifera showed significant macrophage activity through
the release of nitric oxide on mouse monocyte cell line. Hence, it speculated that the
immunostimulatory activity is due to presence of its constituent in methanolic extract of
Moringa oleifera. M. oleifera stimulates immune system by acting through cellular and
humoral immunity in experimental models of immunity in animals.
Traditional Uses[3]
The Moringa tree has great use medicinally both as preventative and treatment. Its bark, sap,
roots, leaves, seeds, oil and flowers are used in traditional medicine in several countries. A
folk remedy for stomach complaints, catarrh, cancer, gastric ulcers, skin diseases, lowering
blood sugar, increasing bone density, nervous conditions, diabetes, fatigue, increase lactation,
hay fever, impotence, edema, cramps, hemorrhoids, headaches, sore gums; to strengthen the
eyes and the brain, liver, gall, digestive, respiratory and immune system and as a blood
cleanser and blood builder. A traditional folk remedy was to use the leaves as a poultice on
the abdomen to expel intestinal worms. An infusion of leaves is used as an eye wash for
treating conjunctivitis. Soup prepared with drumstick leaves is extremely beneficial for the
natural prevention for tuberculosis, bronchitis and asthma. The decoction of drumstick leaves
are taken as soup; for better taste lime juice, pepper and salt can be added to it as per the
discretion of the patient. Decoction made with fresh drumstick flowers and cow milk is an
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excellent herbal tonic for sexual weakness and functional infertility of both males and
females. The powdered form of the bark, as a medicine, improve quality of semen and cures
problem like premature ejaculation in male. The decoction of bark powder and water treated
by honey is the herbal medicine should be taken in curing the problem of premature
ejaculation. Drumstick is a natural medicine for digestive disorder. The combination of fresh
leaf extract one teaspoon honey and glass of tender coconut water is an excellent herbal
antidote for cholera, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice and colitis. Fresh leaf extract of drumstick
leaves mixed with cucumber or carrot juice is a natural antidote for dysuria and high acid
percentage in urine. Drumstick leaf extract treated by lime juice is helpful for the treatment
for pimples, black head and age spots. On regular use it adds natural radiance on skin tone.
RESULT AND DISSCUSSION
Moringa oleifera is a valuable medicinal plant which has also been demonstrated to be
pharmacologically very potent. Different parts of the plant contain a profile of important
phytochemical constituents that are mostly responsible for its biological action. Different
parts of Moriga oleifera (leaf, seed, flower, bark, pod and root) are shows pharmacological
properties.
The result revealed that aqueous and ethanol extract of most of parts contain alkaloids,
tannins, flavonoid, anthraquinnone, cardiac glycoside, carbohydrate and saponin which were
tested in this study. For the aqueous extract, flower contain all the 7 phytochemicals that were
evaluated; while the rest did not contain flavonoid. For the ethanol extract, the leaf, seed and
flower ontained 7 phytochemicals, the bark was positive for all except alkaloid, whereas the
root did not contain alkaloid, tannin and cardiac glycoside. The seven phytochemicals
compounds were present only in the flower (aqueous and ethanol), leaf (ethanol), and bark
(ethanol) extract. Ethanol is a better solvent capable of extracting organic and inorganic
materials from the plant. Overall, the ranking of phytoconstituents in the plant parts was
flower>seed>leaf>root>bark. This did not correspond exactly to the ranking of the
percentage yields- Flower>bark>seed>root or leaf.
CONCLUSION
Moringa oleifera is an important medicinal plant, is one of the most widely cultivated species
of the family Moringaceae. Leaves, bark, root, stem, buds, flowers, etc. have been used for
different human ailments. Pharmacologically effects include anti-bacterial, antifungal, anti-
inflammatory and analgesic, antioxidant, hypotensive, anti-ulcer, anaesthetic cardioprotective
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and wound healing activity etc. This review summarizes only some pharmacological
activities of Moringa oleifera.
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