COLEGIO

San José

UNIT 3: THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1. ORIGINS AND PHASES OF THE 1.1 WHAT WAS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1.2. PHASES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1.3 THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION

2. THE SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL 2.1 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

REVOLUTION
2.2. INDUSTRIALISATION OUTSIDE EUROPE

2.3 THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION

3. THE CLASS SYSTEM AND LABOUR 3.1 A NEW SOCIETY: THE CLASS SYSTEM
MOVEMENT
3.2 THE LABOUR MOVEMENT

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1. ORIGINS AND PHASES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1.1 WHAT WAS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

-The industrial revolution was the period of profound economic and social change, caused by
the spread use of machinery in production. These changes began in Great Britain in the second
half of the 18th Century.

-The I.R. was accompanied by important changes in population and agriculture:

● The demographic revolution (population changes)

In the late 18th century, there was high and sustained population growth. This was due to
fewer outbreaks of disease, improved food supply, progress in private and public hygiene, and
medical advances.

The population growth created increased demand for agricultural and industrial products.
It also meant a larger available workforce.

● The agricultural revolution (agriculture changes)

The increased demand for food led to innovations in crop and livestock farming.

-Other conditions also favoured economic growth:

Great Britain had a healthy market, a new attitude towards trade, and an abundance of iron
and coal.

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1.2 THE PHASES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

First industrial revolution Second industrial revolution

(began around 1760) (began around 1870)

Energy sources - Machines were powered by steam -The main sources were electricity
engines and petroleum

Main industries -The textile industry. -The iron and steel industries.

-The iron industry. -The chemical industry.

-The electricity industry.

Systems of -The division of labour: the -Taylorism: the production process

production manufacturing process also changed was divided into small, timed tasks.
so that each worker specialised in a
single task.

-The division of labour increased -Assembly line: products were passed

productivity: individual workers from one worker to the next along an
produced more than an artisan could assembly line.
in the same amount of time.

-Manufactured costs decreased, -Mass production: numerous identical

causing the prices of products to parts of an item were manufactured,
decrease as well. before all the different parts were
brought together to assemble
the final product.

Main countries In Europe: Outside Europe:

-Great Britain -United States of America

-Belgium -Japan

-Germany -Russia

-France

-Sweden

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1.3 THE TRANSPORT REVOLUTION

Fast, safe transport was necessary to develop the I.R. and to ensure that factories received supplies
and that their products could be distributed:

1. New roads were built and old roads were repaired.

2. There were advances in navigation: canals were built for transporting large cargo. After 1807,
steamboats were used in canals and rivers.

3. The steam engine and iron made railways a fast, safe and cheap means of transport.

4. The new means of transport had a massive impact on society and the economy.

2. THE SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2.1 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE

The industrial revolution began in Great Britain as we have learned before.

From there it spread to the rest of Europe and other countries:

● Belgium was the first country after Great Britain to become industrialised. It had the
advantage of abundant natural resources and a tradition of craftsmanship. The main
industries were textiles, and iron and steel.

● France’s industrialisation began between about 1830-1850. It did not become as

industrialised as Great Britain due to the high number of small farmers, the importance of
traditional artisanal activity, and slow population growth.

● In Germany, there was an alliance between the agrarian nobility and the industrial
bourgeoisie, while the state played a role in promoting industrial development. The main
industries were iron and steel, and metallurgy.

● Sweden had an important iron industry.

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2.2. INDUSTRIALISATION OUTSIDE EUROPE

United states of America In the late 19th century, it became a great industrial
power thanks to several factors:
● Extensive agricultural production.
● Abundant natural resources.
● Specialised production.
● A large domestic market.
● Innovation.

Japan ● Japan's industrialisation was driven by the

state.
● Large industrial revolution corporations.
● The main industries were textiles and heavy
industry.

Russia ● State investment in heavy industry.

● Foreign investment.
● State protectionism.

2.3 THE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION

Industrialisation had two very important effects on Europe's population:

1. Population growth.
During the 19th century, Europe's population grew quickly. There were two main causes for this
growth:
– The death rate decreased due to an improved food supply, medical advances, and improvements
in public hygiene. Life expectancy increased: from 35 years in 1800 to 50 years in 1900.
– The birth rate remained high in most of Europe until the 1870s. It then decreased, in part because
infant mortality dropped.

2. Migration
- The mechanisation of farmwork eliminated many jobs in rural areas. Many peasants migrated to
cities in search of work, which led to intense urbanisation in Europe.

- At the time, cities did not have the capacity to absorb all of Europe's growing rural exodus. In
total, 60 million Europeans emigrated to other continents between 1800 and 1924.

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3. THE CLASS SYSTEM AND LABOUR MOVEMENT

3.1 A NEW SOCIETY: THE CLASS SYSTEM

 The main characteristics of this new system were:

-Each class was mainly defined by its wealth:

Economic inequality separated those who had property and financial resources from those who did
not.

-Industrial society was based on the principle of judicial equality:

Men were judged by the same laws and courts, and there were few legal barriers preventing them
from holding public office. However, in practice there was great inequality. Women were subordinate
to men (either to their fathers or husbands).

 Industrial society was divided into three social classes that replaced the Old Regime social
states.
1. Upper class:
Aristocracy ● They lost dominance.
● They began to pay taxes.
● Many aristocrats still held leading positions in government,
justice and the military.
● They enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle.

High and middle bourgeoisie ● Most powerful class in industrial society.

● Industrialists and bankers formed the high bourgeoisie.
bourgeoisie’. Businesspeople, high officials and lawyers
belonged to the middle bourgeoisie.
● The bourgeois values were hard work, saving and the joy of
family life.

2. Middle class:
Or petite bourgeoisie ● Very diverse class: tradespeople, shopkeepers, artisans,
teachers, and mid-level government officials and army
officers.
● They valued hard work, saving and education.

3. Lower class:
Peasants ● They made up the majority of the population.
● Their living conditions varied greatly.

Proletarian ● They were workers who could only live from their labour.

House servants ● They earned very low salaries and worked very long hours.
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3.2 THE LABOUR MOVEMENTS

The proletarians first organised themselves into groups to pressure factory owners and governments.

Working together in harsh conditions in the factories, workers saw the labour movement as the only
way to improve their situation.

Early labour movements

Luddism
Chartism
Trade unions

Ideology of the labour movements

Marxism
Anarchism

The workers internationals

1864: International Workingmen's Association

1889: Socialist International

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