Raipur, Dhaneli chhattisgarh
B.pharma 8th Semester
Topic - A novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's Disease
Name - Shubham Kumar Vaishnav
Contants
1. Introduction
2. Symptoms
3. Causes
4. Alzheimer's disease progression
5. Research
6. Pathophysiology and Pharmacological treatment for AD
7. Novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease
8. Conclusion
9. Reference
Introduction
Alzheimer's disease is a brain disorder that gradually destroys memory and thinking skills. It's
the most common cause of dementia in older adults.
Symptoms
Forgetting recent conversations or events
Forgetting names of people or places
Confusion or disorientation
Difficulty planning or making decisions
Speech and language problems
Personality changes, such as becoming suspicious, demanding, or aggressive
Hallucinations or delusions
Low mood or anxiety
Causes
A combination of age-related brain changes, genetics, health, and lifestyle factors
A buildup of proteins called amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain
Alzheimer's disease progression
Symptoms develop gradually over many years and eventually become more severe
Brain cells die over time and the brain shrinks
Damage initially appears in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, which are parts of the brain
that are important for forming memories
Research
Researchers are working to understand Alzheimer's and other dementias
The hope is that this better understanding will lead to new treatments
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and pharmacological treatment
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that's characterized by the
accumulation of abnormal proteins in the brain. These protein deposits lead to the loss of
neurons and synapses, which causes brain atrophy.
Pathological hallmarks
Amyloid plaques: Clumps of amyloid-beta (Aβ) proteins that form between neurons
Neurofibrillary tangles: Abnormal accumulations of tau proteins that form inside neurons
Pathophysiological hypotheses
Amyloid hypothesis
The most widely accepted hypothesis, which suggests that Aβ peptides are derived from
amyloid precursor protein (APP)
Cholinergic hypothesis
Proposes that reduced levels of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain play a role in AD development
Risk factors
Age: The greatest risk factor for AD
Genetics: Some cases of AD are inherited, while others are sporadic
Lifestyle: Risk factors for heart disease, such as lack of exercise, obesity, and smoking, may
also increase the risk of dementia
Treatment
There is no safe and effective therapeutic agent to cure or slow down AD. However, research
into the pathophysiology of AD is helping to develop potential treatments.
Novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease
Some novel therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease include:
Glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1): A novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease
NLRP3 inflammasome: A novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease
Galantamine tethered hydrogel: A novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease in Wistar
rats
Semaglutide: A glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist that may have anti-inflammatory effects in
Alzheimer's disease
Tau: A target for MAb therapies
Other novel therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease include: Anti-inflammatory agents,
Neuroprotective agents, Therapies that prevent the production of beta amyloid (Aβ) protein,
Therapies that prevent the hyperphosphorylation of tau, and Therapies that keep neurons alive
and functioning normally.
Some approved drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease include: aducanumab,
donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine.
Some biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease include: T-tau, P-tau, Aβ42, CSF NFL, and Plasma T-
tau.
Conclusion
Alzheimer's disease is a fatal brain disease that causes dementia and eventually leads to death
Reference
Here are some references for Alzheimer's disease:
Alzheimer's disease: A summary of Alzheimer's disease, including its symptoms and causes
Alzheimer Disease - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf: A reference on Alzheimer's disease,
including its symptoms, risk factors, and treatments
Alzheimer's Disease: Etiology, Neuropathology and Pathogenesis: A reference on
Alzheimer's disease, including its causes, risk factors, and treatments
Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms & Treatment - Cleveland Clinic: A reference on
Alzheimer's disease, including its symptoms and treatments
Alzheimer Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy: A reference on Alzheimer's
disease, including its symptoms, risk factors, and treatments
Alzheimer's disease facts and figures: A reference on Alzheimer's disease, including its
statistics and impact on society
