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A Comparison of SQL and NoSQL Databases

Slides from: Keith W. Hare
Metadata Open Forum

More reading: http://martinfowler.com/articles/nosqlKeyPoints.html

Metadata Open Forum
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Abstract

NoSQL databases (either no-SQL or Not Only SQL)

are currently a hot topic in some parts of
computing. In fact, one website lists over a
hundred different NoSQL databases.

This presentation reviews the features common to

the NoSQL databases and compares those
features to the features and capabilities of SQL
databases.

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BIG DATA! 14 April 2019
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SQL Characteristics

n Data stored in rows, columns and tables

n Relationships represented by data
n Data Manipulation Language
n Data Definition Language
n Transactions

n Abstraction from physical layer

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SQL Physical Layer Abstraction

n Applications specify what, not how

n Query optimization engine
n Physical layer can change without modifying
applications
n Createindexes to support queries
n In Memory databases

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Data Manipulation Language (DML)

n Datamanipulated with Select, Insert, Update, &

Delete statements
n Select T1.Column1, T2.Column2 …
From Table1, Table2 …
Where T1.Column1 = T2.Column1 …

n Data Aggregation

n Compound statements

n Functions and Procedures

n Explicit transaction control
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Data Definition Language

n Schema defined at the start

n Create Table (Column1 Datatype1, Column2 Datatype 2, …)
n Constraints to define and enforce relationships
n Primary Key
n Foreign Key
n Etc.

n Triggers to respond to Insert, Update , & Delete

n Stored Modules
n Alter …
n Drop …
n Security and Access Control
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Transactions – ACID Properties

n Atomic – All of the work in a transaction completes

(commit) or none of it completes
n Consistent – A transaction transforms the database
from one consistent state to another consistent state.
Consistency is defined in terms of constraints.
n Isolated – The results of any changes made during a
transaction are not visible until the transaction has
committed.
n Durable – The results of a committed transaction
survive failures

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NewSQL: real-time analytics

n ) SQL as the primary mechanism for application interaction

n 2) ACID support for transactions

n 3) A non-locking concurrency control mechanism so real-time

reads will not conflict with writes, and thereby cause them to
stall.

n 4) An architecture providing much higher per-node performance

than available from the traditional "elephants”

n 5) A scale-out, shared-nothing architecture, capable of running

on a large number of nodes without bottlenecking
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NoSQL Definition

From www.nosql-database.org:
Next Generation Databases mostly addressing
some of the points: being non-relational,
distributed, open-source and horizontal
scalable. The original intention has been
modern web-scale databases. The movement
began early 2009 and is growing rapidly. Often
more characteristics apply as: schema-free,
easy replication support, simple API, eventually
consistent / BASE (not ACID), a huge data
amount, and more.
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NoSQL Products/Projects
http://www.nosql-database.org/ lists 122
NoSQL Databases

nCassandra

nCouchDB

nHadoop & Hbase

nMongoDB

nStupidDB

nEtc.

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NoSQL Products/Projects

http://www.nosql-
database.org/ lists 122 NoSQL
Databases

nCassandra

nCouchDB

nHadoop & Hbase

nMongoDB

nStupidDB

12 nEtc. 14 April 2019

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NoSQL Distinguishing Characteristics
n Large data volumes n Asynchronous Inserts &
n Google s big data Updates
n Scalable replication and n Schema-less
distribution
n Potentially thousands of n ACIDtransaction
machines properties are not
n Potentially distributed around needed – BASE
the world
n CAP Theorem
n Queries need to return
answers quickly n Open source
development
n Mostly query, few updates

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BASE Transactions

n Acronym contrived to be the opposite of

ACID
n Basically Available,
n Soft state,
n Eventually Consistent
n Characteristics
n Weak consistency – stale data OK
n Availability first
n Best effort
n Approximate answers OK
n Aggressive (optimistic)
n Simpler and faster

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Brewer s CAP Theorem

A distributed system can support only two of the

following characteristics:

n Consistency

n Availability

n Partition tolerance

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NoSQL Database Types

Discussing NoSQL databases is

complicated because there are a variety of
types:
nColumn Store – Each storage block
contains data from only one column
nDocument Store – stores documents
made up of tagged elements
nKey-Value Store – Hash table of keys
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NoSQL Example: Column Store

n Eachstorage block contains data from only

one column
n Example: Hadoop/Hbase
n http://hadoop.apache.org/
n Yahoo, Facebook

n Example: Ingres VectorWise

n Column Store integrated with an SQL database
n http://www.ingres.com/products/vectorwise

Metadata Open Forum 18

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Column Store Comments

nMore efficient than row (or document)

store if:
n Multiple row/record/documents are inserted
at the same time so updates of column
blocks can be aggregated
n Retrievals access only some of the
columns in a row/record/document

Metadata Open Forum 19

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Other Non-SQL Databases

nXML Databases
nGraph Databases
nCodasyl Databases
nObject Oriented Databases
nEtc…

nWill not address these today

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Storing and Modifying Data

nSyntax varies
n HTML
n Java Script
n Etc.

nAsynchronous – Inserts and updates

do not wait for confirmation
nVersioned

nOptimistic Concurrency
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Retrieving Data
nSyntax Varies
n No set-based query language
n Procedural program languages such as
Java, C, etc.

nApplication specifies retrieval path

nNo query optimizer
nQuick answer is important
nMay not be a single right answer
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Open Source

nSmall upfront software costs

nSuitable
for large scale distribution on
commodity hardware

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NoSQL Summary

nNoSQL databases reject:

n Overhead of ACID transactions
n Complexity of SQL
n Burden of up-front schema design
n Declarative query expression
n Yesterday s technology

nProgrammer responsible for

n Step-by-step procedural language
n Navigating access path
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Summary
n SQL Databases
n Predefined Schema
n Standard definition and interface language
n Tight consistency
n Well defined semantics

n NoSQL Database
n No predefined Schema
n Per-product definition and interface language
n Getting an answer quickly is more important
than getting a correct answer

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Web References

n NoSQL -- Your Ultimate Guide to the Non - Relational Universe!

http://nosql-database.org/links.html
n NoSQL (RDBMS)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL
n PODC Keynote, July 19, 2000. Towards Robust. Distributed
Systems. Dr. Eric A. Brewer. Professor, UC Berkeley. Co-Founder
& Chief Scientist, Inktomi .
www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/cs262b-2004/PODC-keynote.pdf
n Brewer's CAP Theorem posted by Julian Browne, January 11,
2009. http://www.julianbrowne.com/article/viewer/brewers-cap-
theorem
n How to write a CV Geek & Poke Cartoon
http://geekandpoke.typepad.com/geekandpoke/2011/01/nosql.html

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Web References

n Exploring CouchDB: A document-oriented database for

Web applications , Joe Lennon, Software developer,
Core International.
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/library/o
s-couchdb/index.html
n Graph Databases, NOSQL and Neo4j Posted by Peter
Neubauer on May 12, 2010 at:
http://www.infoq.com/articles/graph-nosql-neo4j
n Cassandra vs MongoDB vs CouchDB vs Redis vs Riak
vs HBase comparison , Kristóf Kovács.
http://kkovacs.eu/cassandra-vs-mongodb-vs-couchdb-vs-
redis
n Distinguishing Two Major Types of Column-Stores
Posted by Daniel Abadi onMarch 29, 2010
http://dbmsmusings.blogspot.com/2010/03/distinguishing-
two-major-types-of_29.html

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Web References

n MapReduce: Simplified Data Processing on Large

Clusters , Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat,
December 2004.
http://labs.google.com/papers/mapreduce.html
n Scalable SQL , ACM Queue, Michael Rys, April 19,
2011
http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1971597
n a practical guide to noSQL , Posted by Denise Miura on
March 17, 2011 at
http://blogs.marklogic.com/2011/03/17/a-practical-guide-
to-nosql/

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