MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE

BODIES
 MODULE 7-1
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
The double integration method is a powerful tool in solving deflection and slope of a beam at any point because we will be able to
get the equation of the elastic curve.

Elastic curve

y
O x
A
x Axis of beam
• In calculus, the radius of curvature of a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by:

3Τ2
1 + 𝑑𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 2
𝜌=
|𝑑 2 𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 2

• In the derivation of flexure formula, the radius of curvature of a beam is given as:

𝐸𝐼
𝜌=
𝑀

Where M is the bending moment acting on the segment, E is the modulus of elasticity of the beam material, and I represent the
modulus of inertia of the cross-sectional area about the neutral (centroidal) axis.

• Deflection of beams is so small, such that the slope of the elastic curve dy/dx is very small, and squaring this expression the value
becomes practically negligible, hence,

1 1
𝜌= 2 =
𝑑 𝑦Τ𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦′′
 𝐸𝐼 1 𝑀 1
• Thus, 𝑀 = 𝑦′′ 𝑦 ′′ = = 𝑀
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

If EI is constant, the equation may be written as:

𝑬𝑰 𝒚′′ = 𝑴

Where x and y are the coordinates shown in the figure of the elastic curve of the beam under load, y is the
deflection of the beam at any distance x. E is the modulus of elasticity of the beam, I represent the moment of inertia
about the neutral axis, and M represents the bending moment at a distance x from the end of the beam. The product
EI is called the flexural rigidity of the beam.

The first integration y' yields the slope of the elastic curve and the second integration y gives the deflection
of the beam at any distance x. The resulting solution must contain two constants of integration since EI y" = M is of
second order. These two constants must be evaluated from known conditions concerning the slope deflection at
certain points of the beam. For instance, in the case of a simply supported beam with rigid supports, at x = 0 and x =
L, the deflection y = 0, and in locating the point of maximum deflection, we simply set the slope of the elastic curve y'
to zero
Moment equation of the beam at any exploratory section:

𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑀

Slope equation of the beam at any point:

𝐸𝐼 𝑦 ′ = න𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1

Deflection equation of the beam at any point (Second Integration):

𝐸𝐼 𝑦 = ඵ𝑀𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
 Singularity Function Brackets (Macaulay’s Method)
𝑛 𝑛
𝑥−𝑎 = 𝑥−𝑎 , if x − 𝑎 > 0

Application to different loadings:

M P M
Mo
෍ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 + ෍ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 +
a x-a a x-a

x 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑜 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑜
x
0 𝑀 =𝑃 𝑥−𝑎 1
𝑀 = 𝑀𝑜 𝑥 − 𝑎
W
෍ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 +
W + M
+ 1 𝑥−𝑎
M ෍ 𝑀𝑐𝑢𝑡 = 0 +
a x-a 𝑀= 𝑊 𝑥−𝑎
2 3
a x-a 𝑥−𝑎 x
𝑀 =𝑊 𝑥−𝑎 𝑊 𝑊
x 2 𝑀= 𝑥−𝑎 2 𝑚=
6 𝑥−𝑎
𝑊 2
𝑀= 𝑥−𝑎 𝑚
2 𝑀= 𝑥−𝑎 3
6
Boundary Conditions (Solving for arbitrary constants):

𝜃
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥

At Hinge Support: At Fixed Support:

𝑦′ ≠ 0 𝑦′ = 0
𝑦=0 𝑦=0

At Roller Support:
𝑦′ ≠ 0
𝑦=0

At Max Deflection:
𝑦′ = 0
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥
Problem 1: Compute the value 𝐸𝐼𝛿 at the left end of the cantilever beam.

400 N
3 kN.m

3 m. 3 m.

Boundary conditions:
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′= −400 𝑥 − 0 + 3000 𝑥 − 3 0 𝑁. 𝑚 𝑥=6 𝑦′ = 0;
400 400
′
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − 𝑥 − 0 2 + 3000 𝑥 − 3 + 𝐶1 𝑁. 𝑚2 0=− 6 − 0 2 +3000 6 − 3 +𝐶1
2 2
400 3000
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − 𝑥−0 3+
𝑥 − 3 2 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑁. 𝑚3 𝐶1 = −1800 𝑁. 𝑚2
6 2 400 3000 2
𝑥=6 𝑦 = 0; 0=− 3+ 6−3
6−0
6 2
@ 𝑥 = 0 𝑚.
−1800(6) + 𝐶2
400 3000 2
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = − 0 3 + 0 + −1800 (0) +11700 𝐶2 = 11700 𝑁. 𝑚2
6 2
𝑬𝑰𝜹 = 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝑵. 𝒎𝟑 ↑
Problem 2: For the overhanging beam in the figure, determine (1) the equation for the elastic curve; and (2) the values of 𝐸𝐼𝛿
midway between the supports and at point E (indicate whether each 𝛿 is up or down)

800 N
300 N/m

A B C D E

4 m. 3 m. 3 m.
1 m.
𝑅𝐴 𝑅𝐷
Equilibrium:

෍ 𝑀𝐴 = 0 ;
800 11 −𝑅𝐷 8 +300 4 3 = 0 𝑅𝐷 = 1550 𝑁

෍ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 ;
𝑅𝐴 = 450 𝑁
𝑅𝐴 +1550−800 −300 4 = 0
Problem 2: For the overhanging beam in the figure, determine (1) the equation for the elastic curve; and (2) the values of 𝐸𝐼𝛿
midway between the supports and at point E (indicate whether each 𝛿 is up or down)

300 300 800 N

𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′′ = 450 𝑥 − 0 − 𝑥−1 2+ 𝑥−5 2
300 N/m
2 2
+1550 𝑥 − 8 𝑁. 𝑚
450 300 300
𝐸𝐼𝑦 ′ = 𝑥−0 2 − 𝑥 − 1 3+ 𝑥−5 3
2 6 6
1550
+ 𝑥 − 8 2 +𝐶1 𝑁. 𝑚2 4 m. 3 m. 3 m.
2 1 m.
450 300 300
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥−0 3− 𝑥−1 4+ 𝑥−5 4 𝑅𝐴 = 450 𝑁 𝑅𝐷 = 1550 𝑁
6 24 24
1550 3
+ 𝑥 − 8 3 +𝐶1 𝑥 +𝐶2 𝑁. 𝑚
6
Problem 2: For the overhanging beam in the figure, determine (1) the equation for the elastic curve; and (2) the values of 𝐸𝐼𝛿
midway between the supports and at point E (indicate whether each 𝛿 is up or down)

Boundary Conditions:
𝑥 = 0 𝑦 = 0; 𝐶2 = 0
𝑥 = 8 𝑚. 𝑦 = 0;
450 300 4 300 1550 3
0= 8−0 3− 8 − 1 + 4
8−5 + 8−8 +𝐶1 8 +0
6 24 24 6
𝐶1 = −1175 𝑁. 𝑚 2

𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟑
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟒
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟒
𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟎 𝟑
𝑬𝑰𝒚 = 𝒙−𝟎 − 𝒙−𝟏 + 𝒙−𝟓 + 𝒙−𝟖 − 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒙 𝑵. 𝒎𝟑 (1)
𝟔 𝟐𝟒 𝟐𝟒 𝟔
Problem 2: For the overhanging beam in the figure, determine (1) the equation for the elastic curve; and (2) the values of
𝐸𝐼𝛿 midway between the supports and at point E (indicate whether each 𝛿 is up or down)

@ 𝑥 = 4 𝑚.
450 3−
300 4+
300 1550 3
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 4−0 4−1 4−5 4+ 4−8 −1175 4 𝑁. 𝑚3
6 24 24 6

𝟏𝟖𝟐𝟓
𝑬𝑰𝜹𝒎𝒊𝒅 = 𝑵. 𝒎𝟑 ↓ (2)
𝟐

@ 𝑥 = 11 𝑚.
450 300 300 1550
𝐸𝐼𝑦 = 3
11 − 0 − 11 − 1 4 + 11 − 5 4+
11 − 8 3 −1175 11 𝑁. 𝑚3
6 24 24 6
𝑬𝑰𝜹𝑬 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝑵. 𝒎𝟑 ↓ (3)
 MODULE 7-2
AREA-MOMENT METHOD
 A B AREA-MOMENT METHOD
The Area-Moment Method is a graphical approach in solving
beam deflections. This method is useful when you are determining the
slope and deflection of a beam at a specified location. The two theorems
A B in the method are the following:
Theorem 1: Change in Slope
Angle formed at the The change in slope determine two
𝒕𝑩/𝑨 intersection of two points is equal to the area of the
𝜽𝑨𝑩 tangents moment diagram between two points.

“tangential deviation 1
𝜃𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑀𝑂𝑀𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝐷𝐼𝐴𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝐵
of B with respect to 𝐸𝐼
V
the tangent drawn
𝒙𝑩 from A” Theorem 2: Tangential Deviation
Note: 𝒕𝑩/𝑨 ≠ 𝒕𝑨/𝑩 The tangential deviation of a point on
the elastic curve from the tangent
drawn from any reference point is
equal to the moment of the area of the
centroid
moment diagram bounded by the two
M points taken into consideration.
1
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑀𝑂𝑀𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝐷𝐼𝐴𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝐵 ∙ 𝑥ҧ 𝐵
𝐸𝐼
 The sign convention for the slope and tangential deviation is the following:
For slope 𝜃:

C
A B A B

𝜽𝑨𝑩 𝒕𝑪/𝑨

(+) 𝜃 if counter-clockwise (+) t if the point on the elastic

from left tangent to right curve is above the reference
tangent tangent

𝜽𝑨𝑩
𝒕𝑪/𝑨

A B A B
C

(-) 𝜃 if clockwise from left (-) t if the point on the

tangent to right tangent elastic curve is below the
reference tangent
Spandrel:
𝑃
𝑀
Y

𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑛 𝑛=0 𝑛=1
(𝑛 ≥ 0)

ℎ
𝑥ҧ 𝑤𝑂 𝑤𝑂
𝑦ത
X

1 1
𝐴= 𝑏ℎ 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏
𝑛+1 𝑛+2
We only need these 2 equations 𝑛=2 𝑛=3
𝑛+1
𝑦ത = ℎ
4𝑛 + 2
Problem 1: For the cantilever beam ABC, compute the value 𝐸𝐼𝛿 at end C.

6 kips
𝑡𝐶/𝐴
Solution:
𝛿𝐶 1
tangent line
𝛿𝐶 = 𝑡𝐶Τ𝐴 = 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑀𝑂𝑀𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝐷𝐼𝐴𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑀 𝐶𝐴 ∙ 𝑥ҧ𝐶
𝐸𝐼
A B C
8 ft 2 ft
𝐸𝐼 𝑡𝐶Τ𝐴 = 𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑀𝑂𝑀𝐸𝑁𝑇 𝐷𝐼𝐴𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑀 𝐶𝐴 ∙ 𝑥ҧ𝐶
6 kips
1 2 1 2
2 𝐸𝐼 𝑡𝐶Τ𝐴 = 10 × 60 × 10 − (6 × 48) [2 + 8 ]
3
× 10 2 3 2 3
60
20 16
𝐸𝐼 𝑡𝐶Τ𝐴 = 300 − (144)(2 + )
3 3
M 0

[2 +
2
8 ]
𝐸𝐼𝛿𝐶 = 𝐸𝐼 𝑡𝐶Τ𝐴 = 944 𝑘𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝑓𝑡 3 ↑
-48 3

Reference Line
Problem 2: Find the deflection at point C using the moment area method. 𝐸𝐼 = 20𝑥106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2

Reactions:
𝑡𝐴/𝐵
Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0: −𝐵𝑦 2 + 50(3) = 0 Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝐴𝑦 + 75 − 50 = 0
50 kN
𝐵𝑦 = 75 𝑘𝑁 𝐴𝑦 = −25 𝑘𝑁
A C
B 𝑡𝐶 Solving for 𝑦𝑐 :
25 kN 75 kN 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑡𝐶/𝐵 + 𝑡𝐶
1
𝑡𝐶/𝐵 𝑡𝐶/𝐵 & 𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)𝐴𝐶 ∙ 𝑥ҧ𝑛
𝐸𝐼
2m 1m 1 1 4
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 =
20𝑥106
[
2 3
]
(2)(−50𝑥103 )( ) = −3.333𝑥10−3 𝑚
M 0
1 1 2
4 2
𝑡𝐶/𝐵 =
20𝑥106
[
2 3
]
(1)(−50𝑥103 )( ) = −8.333𝑥10−4 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
3 3
-50
Ratio and Proportion: 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑡𝐶/𝐵 + 𝑡𝐶
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 𝑡𝑐 −3.333𝑥10−3 𝑡𝑐 = −8.333𝑥10−4
= = +(−1.667𝑥10−3 )
2 1 2 1
𝑡𝑐 = −1.667𝑥10−3 𝑚 𝑦𝑐 = 2.500x10−3 𝑚
Problem 3: Use the moment area method to find the midpoint deflection and slope at point C in the figure below.
𝐸𝐼 = 20𝑥106 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2
Reactions:
40kN/m
Σ𝑀𝐴 = 0: −𝐶𝑦 4 − 20 2 + 40(4)(2) = 0

A B C θ𝐶 𝐶𝑦 = 70 𝑘𝑁
20kN Σ𝐹𝑦 = 0: 𝐴𝑦 + 20 − 160 + 70 = 0
2m 2m
70kN 70 kN
𝑦𝑏 𝐴𝑦 = 70 𝑘𝑁
𝑡𝐶/𝐵
tan B 1
θ𝐶/𝐵 Solving for θ𝐶 : θ𝐶 = θ𝐶/𝐵 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)𝐶𝐵
𝐸𝐼
140 1 1 1
2
=
𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟔 2 [ 140 2 +
3
(−80)(2) ]
θ𝐶 = 4.333𝑥10−6 𝑟𝑎𝑑
(2) m
3

M Solving for 𝑦𝑏 :
1
3
(2) m 𝑦𝑏 = 𝑡𝐶/𝐵 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚)𝐶𝐵 ∙ 𝑥ҧ𝐶
4 𝐸𝐼
-80 1 4 1 3
1
Ref. line = [
20𝑥106 2
140 2
3
+
3
−80 (2)(
2
]
)

𝑡𝐶/𝐵 = 5.333𝑥10−6 𝑚
References:

• Pytel, A. a. (2012). Mechanics of Materials Second Edition. In A. a. Pytel, Mechanics of Materials

• Verterra, R. and Gillesania, D. (2013), Solutions to Problems in Strength of Material

• Mechanics of Materials Chapter 6, Deflection of Beams, http://web.ncyu.edu.tw/~lanjc/lesson/C3/class/Chap06-A.pdf

• Vert. J, Mathalino, Engineering Mathemathics, https://mathalino.com/