Mac OS

macOS , originalmente Mac OS X , anteriormente abreviado como OS X , é um sistema operacional

semelhante ao Unix desenvolvido e comercializado pela Apple desde 2001. É o principal sistema
operacional para os computadores Mac da Apple . No mercado de computadores desktop e laptop ,
é o segundo sistema operacional de desktop mais utilizado , depois do Microsoft Windows e à frente
de todas as distribuições Linux , incluindo ChromeOS e SteamOS . Em 2024 , o lançamento mais
recente do macOS é o macOS 15 Sequoia , a 21ª versão principal do macOS. [ 6 ]

O Mac OS X sucedeu o Mac OS clássico , o principal sistema operacional Macintosh de 1984 a 2001.
Sua arquitetura subjacente veio do NeXTSTEP da NeXT , como resultado da aquisição da NeXT pela
Apple , que também trouxe Steve Jobs de volta à Apple. A primeira versão para desktop, o Mac OS X
10.0 , foi lançada em 24 de março de 2001. O Mac OS X Leopard e todas as versões posteriores do
macOS, [ 7 ] exceto o OS X Lion , [ 8 ] são certificados pelo UNIX 03. Os derivados do macOS são outros
sistemas operacionais da Apple: iOS , iPadOS , watchOS , tvOS e audioOS . O macOS oferece suporte
a três arquiteturas principais de processador: Macs originalmente baseados em PowerPC em 1999;
Macs baseados em Intel Core de 2006 ; e Macs da série Arm Apple M de 64 bits projetados por ele
mesmo desde 2020. [ 9 ]

Uma parte importante da identidade original da marca macOS era o uso do numeral romano X,
pronunciado "dez", bem como o codinome de cada lançamento em homenagem a espécies de
grandes felinos e, mais tarde, a lugares na Califórnia . [ 10 ] A Apple encurtou o nome para "OS X" em
2011 e depois o mudou para "macOS" em 2016 para se alinhar à marca dos outros sistemas
operacionais da Apple. [ 11 ] Após 16 versões distintas do macOS 10, o macOS Big Sur foi
apresentado como versão 11 em 2020, e cada versão subsequente também incrementou o número
da versão principal, de forma semelhante ao Mac OS e iOS clássicos, mas ainda leva o nome de
lugares na Califórnia.

História

Development

The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve
Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system
was developed, before being launched in 1989. The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach
kernel, which was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, with additional kernel layers and
low-level user space code derived from parts of FreeBSD[12] and other BSD operating systems.[13] Its
graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C
programming language.
Throughout the 1990s, Apple had tried to create a
Mac OS
"next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS
through the Taligent, Copland and Gershwin
projects, but all were eventually abandoned.[14] This
led Apple to acquire NeXT in 1997, allowing
NeXTSTEP, later called OPENSTEP, to serve as the
basis for Apple's next generation operating
system.[15] This purchase also led to Steve Jobs
returning to Apple as an interim, and then the
permanent CEO, shepherding the transformation of
the programmer-friendly OPENSTEP into a system macOS Sequoia , a versão mais recente do
that would be adopted by Apple's primary market macOS
of home users and creative professionals. The
Desenvolvedor Maçã
project was first codenamed "Rhapsody" before
officially being named Mac OS X.[16][17] Escrito em ASM · C · C++ [ 1 ] ·
Objetivo-C · Rápido
[2]

Mac OS X
Família OS Mac · Unix

The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the Estado de trabalho Atual
number 10, a Roman numeral, and Apple has
stated that it should be pronounced "ten" in this Modelo de origem Proprietário (com
componentes de
context. However, it is also commonly pronounced
código aberto )
like the letter "X".[18][19] The iPhone X, iPhone XR
and iPhone XS all later followed this convention. Lançamento inicial 24 de março de 2001

Previous Macintosh operating systems (versions of Último lançamento 15.3.1 [ 3 ] (10 de

the classic Mac OS) were named using Arabic fevereiro de 2025 ) [±]
(https://en.wikipedia.
numerals, as with Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9.[20][18]
org/w/index.php?title
Until macOS 11 Big Sur, all versions of the
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operating system were given version numbers of
ble_software_releas
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Última prévia 15.4 beta 1 [ 4 ] (21 de
compatible with software designed for the older
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more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications org/w/index.php?title
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The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched dex.php?title=Templa

te:Latest_preview_sof
in 2001 with Mac OS X 10.0. Reviews were variable,
tware_release/macO
with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy
S_Sequoia&action=e
Aqua interface, but criticizing it for sluggish
dit)
performance.[21] With Apple's popularity at a low,
the maker of FrameMaker, Adobe Inc., declined to Disponível em 47 idiomas [ 5 ]

develop new versions of it for Mac OS X.[22] Ars

Lista de idiomas [show]
Technica columnist John Siracusa, who reviewed
every major OS X release up to 10.10, described Platforms Apple silicon
the early releases in retrospect as "dog-slow, (ARM64):

feature poor" and Aqua as "unbearably slow and a ARMv9-A (15.0–)

huge resource hog".[21][23][24] ARMv8-A (11.0–)

Intel (x86):

Apple rapidly developed several new releases of x86-64 (10.4.7–)

Mac OS X.[25] Siracusa's review of version 10.3, IA-32 (10.4.4–

Panther, noted "It's strange to have gone from 10.6.8)

PowerPC:
years of uncertainty and vaporware to a steady
64-bit (10.4–
annual supply of major new operating system
10.5.8)
releases."[26] Version 10.4, Tiger, reportedly
32-bit (10.0–
shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a 10.5.8)
number of features, such as fast file searching and
Kernel type Hybrid (XNU)
improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had
spent several years struggling to add to Windows Default Aqua (graphical)
[27]
Vista with acceptable performance. user interface

As the operating system evolved, it moved away License Commercial

from the classic Mac OS, with applications being software, proprietary

added and removed.[28] Considering music to be a software

key market, Apple developed the iPod music player Preceded by Classic Mac OS,
and music software for the Mac, including iTunes NeXTSTEP
and GarageBand.[29] Targeting the consumer and
Official website apple.com/macos (ht
media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital
tps://apple.com/mac
lifestyle" applications such as the iLife suite,
os)
integrated home entertainment through the Front
Row media center and the Safari web browser. Support status

With the increasing popularity of the internet, Apple Supported

offered additional online services, including the .Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products. It
later began selling third-party applications through the Mac App Store.

Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from
the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a brushed
metal appearance, or non-pinstriped title bar appearance in version 10.4.[30] In Leopard, Apple
announced a unification of the interface, with a standardized gray-gradient window style.[31][32]

In 2006, the first Intel Macs were released with a specialized version of Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger.[33]

A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from 2007
onwards. While Apple's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system, the iPhone
used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS" and then iOS.
The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension
on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard.[34] However, after
Apple opened the iPhone to third-party developers its commercial success drew attention to Mac OS
X, with many iPhone software developers showing interest in Mac development.[35]

In 2007, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was the sole release with universal binary components, allowing
installation on both Intel Macs and select PowerPC Macs.[36] It is also the final release with PowerPC
Mac support. Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was the first version of Mac OS X to be built exclusively
for Intel Macs, and the final release with 32-bit Intel Mac support.[37] The name was intended to signal
its status as an iteration of Leopard, focusing on technical and performance improvements rather
than user-facing features; indeed it was explicitly branded to developers as being a 'no new features'
release.[38] Since its release, several OS X or macOS releases (namely OS X Mountain Lion, OS X El
Capitan, macOS High Sierra, and macOS Monterey) follow this pattern, with a name derived from its
predecessor, similar to the 'tick–tock model' used by Intel.

In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain Lion, Apple moved some applications to a highly
skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS while simplifying some
elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.[23] This direction was, like
brushed metal interfaces, unpopular with some users, although it continued a trend of greater
animation and variety in the interface previously seen in design aspects such as the Time Machine
backup utility, which presented past file versions against a swirling nebula, and the glossy translucent
dock of Leopard and Snow Leopard.[39] In addition, with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple ceased to release
separate server versions of Mac OS X, selling server tools as a separate downloadable application
through the Mac App Store. A review described the trend in the server products as becoming
"cheaper and simpler... shifting its focus from large businesses to small ones."[40]
OS X

OS X logo used until 2013

In 2012, with the release of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, the name of the system was officially shortened
from Mac OS X to OS X, after the previous version shortened the system name in a similar fashion a
year prior. That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, Scott Forstall, and design was
changed towards a more minimal direction.[41] Apple's new user interface design, using deep color
saturation, text-only buttons and a minimal, 'flat' interface, was debuted with iOS 7 in 2013. With OS X
engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released in 2013, OS X 10.9 Mavericks, was
something of a transitional release, with some of the skeuomorphic design removed, while most of
the general interface of Mavericks remained unchanged.[42] The next version, OS X 10.10 Yosemite,
adopted a design similar to iOS 7 but with greater complexity suitable for an interface controlled with
a mouse.[43]

From 2012 onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS and
Mac OS X releases prior to 10.4 Tiger. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard
onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether in OS X Mavericks.[44] Some journalists and third-
party software developers have suggested that this decision, while allowing more rapid feature
release, meant less opportunity to focus on stability, with no version of OS X recommendable for
users requiring stability and performance above new features.[45] Apple's 2015 update, OS X 10.11 El
Capitan, was announced to focus specifically on stability and performance improvements.[46]

macOS

Current logo

In 2016, with the release of macOS 10.12 Sierra, the name was changed from OS X to macOS with the
purpose of aligning it with the branding of Apple's other primary operating systems: iOS, watchOS,
and tvOS.[47][48] macOS Sierra added Siri, iCloud Drive, picture-in-picture support, a Night Shift mode
that switches the display to warmer colors at night, and two Continuity features: Universal Clipboard,
which syncs a user's clipboard across their Apple devices, and Auto Unlock, which can unlock a user's
Mac with their Apple Watch. macOS Sierra also adds support for the Apple File System (APFS),
Apple's successor to the dated HFS+ file system.[49][50][51] macOS 10.13 High Sierra, released in 2017,
included performance improvements, Metal 2 and HEVC support, and made APFS the default file
system for SSD boot drives.[52]

Its successor, macOS 10.14 Mojave, was released in 2018, adding a dark mode option and a dynamic
wallpaper setting.[53] It was succeeded by macOS 10.15 Catalina in 2019, which replaces iTunes with
separate apps for different types of media, and introduces the Catalyst system for porting iOS
apps.[54]

In 2020, Apple announced macOS 11 Big Sur at that year's WWDC. This was the first increment in the
primary version number of macOS since the release of Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000; updates to
macOS 11 were given 11.x numbers, matching the version numbering scheme used by Apple's other
operating systems. Big Sur brought major changes to the user interface and was the first version to
run on Apple Silicon, based on the ARM architecture.[55] The numbering system started with Big Sur
continued in 2021 with macOS 12 Monterey, 2022 with macOS 13 Ventura, 2023 with macOS 14
Sonoma, and 2024 with macOS 15 Sequoia.
Timeline of releases

v · t · eMac OS X, OS X, and macOS version information

Most
Darwin Processor Application Date Release
Version Release Name Kernel recent
version support support announced date
version

Rhapsody 32-bit 32-bit DR2

Grail1Z4/Titan1U January 7, August 31,
Developer PowerPC PowerPC (May 14,
(internal codename) 1997[56] 1997
Release and Intel and Intel 1998)

Mac OS X January 1.2v3

Hera March 16,
Server 5th, (October
(internal codename) [57] 1999
1.0 1999 27, 2000)
Un­known
Mac OS X DP4
May 11, March 16,
Developer Un­known (April 5,
1998[58] 1999
Preview 2000)

Mac OS X
Kodiak[59] May 15, September
Public [60]
—
(internal codename) 32-bit 2000 13, 2000
Beta
PowerPC
10.0.4
Mac OS X Cheetah January 9, March 24, (4Q12)
1.3.1 [61]
10.0 (internal codename) 32-bit 2001 2001 (June 22,
PowerPC 2001)

10.1.5
32-bit
Mac OS X Puma July 18, September (5S60)
1.4.1/5 [62]
10.1 (internal codename) 2001 25, 2001 (June 6,
2002)

10.2.8
Mac OS X May 6, August 24,
Jaguar 6 (October 3,
10.2 2002[63] 2002
32/64-bit 2003)
[Note
PowerPC 10.3.9
1]
Mac OS X June 23, October (7W98)
Panther 7
10.3 2003[64] 24, 2003 (April 15,
2005)

10.4.11
Mac OS X May 4, April 29,
Tiger 8 (November
10.4 32/64-bit 2004[65] 2005
32/64-bit 14, 2007)
PowerPC
PowerPC 10.5.8
and Intel [Note
Mac OS X and Intel 2] [Note 3] June 26, October (9L31a)
Leopard 9 [66]
10.5 2006 26, 2007 (August 13,
2009)
 32/64-bit
10.6.8
Intel
Mac OS X 32/64-bit June 9, August 28, (10K549)
Snow Leopard 10 32-bit
10.6 Intel 2008[68] 2009 (July 25,
PowerPC[Note
3] 32/64- 2011)
bit[67]
10.7.5
October
Mac OS X July 20, (11G63)
Lion 11 20,
10.7 2011 (October 4,
2010[69]
2012)

64- 10.8.5
[70]
February
bit July 25, (12F2560)
OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion 12 16, [72]
2012 (August 13,
2012[71]
2015)

10.9.5
June 10, October (13F1911)
OS X 10.9 Mavericks 13 [73]
2013 22, 2013 (July 18,
2016)

10.10.5
OS X June 2, October (14F2511)
Yosemite 14 [74]
10.10 2014 16, 2014 (July 19,
32/64-bit 2017)
Intel 10.11.6
OS X June 8, September (15G22010)
El Capitan 15 64-bit Intel [75]
10.11 2015 30, 2015 (July 9,
2018)

10.12.6
macOS June 13, September (16G2136)
Sierra 16 [76]
10.12 2016 20, 2016 (September
26, 2019)

10.13.6
macOS June 5, September (17G14042)
High Sierra 17
10.13 2017 25, 2017 (November
12, 2020)

10.14.6
macOS June 4, September (18G9323)
Mojave 18
10.14 2018 24, 2018 (July 21,
2021)

10.15.7
macOS June 3, October 7, (19H2026)
Catalina 19 64-bit Intel
10.15 2019 2019 (July 20,
2022)
 11.7.10
macOS June 22, November (20G1427)
Big Sur 20
11 2020 12, 2020 (September
11, 2023)

12.7.6
macOS June 7, October (21H1320)
Monterey 21
12 2021 25, 2021 (July 29,
2024)

13.7.4
macOS June 6, October (22H420)
Ventura 22 64-bit Intel and ARM[Note 4]
13 2022 24, 2022 (February
10, 2025)

14.7.4
macOS June 5, September (23H420)
Sonoma 23
14 2023 26, 2023 (February
10, 2025)

15.3.1
macOS June 10, September (24D70)
Sequoia 24
15 2024 16, 2024 (February
10, 2025)

Legend: Old version, not maintained Old version, still maintained Latest version
Latest preview version

1.↑ The Power Mac G5 had special Jaguar builds.

2.↑ Tiger did not support 64-bit GUI applications, only 64-bit CLI applications.[77][78]
3.1 2 32-bit (but not 64-bit) PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rosetta.
4.↑ 64-bit Intel applications are supported on Apple silicon Macs with Rosetta 2. However, Intel-
based Macs are unable to run ARM-based applications, such as iOS and iPadOS apps.

Arquitetura

At macOS's core is a POSIX-compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernel,[79] (which
incorporated large parts of FreeBSD kernel[12]) and FreeBSD userland[12] for the standard Unix
facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a
free and open source operating system named Darwin. On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of
components, including the Aqua interface and the Finder, to complete the GUI-based operating
system which is macOS.[80]

With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to
provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS. For example,
pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system's ability to run multiple
applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other. Many aspects of
macOS's architecture are derived from OPENSTEP, which was designed to be portable, to ease the
transition from one platform to another. For example, NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k-
based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple,[81]
and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.

Prior to macOS High Sierra, and on drives other than solid state drives (SSDs), the default file system
is HFS+, which it inherited from the classic Mac OS. Operating system designer Linus Torvalds had
criticized HFS+, saying it is "probably the worst file system ever", whose design is "actively corrupting
user data". He criticized the case insensitivity of file names, a design made worse when Apple
extended the file system to support Unicode.[82][83]

The Darwin subsystem in macOS manages the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer.
In 2003 and 2005, two Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau
called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths
suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take
up to 15 minutes.[84] More recently, another Macworld editor, Dan Frakes, called the procedure of
repairing permissions vastly overused.[85] He argues that macOS typically handles permissions
properly without user interference, and resetting permissions should only be tried when problems
emerge.[86]

The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design:[87] the layered frameworks aid rapid
development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks.[88] Apple provides its own
software development tools, most prominently an integrated development environment called Xcode.
Xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including C,
C++, Objective-C, and Swift. For the Mac transition to Intel processors, it was modified so that
developers could build their applications as a universal binary, which provides compatibility with both
the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines.[89] First and third-party applications can be
controlled programmatically using the AppleScript framework,[90] retained from the classic Mac
OS,[91] or using the newer Automator application that offers pre-written tasks that do not require
programming knowledge.[92]

Software compatibility

Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS: Cocoa and Carbon. Cocoa was
a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OS, while
Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten
to run natively on Mac OS X.[17]

The Cocoa API was created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun
Microsystems. This heritage is highly visible for Cocoa developers, since the "NS" prefix is ubiquitous
in the framework, standing variously for NeXTSTEP or NeXT/Sun. The official OPENSTEP API,
published in September 1994, was the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit
and the first to use the "NS" prefix.[81] Traditionally, Cocoa programs have been mostly written in
Objective-C, with Java as an alternative. However, on July 11, 2005, Apple announced that "features
added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than 10.4 will not be added to the Cocoa-Java
programming interface."[93] macOS also used to support the Java Platform as a "preferred software
package"—in practice this means that applications written in Java fit as neatly into the operating
system as possible while still being cross-platform compatible, and that graphical user interfaces
written in Swing look almost exactly like native Cocoa interfaces. Since 2014, Apple has promoted its
new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple
platforms.

Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa
APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the
platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved.[17][94] To permit a smooth
transition from Mac OS 9 to Mac OS X, the Carbon Application Programming Interface (API) was
created.[17] Applications written with Carbon were initially able to run natively on both classic Mac OS
and Mac OS X, although this ability was later dropped as Mac OS X developed. Carbon was not
included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: the little-used original release of Mac OS X Server 1.0,
which also did not include the Aqua interface.[95] Apple limited further development of Carbon from
the release of Leopard onwards and announced that Carbon applications would not run at 64-
bit.[94][17] A number of macOS applications continued to use Carbon for some time afterwards,
especially ones with heritage dating back to the classic Mac OS and for which updates would be
difficult, uneconomic or not necessary. This included Microsoft Office up to Office 2016, and
Photoshop up to CS5.[96][94] Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS
applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations; this feature was removed
from 10.5 onwards and all Macs using Intel processors.

Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the other Unix-like systems
including Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including many scientific and technical programs.[97]
Third-party projects such as Homebrew, Fink, MacPorts and pkgsrc provide pre-compiled or pre-
formatted packages. Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical
interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-
feel.[98][99][100] The current Apple-endorsed method is the open-source XQuartz project; earlier
versions could use the X11 application provided by Apple, or before that the XDarwin project.[101]

Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method
such as downloading (with or without code signing, available via an Apple developer account) or
through the Mac App Store, a marketplace of software maintained by Apple through a process
requiring the company's approval. Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandbox,
restricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating
system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with
confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage due to
blocking the Mac App Store's use for professional applications that require elevated
privileges.[102][103] Applications without any code signature cannot be run by default except from a
computer's administrator account.[104][105]

Apple produces macOS applications. Some are included with macOS and some sold separately. This
includes iWork, Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, iLife, and the database application FileMaker. Numerous
other developers also offer software for macOS.

In 2018, Apple introduced an application layer, codenamed Marzipan, to port iOS apps to
macOS.[106][107] macOS Mojave included ports of four first-party iOS apps including Home and News,
and it was announced that the API would be available for third-party developers to use from
2019.[108][109][110] With macOS Catalina in 2019, the application layer was made available to third-
party developers as Mac Catalyst.[111]

Hardware compatibility

List of macOS versions, the supported systems on which they run, and their RAM requirements
Operating Release [112]
RAM
Supported systems
system year(s) requirement

G3, G4 and G5 iBook and PowerBook, Power Mac and iMac

10.0 – 10.2 2001 – 2002
(except PowerBook G3 "Kanga") 128 MB
10.3 2003 Macs with a New World ROM[113]

Macs with built-in FireWire and either a New World ROM or Intel
10.4 2004 256 MB
processor

Select G4, G5, and Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit) at 867 MHz or faster
10.5 2006 512 MB
Classic support dropped from 10.5 and later.

10.6 2008 Intel Macs (32-bit or 64-bit)[114] 1 GB

Intel Macs (64-bit)[114]

10.7 2010
Rosetta support dropped from 10.7 and later.

Laptops: MacBook (Aluminum, Late 2008 or later), MacBook Air

(Late 2008 or later), MacBook Pro (Mid 2007 or later)
10.8 – 10.11 2012 – 2015 Desktops: Mac Mini (Early 2009 or later), iMac (Mid 2007 or later),
Mac Pro (Early 2008 or later)
Servers: Xserve (Early 2009)

Laptops: MacBook (Late 2009 or later), MacBook Air (Late 2010 or 2 GB

later), MacBook Pro (Mid 2010 or later)
10.12 – 10.13 2016 – 2017
Desktops: Mac Mini (Mid 2010 or later), iMac (Late 2009 or later),
iMac Pro (2017) (macOS 10.13), Mac Pro (Mid 2010 or later)

Laptops: MacBook (Early 2015 or later), MacBook Air (Mid 2012 or

later), MacBook Pro (Mid 2012 or later)
10.14 2018
Desktops: Mac Mini (Late 2012 or later), iMac (Late 2012 or later),
iMac Pro (2017), Mac Pro (Mid 2010 or later[115])

Laptops: MacBook (Early 2015 or later), MacBook Air (Mid 2012 or

later), MacBook Pro (Mid 2012 or later)
10.15 2019
Desktops: Mac Mini (Late 2012 or later), iMac (Late 2012 or later),
iMac Pro (2017), Mac Pro (Late 2013 or later)

Laptops: MacBook (Early 2015 or later), MacBook Air (Mid 2013 or

later), MacBook Pro (Late 2013 or later)
11 2020 4 GB
Desktops: Mac Mini (Late 2014 or later), iMac (Mid 2014 or later),
iMac Pro (2017), Mac Pro (Late 2013 or later)

Laptops: MacBook (Early 2016 or later), MacBook Air (Early 2015 or

later), MacBook Pro (Early 2015 or later)
12 2021
Desktops: Mac Mini (Late 2014 or later), iMac (Late 2015 or later),
iMac Pro (2017), Mac Studio (2022), Mac Pro (Late 2013 or later)

Laptops: MacBook (2017), MacBook Air (2018 or later), MacBook 8 GB

Pro (2017 or later)
13 2022
Desktops: Mac Mini (2018 or later), iMac (2017 or later), iMac Pro
(2017), Mac Studio (2022 or later), Mac Pro (2019 or later)

Laptops: MacBook Air (2018 or later), MacBook Pro (2018 or later)

14 2023 Desktops: Mac Mini (2018 or later), iMac (2019 or later), iMac Pro
(2017), Mac Studio (2022 or later), Mac Pro (2019 or later)

15 2024 Laptops: MacBook Air (2020 or later), MacBook Pro (2018 or later)
 Operating Release [112]
RAM
Supported systems
system year(s) requirement

Desktops: Mac Mini (2018 or later), iMac (2019 or later), iMac Pro
(2017), Mac Studio (2022 or later), Mac Pro (2019 or later)

Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third
parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by
Apple. This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and
including Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, all G3-based Macs which can run up to and including Tiger, and sub-
867 MHz G4 Macs can run Leopard by removing the restriction from the installation DVD or entering a
command in the Mac's Open Firmware interface to tell the Leopard Installer that it has a clock rate of
867 MHz or greater. Except for features requiring specific hardware such as graphics acceleration or
DVD writing, the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware.

As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are
available for purchase,[116] some technology-capable groups have developed software to install
macOS on non-Apple computers. These are referred to as Hackintoshes, a portmanteau of the words
"hack" and "Macintosh". This violates Apple's EULA (and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical
support, warranties etc.), but communities that cater to personal users, who do not install for resale
and profit, have generally been ignored by Apple.[117][118][119] These self-made computers allow more
flexibility and customization of hardware, but at a cost of leaving the user more responsible for their
own machine, such as on matter of data integrity or security.[120] Psystar, a business that attempted
to profit from selling macOS on non-Apple certified hardware, was sued by Apple in 2008.[121]

PowerPC–Intel transition

Steve Jobs talks about the transition

to Intel processors.
In April 2002, eWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named Marklar,
which ran on Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an
alternative platform should Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC
platform.[122] These rumors subsided until late in May 2005, when various media outlets, such as The
Wall Street Journal[123] and CNET,[124] announced that Apple would unveil Marklar in the coming
months.[125][126][127]

On June 6, 2005, Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at WWDC that Apple would be making
the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X
would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had
versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life. Intel-based Macs
would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosetta, a binary translation layer which
enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines.[128] The
system was included with Mac OS X versions up to version 10.6.8.[129] Apple dropped support for
Classic mode on the new Intel Macs. Third party emulation software such as Mini vMac, Basilisk II
and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and
the underlying command-line compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either
architecture.[130]

PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official binary translation software, Rosetta, though
applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel
processors. Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both
PowerPC and Intel.[131] PowerPC binaries suffer a performance penalty when run on Intel Macs
through Rosetta. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System
Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for
the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been
compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work.[132] While Intel
Macs can run PowerPC, Intel, and universal binaries, PowerPC Macs support only universal and
PowerPC builds.

Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. In 2009, Apple announced at
WWDC that Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard would drop support for PowerPC processors and be Intel-
only.[133] Rosetta continued to be offered as an optional download or installation choice in Snow
Leopard before it was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion.[134] In addition, new versions of Mac OS
X first- and third-party software increasingly required Intel processors, including new versions of iLife,
iWork, Aperture and Logic Pro.
Intel–Apple silicon transition

An illustration of Apple's M1
processor

Rumors of Apple shifting Macs from Intel to in-house ARM processors used by iOS devices began
circulating as early as 2011,[135] and ebbed and flowed throughout the 2010s.[136] Rumors intensified
in 2020, when numerous reports announced that the company would announce its shift to its custom
processors at WWDC.[137]

Apple officially announced its shift to processors designed in-house on June 22, 2020, at WWDC
2020, with the transition planned to last for approximately two years.[138] The first release of macOS
to support ARM was macOS Big Sur. Big Sur and later versions support Universal 2 binaries, which
are applications consisting of both Intel (x86-64) and Apple silicon (AArch64) binaries; when
launched, only the appropriate binary is run. Additionally, Intel binaries can be run on Apple silicon-
based Macs using the Rosetta 2 binary translation software. The transition was completed at WWDC
2023 with the announce of the Apple silicon Mac Pro, ending the transition in 3 years, slightly behind
schedule.

The change in processor architecture allows Macs with ARM processors to be able to run iOS and
iPadOS apps natively.[139]
Características

Aqua user interface

The original Aqua user interface as seen in

the Mac OS X Public Beta from 2000

One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of
Aqua, a graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every
window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial anti-aliasing technology.[140]
ColorSync, a technology introduced many years before, was improved and built into the core drawing
engine, to provide color matching for printing and multimedia professionals.[141] Also, drop shadows
were added around windows and isolated text elements to provide a sense of depth. New interface
elements were integrated, including sheets (dialog boxes attached to specific windows) and drawers,
which would slide out and provide options.

The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first
iMacs, brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what Mac OS 9 and
Mac OS X Server 1.0's "Platinum" appearance had offered. According to Siracusa, the introduction of
Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks."[142] Bruce Tognazzini
(who founded the original Apple Human Interface Group) said that the Aqua interface in Mac OS X
10.0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original Mac OS interface.[143][144]
Third-party developers started producing skins for customizable applications and other operating
systems which mimicked the Aqua appearance. To some extent, Apple has used the successful
transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who
make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted
design.[145]

Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with
tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. Since 2012, Apple has sold almost all of its
Mac models with high-resolution Retina displays, and macOS and its APIs have extensive support for
resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays. Reviewers have
described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows.[146][147][148]
The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications,
giving them consistent user interface and keyboard shortcuts.[149] In addition, new services for
applications are included, which include spelling and grammar checkers, special characters palette,
color picker, font chooser and dictionary; these global features are present in every Cocoa application,
adding consistency. The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow
hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, introduced in version 10.2, is called Quartz Extreme,
a component of Quartz. Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document
Format (PDF) imaging model, making it easy to output PDF to multiple devices.[141] As a side result,
PDF viewing and creating PDF documents from any application are built-in features.[150] Reflecting its
popularity with design users, macOS also has system support for a variety of professional video and
image formats and includes an extensive pre-installed font library, featuring many prominent brand-
name designs.[151]

Built-in components

The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been
modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS.[152][153] Quick Look has been part of the Finder
since version 10.5. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page
documents without opening any other applications. Spotlight, a file searching technology which has
been integrated into the Finder since version 10.4, allows rapid real-time searches of data files; mail
messages; photos; and other information based on item properties (metadata) or content.[154][155]
macOS makes use of a Dock, which holds file and folder shortcuts as well as minimized windows.

Apple added Exposé in version 10.3 (called Mission Control since version 10.7), a feature which
includes three functions to help accessibility between windows and desktop. Its functions are to
instantly reveal all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all
open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the
desktop.[156] FileVault is optional encryption of the user's files with the 128-bit Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES-128).[157]

Features introduced in version 10.4 include Automator, an application designed to create an

automatic workflow for different tasks;[158] Dashboard, a full-screen group of small applications
called desktop widgets that can be called up and dismissed in one keystroke;[159] and Front Row, a
media viewer interface accessed by the Apple Remote.[160] Sync Services allows applications to
access a centralized extensible database for various elements of user data, including calendar and
contact items. The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency.[161]

All system icons are scalable up to 512×512 pixels as of version 10.5 to accommodate various
places where they appear in larger size, including for example the Cover Flow view, a three-
dimensional graphical user interface included with iTunes, the Finder, and other Apple products for
visually skimming through files and digital media libraries via cover artwork. That version also
introduced Spaces, a virtual desktop implementation which enables the user to have more than one
desktop and display them in an Exposé-like interface;[162] an automatic backup technology called
Time Machine, which allows users to view and restore previous versions of files and application
data;[163] and Screen Sharing was built in for the first time.[164]

In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the
proprietary Apple Color Emoji font.[165][166] Apple has also connected macOS with social networks
such as Twitter and Facebook through the addition of share buttons for content such as pictures and
text.[167] Apple has brought several applications and features that originally debuted in iOS, its mobile
operating system, to macOS in recent releases, notably the intelligent personal assistant Siri, which
was introduced in version 10.12 of macOS.[168][169]

Multilingual support

There are 47 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the
system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.[170] Input methods for
typing in dozens of scripts can be chosen independently of the system language.[171] Recent updates
have added increased support for Chinese characters and interconnections with popular social
networks in China.[172][173][174][175]

Updating methods

macOS can be updated using the Software Update settings pane in System Settings or the
softwareupdate command line utility. Until OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion, a separate Software Update
application performed this functionality. In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac
App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is
fundamentally different from the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store
application. In macOS 10.14 Mojave, the updating function was moved again to the Software Update
settings pane.

Most Macs receive six or seven years of macOS updates. After a new major release of macOS, the
previous two releases still receive occasional updates, but many security vulnerabilities are only
patched in the latest macOS release.[176]
Histórico de lançamento

Timeline of versions

Mac OS X versions were named after big cats, with the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the
original public beta, from Mac OS X 10.0 until OS X 10.9 Mavericks, when Apple switched to using
California locations. Prior to its release, version 10.0 was code named internally at Apple as
"Cheetah", and Mac OS X 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After the immense buzz
surrounding Mac OS X 10.2, codenamed "Jaguar", Apple's product marketing began openly using the
code names to promote the operating system. Mac OS X 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", Mac OS X
10.4 as "Tiger", Mac OS X 10.5 as "Leopard", Mac OS X 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", Mac OS X 10.7 as
"Lion", OS X 10.8 as "Mountain Lion", and OS X 10.9 as "Mavericks".

"Panther", "Tiger" and "Leopard" are registered as trademarks of Apple,[177][178][179] but "Cheetah",
"Puma" and "Jaguar" have never been registered. Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as
trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.[180][181] Computer retailer Tiger Direct sued Apple for
its use of the name "Tiger". On May 16, 2005, a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida
ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Direct's trademark.[182]
Mac OS X Public Beta

On September 13, 2000, Apple released a US$29.95[183] "preview" version of Mac OS X, internally
codenamed Kodiak, to gain feedback from users.

The "PB", as it was known, marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made
many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to
function in Spring 2001.[184]

Mac OS X 10.0

Screenshot of OS X 10.0

On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).[185] The initial
version was slow,[186] incomplete,[187] and had very few applications available at launch, mostly from
independent developers.[188] While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready
for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to
improve.[187] Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great
accomplishment,[187] for attempts to overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and
delayed by countless setbacks.

Mac OS X 10.1

Later that year, on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released. It
featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple
released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the $129 boxed version for people
running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used
with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual
stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.[189] On January 7, 2002,
Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products
by the end of that month.[190]
Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

On August 23, 2002,[191] Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its
code name as part of the branding.[192] It brought significant performance improvements, and an
updated version of Aqua's visual design. Jaguar also included over 150[193] new user-facing features,
including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX
AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information
in the new Address Book, and the iChat instant messaging client.[194] The Happy Mac icon — which
had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence since the original Macintosh — was replaced with
a grey Apple logo.[195]

Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

Mac OS X v10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. It significantly improved performance
and incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or
more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a
brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV
(which added video conferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF)
rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability.[196] Support for some early G3
computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.[197]

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

Screenshot of Tiger

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200
new features.[198] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a
Mac with 256 MB and a built-in FireWire port.[113] Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight,
Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2,
Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified
version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.[199] On
January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger.
This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based
machines, with the exception of the Intel release lacking support for the Classic environment.[200]
Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update
of Mac OS X". It brought more than 300 new features.[201] Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel
x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor
required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single
DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an
updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed,[202] full support for 64-bit
applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new
security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was
also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.[203][204] Leopard dropped support for the
Classic Environment and all Classic applications.[205] It was the final version of Mac OS X to support
the PowerPC architecture.[206]

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009. Rather than delivering big changes
to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, Snow Leopard
focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the
operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: the disk space that the
operating system frees up after a clean install compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more
responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user-friendly
disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web
browser. Snow Leopard only supported machines with Intel CPUs, required at least 1 GB of RAM, and
dropped default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta could be
installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).[207]

Snow Leopard also featured new 64-bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAM,
improved support for multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatch, and advanced GPU
performance with OpenCL.[208]

The 10.6.6 update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for
macOS applications.[209]

OS X Lion was announced at WWDC 2011

at Moscone West.
OS X 10.7 Lion

OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as
an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-
touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incompatible with PowerPC
applications.[134]

Changes made to the GUI include auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are used, and
Mission Control which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single
interface.[210] Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were
before they were closed, similar to iOS. Documents auto-save by default.[211]

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012.[72] Following the release of Lion the previous
year, it was the first of the annual rather than two-yearly updates to OS X (and later macOS), which
also closely aligned with the annual iOS operating system updates. It incorporates some features
seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging
application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like
the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud.[212] Notification Center,
which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher.
Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled
from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features including
support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine, QQ, 163.com and 126.com services for Mail,
Contacts and Calendar, Youku, Tudou and Sina Weibo are integrated into share sheets.[175]

Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates (including the OS) are distributed via the App
Store.[213] This updating mechanism replaced the Apple Software Update utility.[214]

OS X 10.9 Mavericks

Screenshot of OS X Mavericks

OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013. It was a free upgrade to all users running
Snow Leopard or later with a 64-bit Intel processor.[215] Its changes include the addition of the
previously iOS-only Maps and iBooks applications, improvements to the Notification Center,
enhancements to several applications, and many under-the-hood improvements.[216]

OS X 10.10 Yosemite

OS X 10.10 Yosemite was released on October 16, 2014. It features a redesigned user interface
similar to that of iOS 7, intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of
translucency effects and intensely saturated colors.[217] Apple's showcase new feature in Yosemite is
Handoff, which enables users with iPhones running iOS 8.1 or later to answer phone calls, receive
and send SMS messages, and complete unfinished iPhone emails on their Mac. As of OS X 10.10.3,
Photos replaced iPhoto and Aperture.[218]

OS X 10.11 El Capitan

Screenshot of El Capitan

OS X 10.11 El Capitan was released on September 30, 2015. Similar to Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard,
Apple described this release as emphasizing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements
to system performance".[219] Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI
improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer
legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection.

The Metal API, first introduced in iOS 8, was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since
2012".[220] According to Apple, Metal accelerates system-level rendering by up to 50 percent, resulting
in faster graphics performance for everyday apps. Metal also delivers up to 10 times faster draw call
performance for more fluid experience in games and pro apps.[221]

macOS 10.12 Sierra

macOS 10.12 Sierra was released to the public on September 20, 2016. New features include the
addition of Siri, Optimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Messages, and iTunes.[222][223]
macOS 10.13 High Sierra

macOS 10.13 High Sierra was released to the public on September 25, 2017.[224] Like OS X El Capitan
and OS X Mountain Lion, High Sierra is a refinement-based update having very few new features
visible to the user, including updates to Safari, Photos, and Mail, among other changes.[225]

The major change under the hood is the switch to the Apple File System, optimized for the solid-state
storage used in most new Mac computers.[226]

macOS 10.14 Mojave

macOS 10.14 Mojave was released on September 24, 2018.[53] The update introduced a system-wide
dark mode and several new apps lifted from iOS, such as Apple News. It was the first version to
require a GPU that supports Metal. Mojave also changed the system software update mechanism
from the App Store (where it had been since OS X Mountain Lion) to a new panel in System
Preferences. App updates remain in the App Store.

macOS 10.15 Catalina

macOS 10.15 Catalina was released on October 7, 2019.[227] Updates included enhanced voice
control, and bundled apps for music, video, and podcasts that together replace the functions of
iTunes, and the ability to use an iPad as an external monitor. Catalina officially dropped support for
32-bit applications.[228]

macOS 11 Big Sur

macOS Big Sur was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 22, 2020,[229] and it was
made available to the general public on November 12, 2020. This is the first time the major version
number of the operating system has been incremented since the Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000. It
brings Arm support,[230] new icons, and aesthetic user interface changes to the system.[231]

macOS 12 Monterey

macOS Monterey was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 7, 2021, and released
on October 25, 2021, introducing Universal Control (which allows input devices to be used with
multiple devices simultaneously), Focus modes (which allows selectively limiting notifications and
alerts depending on user-defined user/work modes), Shortcuts (a task automation framework
previously only available on iOS and iPadOS expected to replace Automator), a redesigned Safari Web
browser, and updates and improvements to FaceTime.[232]
macOS 13 Ventura

macOS Ventura was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 6, 2022[233] and released
on October 24, 2022.[234] It came with the redesigned System Preferences (named System Settings)
to a more iOS-like design, and the new Freeform, Weather and Clock apps that run natively on Mac.
Users can use an iPhone as a webcam for video conferencing with Continuity Camera. Siri's
appearance was changed to look more like the versions on iOS 14 and iPadOS 14. Mail introduced
schedule send and undo send for emails, and Message also got the ability to undo send and edit
messages. Stage Manager was introduced as a new way to organize all open windows in a desktop.
Maps gained the feature for multiple-stop routes, Metal 3 was added with support for spatial and
temporal image upscaling, Lockdown mode was added to reduce the risk of a cyberattack, and the
ability to play ambient background sounds was added as an accessibility feature in System Settings.

macOS 14 Sonoma

Screenshot of Sonoma

macOS Sonoma was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 5, 2023, and released on
September 26, 2023.[235] macOS Sonoma revamped widgets—they can now be placed anywhere on
the desktop. Game mode optimizes game performance by prioritizing gaming tasks and allocating
more GPU and CPU capacity to the game, and by doing so is able to provide smoother frame rates for
gameplay. The Spotlight Search bar and all app icons were made even more rounded, smoother
animations were implemented for notifications and the lock screen, and new slow-motion
screensavers of different locations worldwide were added. When logged in, they gradually slow down
and become the desktop wallpaper.

macOS 15 Sequoia

macOS Sequoia was announced during the WWDC keynote speech on June 10, 2024. It adds support
for Apple Intelligence features (for example a redesigned Siri, writing tools, Image Playground,
Genmoji, and system-wide integration with GPT-4o), as well as adding iPhone Mirroring, a new
dedicated Passwords app for faster autofilling and more organised passwords, and window tiling - a
similar feature to Microsoft Windows' Aero Snap window snapping feature.[236]
Segurança

Apple publishes Apple Platform Security documents to lay out the security protections built into
macOS and Mac hardware.[237]

macOS supports additional hardware-based security features on Apple silicon Macs:[238]

Write xor execute prevents some security vulnerabilities by making memory pages either writable
or executable, but not both.[238]

PCIe or Thunderbolt devices are prevented by IOMMUs from reading system memory that is not
explicitly mapped to them, unlike Intel-based Macs.[238][239]

macOS's optional Lockdown Mode enables additional protections, such as disabling just-in-time
compilation for Safari's JavaScript engine, blocks FaceTime calls unless you have previously called
that person or contact, location information is excluded when photos are being shared, Game Center
is disabled, and accessories have to be approved and your Mac has to be unlocked. These prevent
some vulnerabilities within macOS.[240]

Only the latest major release of macOS (currently macOS Sequoia) receives patches for all known
security vulnerabilities. The previous two releases receive some security updates, but not for all
vulnerabilities known to Apple. In 2021, Apple fixed a critical privilege escalation vulnerability in
macOS Big Sur, but a fix remained unavailable for the previous release, macOS Catalina, for 234 days,
until Apple was informed that the vulnerability was being used to infect the computers of Hong Kong
citizens and other people who visited Hong Kong pro-democracy websites that may have been
blocked in Hong Kong.[241][242]

macOS Ventura added support for Rapid Security Response (RSR) updates and Lockdown Mode.
Rapid Security Response updates may require a reboot, but take less than a minute to install.[243][244]
In an analysis, Hackintosh developer Mykola Grymalyuk noted that RSR updates can only fix userland
vulunerability, and cannot patch the macOS kernel.[245] Lockdown Mode is an optional security
feature designed to provide extreme protection for users who may be at risk of targeted cyberattacks,
such as journalists, activists, and public figures. This mode significantly alters the functionality of the
device to enhance security against sophisticated threats, particularly from spyware and state-
sponsored attacks. Apple says most people are never impacted by these attacks.[246]

Malware and spyware

In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that have
affected Microsoft Windows users.[247][248][249] macOS has a smaller usage share compared to
Windows.[250] Worms, as well as potential vulnerabilities, were noted in 2006, which led some industry
analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to
malware.[251] Increasing market share coincided with additional reports of a variety of attacks.[252] In
early 2011, Mac OS X experienced a large increase in malware attacks,[253] and malware such as Mac
Defender, MacProtector, and MacGuard was seen as an increasing problem for Mac users. At first,
the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions
installed without user input.[254] Initially, Apple support staff were instructed not to assist in the
removal of the malware or admit the existence of the malware issue, but as the malware spread, a
support document was issued. Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimated
100,000 users were affected.[255][256] Apple releases security updates for macOS regularly,[257] as well
as signature files containing malware signatures for Xprotect, an anti-malware feature part of File
Quarantine present since Mac OS X Snow Leopard.[258]

Recepção

Usage share

As of January 2023, macOS is the second-most widely used general-purpose desktop operating
system used on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windows, with a 15.33% usage share,
according to statistics compiled by StatCounter.[259]

Promotion

As a device company, Apple has mostly promoted macOS to sell Macs, with promotion of macOS
updates focused on existing users, promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners, or through
events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as
better for handling media and other home-user applications, and comparing Mac OS X (especially
versions Tiger and Leopard) with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long-awaited
Windows Vista operating system.[260][261]

Veja também

Dock (macOS)

Classic Mac OS (1984–2001)

Comparison of BSD operating systems

Comparison of operating systems

List of operating systems

List of Mac software

Mac operating systems

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Links externos

Site oficial (https://apple.com/macos)

Suporte macOS (https://support.apple.com/macos) – página oficial de suporte