Week 1: Introduction to Python Programming
Lab Exercise 1.1: Arithmetic Operations
# Program to perform basic arithmetic operations
# Taking input from the user
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))
# Performing arithmetic operations
addition = num1 + num2
subtraction = num1 - num2
multiplication = num1 * num2
division = num1 / num2
# Displaying the results
print("Addition:", addition)
print("Subtraction:", subtraction)
print("Multiplication:", multiplication)
print("Division:", division)
Lab Exercise 1.2: Basic Input / Output Operations
# Program to take input from the user and display a message
# Taking input from the user
name = input("Enter your name: ")
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
# Displaying the message
print(f"Hello, {name}! You are {age} years old.")
Week 2: Control Structures and Loops
Lab Exercise 2.1: Largest of Three Numbers
# Program to find the largest of three numbers
# Taking input from the user
num1 = float(input("Enter first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter second number: "))
num3 = float(input("Enter third number: "))
# Finding the largest number
if (num1 >= num2) and (num1 >= num3):
largest = num1
elif (num2 >= num1) and (num2 >= num3):
largest = num2
else:
largest = num3
# Displaying the result
print("The largest number is", largest)
Lab Exercise 2.2: Check the given number is even or odd
# Input from the user
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Check if the number is even or odd
if number % 2 == 0:
print(f"{number} is an Even number.")
else:
print(f"{number} is an Odd number.")
Lab Exercise 2.3:check the given year is leap year
# Input from the user
year = int(input("Enter a year: "))
# Check if the year is a leap year
if (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0):
print(f"{year} is a Leap year.")
else:
print(f"{year} is not a Leap year.")
Lab Exercise 2.4: Multiplication Table
# Program to display the multiplication table of a given number
# Taking input from the user
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Displaying the multiplication table
for i in range(1, 11):
print(f"{number} x {i} = {number * i}")
Lab Exercise 2.5: Sum of digits in given number
# Input from the user
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Initialize sum variable
sum_of_digits = 0
# Loop to calculate the sum of digits
while num > 0:
digit = num % 10 # Get the last digit
sum_of_digits = sum_of_digits + digit # Add the digit to the sum
num = num // 10 # Remove the last digit
# Display the result
print("Sum of digits:", sum_of_digits)
Lab Exercise 2.6: Palindrome number
# Input from the user
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Store the original number to compare later
original_num = num
# Initialize a variable to store the reversed number
reversed_num = 0
# Loop to reverse the digits of the number
while num > 0:
digit = num % 10 # Extract the last digit
reversed_num = reversed_num * 10 + digit # Build the reversed number
num = num // 10 # Remove the last digit
# Check if the original number is equal to the reversed number
if original_num == reversed_num:
print(f"{original_num} is a Palindrome number.")
else:
print(f"{original_num} is not a Palindrome number.")
Lab Exercise 2.7:check the given number is prime or not
# Input from the user
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Check if the number is prime
if num > 1:
is_prime = True
# Check for factors from 2 to sqrt(num)
for i in range(2, int(num**0.5) + 1):
if num % i == 0:
is_prime = False
break
if is_prime:
print(f"{num} is a Prime number.")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a Prime number.")
else:
print(f"{num} is not a Prime number.") # Numbers less than 2 are not prime
Lab Exercise 2.8:Fibonacci number
# Input from the user
n = int(input("Enter the number of terms: "))
# First two terms of the Fibonacci sequence
a, b = 0, 1
count = 0
# Check if the number of terms is valid
if n <= 0:
print("Please enter a positive integer.")
elif n == 1:
print("Fibonacci sequence up to 1 term:")
print(a)
else:
print(f"Fibonacci sequence up to {n} terms:")
while count < n:
print(a, end=" ")
# Update values for the next term
next_term = a + b
a=b
b = next_term
count = count + 1
Week 3: Functions and Modular Programming
Lab Exercise 3.1: Factorial Calculation
# Program to calculate the factorial of a number using a function
def factorial(n):
if n == 0:
return 1
else:
return n * factorial(n-1)
# Taking input from the user
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Calculating and displaying the factorial
print(f"The factorial of {num} is {factorial(num)}")
Lab Exercise 3.2: Fibonacci Sequence
# Program to compute the Fibonacci sequence using recursive approach
# Recursive approach
def fibonacci_recursive(n):
if n <= 1:
return n
else:
return fibonacci_recursive(n-1) + fibonacci_recursive(n-2)
# Taking input from the user
num = int(input("Enter the number of terms: "))
# Displaying the Fibonacci sequence
print("Fibonacci sequence (Recursive):", [fibonacci_recursive(i) for i in range(num)])
Lab Exercise 3.3: two different standard library modules
# Importing standard library modules
import math
import datetime
# Asking the user for a number
number = int(input("Enter a number: "))
# Using the math module to calculate the square root and factorial
sqrt_value = math.sqrt(number)
factorial_value = math.factorial(number)
print(f"The square root of {number} is {sqrt_value}")
print(f"The factorial of {number} is {factorial_value}")
# Using the datetime module to display the current date and time
current_datetime = datetime.datetime.now()
print(f"Current date and time: {current_datetime}")
Week 4: Data Structures (Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries)
Lab Exercise 4.1: List Operations
# Program to perform operations on a list
# Creating a list
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# Adding an element to the list
numbers.append(6)
print("List after adding an element:", numbers)
# Removing an element from the list
numbers.remove(3)
print("List after removing an element:", numbers)
# Sorting the list
numbers.sort()
print("Sorted list:", numbers)
Lab Exercise 4.2: Frequency of Elements in a List
# Program to count the frequency of elements in a list
# Creating a list
elements = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4]
# Counting the frequency
frequency = {}
for item in elements:
if item in frequency:
frequency[item] = frequency[item] + 1
else:
frequency[item] = 1
# Displaying the frequency
print("Frequency of elements:", frequency)
Lab Exercise 4.3:List comprehension
# Original list of numbers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
# Using list comprehension to create a new list of squares of even numbers
squares_of_evens = [x**2 for x in numbers if x % 2 == 0]
# Display the original list and the new list
print("Original list:", numbers)
print("Squares of even numbers:", squares_of_evens)
Lab Exercise 4.4: create, modify and iterate tuples
# Creating a tuple
my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print("Original tuple:", my_tuple)
# Modifying the tuple by creating a new one
# For example, let's add an element to the tuple
new_element = 6
modified_tuple = my_tuple + (new_element,)
print("Modified tuple:", modified_tuple)
# Iterating through the modified tuple
print("Iterating through the modified tuple:")
for item in modified_tuple:
print(item)
Week 5:Dictionaries and Sets
Lab Exercise 5.1:Create and manipulate dictionaries
# Creating a dictionary
my_dict = { "name": "Alice", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
# Display the original dictionary
print("Original Dictionary:", my_dict)
# Adding a new key-value pair
my_dict["occupation"] = "Engineer"
print("\nAfter adding occupation:", my_dict)
# Updating an existing key-value pair
my_dict["age"] = 31
print("After updating age:", my_dict)
# Removing a key-value pair
removed_value = my_dict.pop("city")
print(f"\nAfter removing city (removed value: {removed_value}):", my_dict)
# Iterating through the dictionary
print("\nIterating through the dictionary:")
for key, value in my_dict.items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
Lab Exercise 5.2: Dictionary comprehension
# Creating a dictionary using dictionary comprehension
# Mapping numbers to their squares for numbers 1 to 10
squares = {x: x**2 for x in range(1, 11)}
# Display the resulting dictionary
print("Dictionary of squares:")
print(squares)
Lab Exercise 5.3: create and perform operations on sets
# Creating a set
my_set = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
print("Original Set:", my_set)
# Adding an element to the set
my_set.add(6)
print("\nSet after adding 6:", my_set)
# Removing an element from the set
my_set.remove(3) # Using remove() will raise an error if the element is not found
print("Set after removing 3:", my_set)
# Performing set operations
another_set = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
# Union of two sets
union_set = my_set.union(another_set)
print("\nUnion of sets:", union_set)
# Intersection of two sets
intersection_set = my_set.intersection(another_set)
print("Intersection of sets:", intersection_set)
# Difference of two sets
difference_set = my_set.difference(another_set)
print("Difference of sets (my_set - another_set):", difference_set)
# Displaying the final state of the original set
print("\nFinal state of the original set:", my_set)
Week 6: Strings and File Handling
Lab Exercise 6.1: Longest Word in a Text File
# Program to find the longest word in a text file
# Opening the file
with open('C:\\Users\\Dell\\Desktop\\sample.txt', 'r') as file:
words = file.read().split()
# Finding the longest word
longest_word = max(words, key=len)
# Displaying the longest word
print("The longest word is:", longest_word)
Lab Exercise 6.2: Read and Write to Files
# Program to read a file line by line and write it to another file
# Opening the source file for reading
with open('C:\\Users\\Dell\\Desktop\\sample.txt', 'r') as source_file:
lines = source_file.readlines()
# Opening the destination file for writing
with open('C:\\Users\\Dell\\Desktop\\destination.txt', 'w') as destination_file:
for line in lines:
destination_file.write(line)
Week 7: Error handling and Exceptions
Lab Exercise 7.1: Program using try, except, else, and finally blocks
def divide_numbers(num1, num2):
try:
# Attempt to divide the two numbers
result = num1 / num2
except ZeroDivisionError:
# Handle the case where division by zero occurs
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
except TypeError:
# Handle the case where invalid types are provided
print("Error: Please provide numbers.")
else:
# If no exceptions were raised, this block will execute
print("The result of {} divided by {} is: {}".format(num1, num2, result))
finally:
# This block will execute no matter what
print("Execution of the divide_numbers function is complete.")
divide_numbers(num1, num2)
Example inputs
# Testing the function with different inputs
print("Test 1: Dividing 10 by 2")
divide_numbers(10, 2)
print("\nTest 2: Dividing 10 by 0")
divide_numbers(10, 0)
print("\nTest 3: Dividing 10 by a string")
divide_numbers(10, "a")
Lab Exercise 7.2: Handle specific exceptions
def divide_numbers(num1, num2):
try:
# Attempt to divide the two numbers
result = num1 / num2
except ZeroDivisionError:
# Handle the case where division by zero occurs
print("Error: Division by zero is not allowed.")
except TypeError:
# Handle the case where invalid types are provided
print("Error: Please provide valid numbers.")
except Exception as e:
# Catch any other exception and display the message
print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}")
else:
# If no exceptions were raised, this block will execute
print("The result of {} divided by {} is: {}".format(num1, num2, result))
finally:
# This block will execute no matter what
print("Execution of the divide_numbers function is complete.")
# Function to get user input and handle potential conversion errors
def get_number_input(prompt):
while True:
try:
# Get input from the user and convert it to a float
return float(input(prompt))
except ValueError:
# Handle the case where conversion to float fails
print("Error: Please enter a valid number.")
# Main program
print("Enter two numbers to divide:")
num1 = get_number_input("Enter the first number: ")
num2 = get_number_input("Enter the second number: ")
divide_numbers(num1, num2)
Sample inputs and outputs
a)Enter two numbers to divide:
Enter the first number: 10
Enter the second number: 2
The result of 10.0 divided by 2.0 is: 5.0
Execution of the divide_numbers function is complete.
b)Enter two numbers to divide:
Enter the first number: 10
Enter the second number: 0
Error: Division by zero is not allowed.
Execution of the divide_numbers function is complete.
c)Enter two numbers to divide:
Enter the first number: 10
Enter the second number: a
Error: Please enter a valid number.
Enter the second number: 5
The result of 10.0 divided by 5.0 is: 2.0
Execution of the divide_numbers function is complete.
Week 8: Object-Oriented Programming(OOP)
Lab Exercise 8.1: Class for Geometric Shapes
# Program to create a class for geometric shapes
class Shape:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def area(self):
pass
def perimeter(self):
pass
class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, radius):
super().__init__("Circle")
self.radius = radius
def area(self):
return 3.14 * self.radius * self.radius
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * 3.14 * self.radius
class Rectangle(Shape):
def __init__(self, length, width):
super().__init__("Rectangle")
self.length = length
self.width = width
def area(self):
return self.length * self.width
def perimeter(self):
return 2 * (self.length + self.width)
# Creating objects and displaying the area and perimeter
circle = Circle(5)
print(f"Area of {circle.name}: {circle.area()}")
print(f"Perimeter of {circle.name}: {circle.perimeter()}")
rectangle = Rectangle(4, 7)
print(f"Area of {rectangle.name}: {rectangle.area()}")
print(f"Perimeter of {rectangle.name}: {rectangle.perimeter()}")
Lab Exercise 8.2:Demonstrate inheritance
# Base class
class Vehicle:
def __init__(self, make, model, year):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
def display_info(self):
return f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model}"
# Derived class
class Car(Vehicle):
def __init__(self, make, model, year, doors):
# Calling the constructor of the base class
super().__init__(make, model, year)
self.doors = doors
def display_info(self):
# Extending the info method to include the number of doors
return f"{self.year} {self.make} {self.model} with {self.doors} doors"
# Main program
def main():
# Creating an instance of Vehicle
vehicle = Vehicle("Toyota", "Camry", 2020)
print(vehicle.display_info()) # Outputs: 2020 Toyota Camry
# Creating an instance of Car
car = Car("Honda", "Accord", 2021, 4)
print(car.display_info()) # Outputs: 2021 Honda Accord with 4 doors
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Week 9:Libraries and packages
Lab Exercise 9.1:
Write a program using libraries like NumPy and Pandas.
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
# Create a NumPy array of random numbers
np.random.seed(0) # For reproducibility
data = np.random.randint(1, 100, size=(10, 3)) # 10 rows, 3 columns
# Display the NumPy array
print("NumPy Array:")
print(data)
# Convert the NumPy array to a Pandas DataFrame
columns = ['A', 'B', 'C']
df = pd.DataFrame(data, columns=columns)
# Display the DataFrame
print("\nPandas DataFrame:")
print(df)
# Calculate the mean of each column
mean_values = df.mean()
print("\nMean Values:")
print(mean_values)
# Add a new column with the sum of the existing columns
df['Sum'] = df['A'] + df['B'] + df['C']
print("\nDataFrame with Sum Column:")
print(df)
# Filter rows where the sum is greater than 150
filtered_df = df[df['Sum'] > 150]
print("\nFiltered DataFrame (Sum > 150):")
print(filtered_df)
output:
NumPy Array:
[[45 48 65]
[68 68 68]
[10 84 77]
[87 70 88]
[83 64 80]
[19 54 82]
[55 65 53]
[69 68 62]
[87 60 74]
[84 53 23]]
Pandas DataFrame:
A B C
0 45 48 65
1 68 68 68
2 10 84 77
3 87 70 88
4 83 64 80
5 19 54 82
6 55 65 53
7 69 68 62
8 87 60 74
9 84 53 23
Mean Values:
A 57.6
B 61.8
C 69.6
dtype: float64
DataFrame with Sum Column:
A B C Sum
3 87 70 88 245
4 83 64 80 227
5 19 54 82 155
8 87 60 74 221
Filtered DataFrame (Sum > 150):
A B C Sum
3 87 70 88 245
4 83 64 80 227
5 19 54 82 155
8 87 60 74 221
Lab Exercise 9.2: Packages
Create a package containing modules for mathematical operations (e.g., addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division).
Step 1: Create the Package Structure
Create the following directory structure for your package:
math_operations/
├── math_ops/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── addition.py
│ ├── subtraction.py
│ ├── multiplication.py
│ └── division.py
└── setup.py
Step 2: Create the Modules
1. math_ops/addition.py
def add(a, b):
"""Return the sum of two numbers."""
return a + b
2. math_ops/subtraction.py
def subtract(a, b):
"""Return the difference of two numbers."""
return a - b
3. math_ops/multiplication.py
def multiply(a, b):
"""Return the product of two numbers."""
return a * b
4. math_ops/division.py
def divide(a, b):
"""Return the quotient of two numbers. Raise ValueError if dividing by zero."""
if b == 0:
raise ValueError("Cannot divide by zero.")
return a / b
5.math_ops/__init__.py
from .addition import add
from .subtraction import subtract
from .multiplication import multiply
from .division import divide
__all__ = ['add', 'subtract', 'multiply', 'divide']
Step 3: Create the setup.py File
setup.py
from setuptools import setup, find_packages
setup(
name='math_operations',
version='0.1',
packages=find_packages(),
description='A simple package for basic mathematical operations',
author='Your Name',
author_email='your.email@example.com',
)
Step 4: Install the Package
1. Open your terminal or command prompt.
2. Navigate to the directory containing the setup.py file.
3. Run the following command to install the package:
pip install .
Step 5: Using the Package
Create a new Python file (e.g., test_math_operations.py) to test the package:
test_math_operations.py
from math_ops import add, subtract, multiply, divide
# Test the operations
print("Addition: 5 + 3 =", add(5, 3))
print("Subtraction: 5 - 3 =", subtract(5, 3))
print("Multiplication: 5 * 3 =", multiply(5, 3))
print("Division: 5 / 2 =", divide(5, 2))
# Handling division by zero
try:
print("Division: 5 / 0 =", divide(5, 0))
except ValueError as e:
print(e)
Step 6: Run the Test Program
Run the test_math_operations.py file in your terminal:
python test_math_operations.py
Example Output
Addition: 5 + 3 = 8
Subtraction: 5 - 3 = 2
Multiplication: 5 * 3 = 15
Division: 5 / 2 = 2.5
Cannot divide by zero.
Week 10: Working with Data
Lab Exercise 10.1:
Write a Program Demonstrating Data Loading, Manipulation, and Visualization using Pandas,
Matplotlib, and Seaborn.
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Step 1: Load the dataset (for this example, we'll create a simple dataset)
data = {
'Name': ['John', 'Anna', 'Peter', 'Linda', 'James'],
'Age': [28, 22, 35, 32, 30],
'Salary': [70000, 48000, 102000, 56000, 75000]
# Create a DataFrame
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
# Step 2: Data Manipulation
# - Calculate the average salary
average_salary = df['Salary'].mean()
print(f"Average Salary: {average_salary}")
# - Filter the employees who are older than 30
older_employees = df[df['Age'] > 30]
print("\nEmployees older than 30:")
print(older_employees)
# Step 3: Data Visualization
# Plot a bar chart for the salaries of employees
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
plt.bar(df['Name'], df['Salary'], color='blue')
plt.title('Employee Salaries')
plt.xlabel('Employee Name')
plt.ylabel('Salary')
plt.show()
Example Output:
Average Salary: 70200.0
Employees older than 30:
Name Age Salary
2 Peter 35 102000
3 Linda 32 56000
5 James 30 75000
