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Chapter One

Introduction to OS
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Outline

 What is an Operating System?

 What does an OS do?
 Types of OS
 OS in different environment
 Short History of OS
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What is an Operating System?

 A modern computer consists of 1 or more processors, main

memory, disk, printer, a keyboard, a display, NIC and other
input/ output devices (all in all a complex system).
 Writing programs to keep track of all these components and
use them correctly is an extremely difficult job.
 For these reason computers are equipped with layer of
software called OS whose job is to manage all these devices
and to provide user programs with a simple interface to the
hardware.
What is an Operating System?... 4

 An Operating system is a program that acts as an intermediary

between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
 Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
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What is an Operating System?...

 What is OS?
 An OS is a program which acts as an interface between
computer system users and the computer hardware.
 It
provides a user-friendly environment in which a user may easily
develop and execute programs.
 Otherwise, hardware knowledge would be mandatory for
computer programming.
 So, it can be said that an OS hides the complexity of hardware
from uninterested users.
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Cont’d…

 Three Key Elements of any Operating System:

 Technical
Layer of Software: for driving the hardware of
the computer, like disk drives, the keyboard and the
screen.
 FileSystem: which provides a way of organizing files
logically.
 UserInterface: which enables users to run their own
programs and to manipulate their files in a simple way.
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Cont’d…

 Operating Systems may be classified based on two things

 The amount of task they perform concurrently
 Single-Tasking
 Multi-Tasking
 The number of user they use the system simultaneously
 Single-User
 Multi-User
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Abstract View of System Components
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Abstract View of System Components

Hides the complexity of machine

language from programmer

Instruction Set Architecture

Physical devices grouped

together to form functional units

Integrated circuit chips,

power supply, CRT

 The operating system run in kernel or supervisor mode –

 i.e. protected from user tampering
 Compilers, editors and application programs run in user mode
Detail Functions of an OS 10

 User Environment - OS layer transforms bare hardware machine into

higher level abstractions
 Execution environment - process management, file manipulation, interrupt
handling, I/O operations, language.
 Error detection and handling - internal and external hardware errors. And
various software errors.
 Make the response that clears the error condition with least impact on the user
 Security - enforce security through abstraction.
Detail Functions of an OS…… 11

 Resource Management- manages every resources efficiently

 Time management
 CPU and disk transfer scheduling
 Space management
 Main and secondary storage allocation
 Synchronization and deadlock handling
 PC, critical section, semaphore, global variable
 Accounting and status information
 Resource usage tracking
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The Operating System Zoo

 Mainframe operating systems

 Personal computer operating systems
 Multiprocessor operating systems
 Real-time operating systems
 Embedded operating systems
 plamOS, WindowsCE(customer electronic)
 Smart card operating systems
Mainframe Systems 13

A mainframe is used for businesses to host their commercial

databases, transaction servers, and applications that require a
greater degree of security and availability than in commonly
found on smaller-scale machines.
Mainframe Systems…Why mainframe? 14

 Mainframes serve a vast number of online transaction processing (OLTP)

systems.
 These are often mission-critical applications that businesses depend on
for their core functions. Some industry uses of online systems:
 Banks – ATMs, teller systems for customer service
 Insurance – Agent systems for policy management and claims processing
 Travel and Transport – Airline reservation systems
 Manufacturing – Inventory control, production scheduling
 Government – Tax processing, license issuance and management.
OS Features Needed for Multiprogramming 15

 Problem with multi programming

 User can’t interact with a job when it’s executing
 Program must be debugged statically
 Why multiprogramming?
 IncreasesCPU utilization by trying to always keep the CPU busy
processing some job
 I/O of one job causes switch to another job
Desktop Systems 16

 Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a single user.

 I/O devices – keyboards, mouse, display screens, small printers.
 Major issues are-User convenience and responsiveness.
 Can adopt technology developed for larger OS.
 Often individuals have sole use of computer
 Hence, do not need advanced CPU utilization of protection features.
 May run several different types of operating systems (Windows, MacOS,
Linux)
Parallel Systems 17

 Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close communication.

 Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock
 Communication usually takes place through the shared memory.
 Advantages of parallel system:
 Increased throughput with more processors
 Economical – share peripherals, mass storage, power etc. as opposed to
individual PCs
 Increased reliability
 graceful degradation / fault tolerant
 failure of one processor will slow down but not halt the system
 other processors pick up the slack
Parallel Systems… 18
Parallel Systems… 19
Parallel Systems…. 20

 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

 Each processor runs identical copy of
the operating system.
 Many processes can run at once without
performance deterioration.
 Most modern operating systems support
SMP

 Asymmetric multiprocessing
 Each processor is assigned a specific task; controlling processor
schedules and allocates work to other processors.
 More common in extremely large systems
Parallel Systems… 21

 Master/slave assignment: Kernel functions always run on a particular

processor. Other processors execute user processes.
 Advantage: Resource conflict resolution simplified since single processor
has control.
 Problem: Failure of master processor? Master processor does the scheduling
==> bottleneck.
 Peer assignment: OS can execute on any processor. Each processor
does its own scheduling from the pool of available processes.
Parallel Systems…. 22

Master-Slave multiprocessors
Parallel Systems…. 23

Each CPU has its own operating system

Parallel Systems…. 24

Symmetric Multiprocessors
SMP multiprocessor model
Distributed Systems 25

 Distribute the computation among several physical processors.

 Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local memory;
 processors communicate with one another through various
communications lines, such as high-speed buses or telephone lines.
 Advantages of distributed systems.
 Resource sharing
 Computation speed up – load sharing
 Reliability
 Strong Communications between processors and processes
Distributed Systems (cont.) 26

 Requires networking infrastructure.

 TCP/IP is the most common network protocol
 Local area networks (LAN) or
 Wide area networks (WAN)
 May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems.
Real-Time Systems 27

 A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an OS that guarantees real-time

applications a certain capability within a specified deadline.
 Often used as a control device in a dedicated application
 Ex. controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, and some display systems.
 Well-defined, fixed time constraints.
 Need more accuracy on decision making
Real-Time Systems 28

 Hard real-time:
 Hard real-time software systems have a set of strict deadlines, and
missing a deadline is considered a system failure. Examples of hard
real-time systems: airplane sensor and autopilot systems,
 Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term
memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
 Not supported by general-purpose operating systems.
Real-Time Systems 29

 Soft real-time
 Soft real time system is a system whose operation is
degrade if results are not produce according to the
specified timing requirement.
 Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
 Usefulin applications audio and video delivery software for
entertainment (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring
advanced operating-system features.
Embedded Systems 30

 Fusion of the application and the OS to one

unit
 Characteristics:
 Resource management
 Primaryinternal resources
 Less overhead
 Code of the OS and the
application mostly reside in
ROM
Embedded Systems… 31

 Embedded: application is compiled and linked together with

the embedded OS
 On system start, application usually gets executed first, and it then
starts the RTOS.
 Typicallyonly part of RTOS (services, routines, or functions) needed to
support the embedded application system are configured and linked
in
Smart card systems 32

 The standard definition of a smart card, or integrated circuit

card (ICC), is any pocket sized card with embedded
integrated circuits.
 Loosely defined, a smart card is any card with a capability to
relate information to a particular application such as:
 Magnetic Stripe Cards
 Optical Cards
 Memory Cards
 Microprocessor Cards
Magnetic Stripe Cards 33

Standard technology for bank cards, driver’s licenses,

library cards, and so on……
Optical Cards 34

 Uses a laser to read

and write the card

 CANPASS Contains:
 Photo ID
 Fingerprint
Memory Cards 35

 Can store:
 Financial Info
 Personal Info
 Specialized Info
 Cannot process Info
History of Operating Systems 36

 First generation 1945 - 1955

 Aiken, von Neumann, Eckert, Mauchley and Zuse
 Programming done via mechanical switches (plug boards),
 Vacuum tubes
 All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug
boards to control the machine’s basic functions.
 Programming languages were unknown (even assembly language was unknown).
 History of Operating Systems 37

 Second generation 1955 - 1965

 Transistors more reliable than vacuum tubes
 Implemented the first operating system on IBM701 (system runs one job at a time)
 Batch systems introduced to reduce wasted time in setting up and running jobs

•bring cards to 1401

•read cards to tape offline
•put tape on 7094 which does computing
•put tape on 1401 which prints output
offline
History of Operating Systems 38

 Third generation 1965 – 1980

 Use of integrated circuits provided major price/performance advantage

over 2nd generation.

 Introduced multiprogramming to make most efficient use of CPU.

 Spooling: read jobs from cards to disk ready to load into memory and
queue output to disk for printing.
History of Operating Systems 39

 Timesharing (a variant of multiprogramming) provides for user interaction

with the computer system
 Enables the sharing of computer resources among many users by means
of multiprogramming and multitasking.
 The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory and on
disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory).
 Takes advantage of the idle CPU
 Switch occurs so frequently that the user can interact with each program as it is
running
 Each command is short so only a little CPU time is needed for each user
 Each user is given the impression that the entire system is dedicated to his use
 Batch jobs could be running in background
History of Operating Systems 40

 Fourth generation 1980 – present

 With the development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits, chips
containing thousands of transistors on a square centimeter of silicon, the age
of the personal computer dawned.
 Operating systems for personal computers and work stations were introduced
 Ms-DOS (Microsoft ) and UNIX (Motorola ) got popularity
 Early Windows versions ran on top of DOS, Windows 95 and beyond and NT
were full fledged OSs
 Network Operating Systems (user sees multiple computers)
 Distributed Operating Systems (user sees one processor)
History of Operating Systems 41

First generation 1945 - 1955

 vacuum tubes, plug boards
Second generation 1955 - 1965
 transistors, batch systems
Third generation 1965 – 1980
 ICs and multiprogramming
Fourth generation 1980 – present
 personal computers
Characteristic of Modern OS 42

 Micro Kernel architecture- assign only few functions

 Address space, interprocess communication, basic scheduling
 Multi-Tasking
 creating displaceable unit of work called for a particular process
 Symmetric Multi-Processing
 Performance, availability, incremental growth, scaling
 Distributed OS
 Object Oriented design
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End of Chapter One