Letter Vol. 44, No.

19 / 1 October 2019 / Optics Letters 4905

Cascaded injection of semiconductor lasers

in period-one oscillations for millimeter-wave
generation
LUAN ZHANG1 AND SZE-CHUN CHAN1,2,*
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
*Corresponding author: scchan@cityu.edu.hk

Received 30 July 2019; revised 3 September 2019; accepted 3 September 2019; posted 3 September 2019 (Doc. ID 374058);
published 1 October 2019

Period-one (P1) oscillations in semiconductor lasers are allowed by adjusting the injection [16,17]. These properties
are applicable in photonic millimeter-wave (mm-wave) of the P1 oscillations are useful for various applications such as
generation. P1 oscillation can be invoked by optically in- radio-over-fiber communications [3,15]. For instance, the fre-
jecting a laser, where the phase noise can be suppressed by quency tuning range of P1 oscillations matches the fifth
modulation. To increase the frequency range of mm-wave generation (5G) communications bands at 28, 37, 39, and
generation, cascaded injection is investigated for enhancing 57–71 GHz [18], while further increment is possible.
the P1 oscillation harmonics. Relative to the optical fre- Although P1 oscillations provide the excellent tunabilities,
quency of the injection from a master laser, P1 oscillation low-noise photonic microwave generation can be achieved by
at frequency f 0 is induced in a primary slave laser which, in different approaches using mode-locked laser diodes with fixed
turn, injects a secondary slave laser for enhancing the pulse repetition rates [19–22], optoelectronic oscillators incor-
harmonic at 2f 0 . Experimentally, photonic mm-wave porating microwave filtering [23,24], and dual-wavelength fi-
generation at 2f 0
72 GHz is demonstrated using P1 os- ber lasers adopting mechanical tuning [25], where microwave
cillations at f 0
36 GHz. Subharmonic locking by modu- linewidths of less than 10 kHz are possible. Noise suppression
lation at f 0 ∕4
9 GHz can suppress the output phase for P1 oscillations has been investigated through various forms
noise to −87 dBc∕Hz at 10 kHz offset. The mm-wave power of optical feedback, which incorporate single loops, dual-loops,
can be strengthened by the coherent addition from the and filters for circumventing the electrical bandwidth limita-
master laser. The mm-wave frequency can be tuned by tions [16,26,27]. Polarization-rotated feedback and optoelec-
varying the operating conditions of the lasers. Extension tronic feedback were studied for eliminating the effects of
to higher frequencies is possible using the approach of optical phase fluctuations [27–29]. These feedback schemes
cascaded injection. © 2019 Optical Society of America
typically yield microwave linewidths on the order of 10 kHz,
https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.44.004905 except when employing long fiber spools [6,16]. Further sup-
pression of the P1 oscillation noise is possible through different
locking techniques, which adopt external stable microwave
sources to modulate the lasers [30–33]. The modulation can
Nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers can be utilized for be applied on the lasers electrically or on the injection
generating and processing microwave waveforms, including optically using electro-optic modulators. The modulation fre-
broadband chaos and narrowband tones, which are applicable quency can be tuned near the P1 oscillation frequency f 0 or its
in communications, signal processing, and range detection subharmonics, depending on the sources available. Recently,
[1–13]. Of particular interest are the period-one (P1) oscilla- subharmonic locking by modulated injection was demon-
tion dynamics in optically injected lasers that offer a number strated for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) generation at a P1 os-
of advantages for photonic microwave generation [1,8,14]. cillation frequency of f 0
40 GHz, where a source at 4 GHz
Wide continuous tuning of the P1 oscillation frequency f 0 is locks the P1 oscillation for suppressing the phase noise to less
allowed for up to a few times of the relaxation resonance fre- than −80 dBc∕Hz at 10 kHz offset [34]. The technique resem-
quency of the injected laser that is typically on the order of bles those for optical sideband-injection locking that often in-
10 GHz [14,15]. Agile tuning of the P1 frequency is possible clude extra components such as optical filters and phase-locking
by varying the injection strength to realize high sweep rates circuitries for further noise suppression [35–38]. Nonetheless,
reaching 1018 Hz∕s [4]. Single-sided optical spectra can be the technique used the fundamental f 0 of the locked P1
obtained for mitigating power penalties in dispersive transmis- oscillation for mm-wave generation [34]. The generated
sions [7], where intensity-modulation depths reaching 100% frequency range is limited by the number of modulation

0146-9592/19/194905-04 Journal © 2019 Optical Society of America

 4906 Vol. 44, No. 19 / 1 October 2019 / Optics Letters Letter

Fig. 1. Cascaded injection of lasers in P1 oscillations with harmonic

enhancement for photonic mm-wave generation. ML, master
laser; SL1 , primary slave laser; SL2 , secondary slave laser; MS, microwave
source; MOD, electro-optic modulator; Att., attenuation.

Fig. 2. Optical spectra measured at (a) Q 1 , (b) Q 2 , and (c) Q s of

sidebands and the dynamics of the single injected laser, in spite the setup for mm-wave generation at 2f 0
42 GHz. The green
of some interesting developments by different perturba- curves in the first row are measured at Q 0 for reference. MOD is
tions [39–41]. switched (i) off and (ii) on at f m
7 GHz. The span of each
In this Letter, cascaded injection is investigated for photonic spectrum is 150 GHz.
mm-wave generation using two slave lasers in P1 oscillations
with harmonic enhancement. Optical injection from a master
laser ML induces P1 oscillation with a fundamental frequency injected with a matched polarization into SL1 , which is biased
f 0 in a primary slave laser SL1, which then injects a secondary at 17 mA for emitting about 1.4 mW through the circulator
slave laser SL2 for enhancing the P1 oscillation harmonics to to position Q 1 . Although SL1 has a free-running optical fre-
generate a signal at 2f 0 . Experimentally, photonic mm-wave quency of about 12 GHz below ν0, it is injection-locked to
generation at the harmonic 2f 0
72 GHz is demonstrated ν0 and exhibits P1 oscillation at a fundamental frequency f 0
based on P1 oscillations at f 0
36 GHz. By subharmonic of about 21 GHz, as the black curve shows in Fig. 2(a-i).
locking through modulation at f 0 ∕4
9 GHz, a low phase The P1 oscillation frequency f 0 is notably higher than the
noise of −87 dBc∕Hz at 10 kHz offset is obtained for the relaxation resonance frequencies of the lasers, which are
output signal. Such cascaded injection can be extended using below 10 GHz [15]. The emission of SL1 contains a strong
more slave lasers to generate harmonics higher than 2f 0 . regenerated frequency component at ν0 , along with some
Figure 1 shows the experimental setup for the cascaded oscillation components separated by f 0. By the antiguidance
injection of semiconductor lasers exhibiting nonlinear dynami- effect, the cavity resonance of SL1 is redshifted to amplify
cal P1 oscillations. ML, SL1 , and SL2 in Fig. 1 are three the P1 oscillation component at ν0 –f 0 , which becomes nearly
fiber-pigtailed distributed-feedback lasers (Apico CMP-LD- as strong as the regenerative component at ν0 in Fig. 2(a-i) [14].
1550-BTF). The single-mode lasers are operated near 1.55 μm The harmonic component at ν0 –2f 0 is over 30 dB weaker in
with thresholds of about 10 mA when stabilized at around comparison. Thus, SL1 after the first stage of injection effec-
20°C. The emissions at positions Q 0 , Q 1 , Q 2 , and Q s are tively realizes photonic microwave generation for the funda-
monitored by an optical spectrum analyzer. The corresponding mental frequency f 0, but not for the harmonics of f 0 .
mm-wave signals are obtained using a 70 GHz photodetector To enhance the harmonics, the emission from SL1 at Q 1 is
(Finisar XPDV3120), which is put behind a fiber amplifier for injected into SL2 in a cascade via the second circulator with
maintaining a constant average optical power in all measure- polarizations matched using controller PC2 in Fig. 1. SL2 is
ments. To illustrate the principle of cascaded injection, biased at 25 mA in corresponding to a free-running emission
Figs. 2–4 are first obtained by using P1 oscillations at of 3 mW through the circulator to position Q 2 . SL2 has a
f 0
21 GHz to generate 2f 0
42 GHz, for which the free-running optical frequency of about 40 GHz below ν0,
progressive locking of the signals can be readily evaluated by a but it is injection-locked by SL1 into emitting at ν0 and a num-
43 GHz electrical spectrum analyzer (Advantest U3772). The ber of oscillation components separated by f 0
21 GHz in
tuning of 2f 0
42 GHz to a much higher frequency of Fig. 2(b-i). The components at ν0 and ν0 –f 0 are clearly
2f 0
72 GHz is then illustrated in Fig. 5 by varying the regenerated in SL2 , while the harmonic component at
operating conditions of the lasers, where a different electrical ν0 –2f 0 is now the strongest because of significant enhancement
spectrum analyzer specific to the high frequency is employed. by the cavity resonance of SL2 [14]. Photonic mm-wave gen-
For mm-wave generation at 2f 0
42 GHz, Fig. 2 shows eration at the second harmonic 2f 0 is obtained when
the optical spectra at various positions normalized to the the optical frequency components at ν0 and ν0 –2f 0 beat.
respective peaks with a resolution of 2.5 GHz. ML in Fig. 1 While Fig. 1 illustrates the concept of cascaded injection
emits continuous-wave light at ν0
193.5 THz that is using only two stages, the approach can be extended using
power-controlled by an erbium-doped fiber amplifier A more slave lasers to enhance higher harmonics of P1 oscillations
(Amonics AEDFA-33-B-FA), split by a fiber coupler (FC), and so further increase the frequency of mm-wave generation.
sent through a 10 GHz electro-optic phase modulator MOD The amplitude of the beat signal at 2f 0 maximizes when
(Thorlabs LN65S-FC), and transmitted though position Q 0 the components at ν0 and ν0 –2f 0 are equally strong. This is
with an optical power of about 1.8 mW, where a single- achieved at position Q s in Fig. 1 by summing up the emission
component optical spectrum at ν0 is recorded as the green curve of SL2 and the emission from ML, which passes through two
in Fig. 2(a-i) prior to applying modulation on MOD. Through 3 dB FCs, an adjustable attenuation, and a controller PCs for
a polarization controller PC1 and a circulator, the light is polarization matching. The upper (red) and lower (blue) arms
 Letter Vol. 44, No. 19 / 1 October 2019 / Optics Letters 4907

Fig. 4. SSB phase noise for the generated mm-wave signal at around
2f 0
42 GHz that is locked to 6f m . The modulation power and
frequency f m are varied. The phase noise is measured at 10 kHz offset.

resolution bandwidth of 1 kHz. In Fig. 3(a-ii) at Q 1 , the

Fig. 3. Power spectra measured at (a) Q 1 , (b) Q 2 , and (c) Q s of the P1 oscillation of SL1 at f 0
21 GHz has a linewidth
setup for mm-wave generation at 2f 0
42 GHz. MOD is switched being reduced to less than the resolution bandwidth of the
(i) off and (ii) on at f m
7 GHz. The horizontal axes are offset to the
measurement. Such a linewidth reduction is due to subhar-
different center frequencies.
monic locking by the modulation at f m
7 GHz. It indicates
the improved coherence between the components at ν0 and
ν0 –f 0 in Fig. 2(a-ii). In Fig. 3(b-ii), at Q 2 , the locking has
between the two FCs are constructed with the optical path progressed to SL2 so that the power spectrum around
lengths matched to within 0.1 m, which is less than 10−2 times 2f 0
42 GHz also shows a small linewidth. The P1 oscilla-
of the coherence length of ML for ensuring coherent addition. tion of SL2 is locked, through a cascaded injection via SL1 , by
Therefore, Fig. 2(c-i) shows the optical spectrum at Q s with the modulation from MS. In Fig. 3(c-ii), at Q s , due to the
equally strong components at ν0 and ν0 –2f 0 for strengthened coherent addition of light from ML, the generated signal at
photonic mm-wave generation. 2f 0
42 GHz is strengthened while maintaining a small line-
As for phase noise suppression, a stable microwave source width. Thus, photonic mm-wave generation at the harmonic
MS connected to MOD is switched on to modulate the injec- 2f 0 is realized by the cascaded injection of the slave lasers
tion. Subharmonic locking is achieved as MS sends a sinusoidal in P1 oscillations at f 0 , while subharmonic locking is achieved
modulation at frequency f m
7 GHz, which corresponds to by applying the modulation f m at a fraction of f 0 . For quan-
one-third of the P1 frequency f 0
21 GHz. The green curve tifying the stability of the mm-wave generated at Q s , the power
in Fig. 2(a-ii) shows the spectrum at Q 0 for the modulated in- spectrum is normalized to its peak in yielding the phase noise
jection where the component at ν0 carries modulation side- spectrum [15,34]. The single-sideband (SSB) phase noise at
bands separated by f m. The spectrum corresponds to optical 10 kHz offset from the locked frequency of 2f 0
42 GHz
phase modulation by 0.3π when the maximal power of is measured to be lower than −75 dBc∕Hz for Fig. 3(c-ii), as
16 dBm is applied by MS. At Q 1 for the emission from limited by the measurement equipment available. Figure 4
SL1 , the black curve in Fig. 2(a-ii) shows that the components further shows the phase noise when the modulation power
due to P1 oscillation at f 0 coincide with every three modulation and frequency are varied at MS. The signal at around
sidebands. In Fig. 2(b-ii), for the emission from SL2 at Q 2 , the 2f 0
42 GHz, as generated by the P1 oscillations, is locked
component at ν0 –2f 0 coincides with the modulation to 6f m . The phase noise generally reduces when the modula-
sideband at ν0 –6f m that is enhanced because of the cascaded tion power increases. It rises only slightly when the modulation
injection. In Fig. 2(c-ii), at Q s , the coherent addition frequency f m is detuned from f 0 ∕3 by over 100 MHz. The
of light results in the equally strong components at ν0 and dependencies of the phase noise on the modulation in Fig. 4 are
ν0 –2f 0 for the generation of 2f 0 . characteristic of subharmonic locking of lasers in periodic
Figure 3 shows the power spectra measured in correspond- oscillations [31,32]. The stabilization of the two arms in
ing to Fig. 2. When MS is switched off, column (i) of Fig. 1 against ambient fluctuations can be considered for
Fig. 3 shows the power spectra with a resolution of 3 MHz. further suppression of noise [34].
In Fig. 3(a-i), for the emission from SL1 at Q 1 , the power spec- Figure 5 finally demonstrates 72 GHz mm-wave generation
trum zoomed to the center frequency of f 0
21 GHz is by increasing the P1 frequency of the slave lasers to f 0

generated as the optical frequency components in Fig. 2(a-i) 36 GHz. The approach of cascaded injection for generating
beat. The power spectrum has a relatively broad microwave 2f 0 is tunable through varying the fundamental frequency
linewidth on the order of 10 MHz due to laser noise. f 0 [16,33,34]. The tuning is easily achieved by adjusting
In Fig. 3(b-i), at Q 2 , the power spectrum is zoomed to the the operating conditions, namely, bias currents and tempera-
doubled center frequency of 2f 0
42 GHz. It is generated tures of the lasers. Upon receiving the emission from SL2 ,
from the emission of SL2 as the components in Fig. 2(b-i) beat. the photodetector generates a signal at 72 GHz and is now con-
In Fig. 3(c-i) at Q s , the power spectrum is again zoomed to nected to the high-frequency electrical spectrum analyzer incor-
2f 0
42 GHz, which shows an increased microwave power porating a waveguide mixer (Agilent PXA-N9030A/M1970V).
as the emission from SL2 beat with that from ML according Corresponding to f 0 ∕4 for subharmonic locking of the P1
to Fig. 2(c-i). The spectrum remains relatively broad because oscillations, the modulation frequency is set to f m
9 GHz
of noise. Clearly, by switching on MS, drastic linewidth reduc- at MS. A microwave amplifier (Agilent 83006A) is inserted
tions are observed for the power spectra in column (ii) of Fig. 3, immediately after MS in this experiment for boosting the
which are recorded with a small span of 100 kHz and a fine microwave power to 19 dBm, which saturates the amplifier
 4908 Vol. 44, No. 19 / 1 October 2019 / Optics Letters Letter

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