EXPERIMENT NO-1
AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM: To study the function of Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation (under
modulation, perfect modulation & over modulation) and to calculate the modulation
index.
APPARATUS:
1. Amplitude Modulation & De modulation trainer kit.
2. C.R.O (20MHz)
3. Function generator (1MHz).
4. Connecting cords & probes.
THEORY:
Amplitude modulation (AM) is defined as a process in which the amplitude of the
carrier wave c(t) varies about a mean value, linear with the base band signal m(t). An
AM wave may thus be described, in its most general form, as a function of time as
follows. S(t)=A [1+Kam(t)] Cos (2πfct) The amplitude of Kam(t) is always less than
unity, that is |Kam(t)| =1 for any t, the carrier wave becomes over modulated,
resulting in carrier phase reversals. whenever the factor 1+Kam(t) crosses zero. The
absolute maximum value of Kam(t) multiplied by 100 is referred to as the percentage
modulation.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Fig.1: AM MODULATOR
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Fig.2: AM DEMODULATOR
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the AC Adapter to the mains and the other side to the Experimental
Trainer. Switch “ON” the power.
2. Observe the carrier and modulating waveforms and note their frequencies.
(Carrier frequency is around 100 KHz and amplitude is variable from 0 -8Vp-
p, modulating signal is 1KHz).
3. Connect the carrier and modulating signals to the modulator circuit.
4. Observe the amplitude modulated wave.
5. Connect Carrier I/P to ground and apply a 2V peak to peak AF Signal input to
(modulating I/P) and adjust PI in anti-clockwise position to get minimum AC
Output.
6. Connect modulating I/P to ground and apply a 3V peak to peak carrier signal
to carrier I/P and adjust P2 in clockwise direction to get minimum A.C output.
7. Connect modulating input &carrier input to ground and adjust P3 for zero
D.C output.
8. Make modulating i/p 2 Vpp and carrier i/p 3 Vpp peak to peak and adjust
potentiometer P4 for maximum output.
9. Calculate maximum and minimum points on the modulated envelope on a
CRO and calculate the depth of modulation.
10.Observe that by varying the modulating voltage, the depth of modulation
varies.
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11.During demodulation connect this AM output to the input of the demodulator.
12.By adjusting the RC time constant (i.e., cut off frequency) of the filter
circuit we get minimum distorted output.
13.Observe that this demodulated output is amplified has some phase delay
because of RC components.
14.Also observe the effects by changing the carrier amplitudes.
15.In all cases, calculate the modulation index.
EXPECTED WAVEFORM:
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OBSERVATIONS:
MODULATION
m= m= Vm/Vc
VC Vm Vmax Vmin )
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DEMODULATION:
Modulating signal Demodulated output
Frequency (fm) signal frequency
RESULT:
QUESTIONS
1. Define AM and draw its spectrum?
2. Draw the phase’s representation of an amplitude modulated wave?
3. Give the significance of modulation index?
4. What are the different degrees of modulation?
5. What are the Limitations of square aw modifier.
6. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators?
7. Compare base modulation and emitter modulation?
8. Explain how AM wave is detected?
9. Define detection process?
10. What are the different types of distortions that occur in an gpyglpp
detector?
11. can they be eliminated?
12. What is the condition of for over modulation?
13. Define modulation & demodulation?
14. What are the different types of linear modulation techniques?
15. Explain the working of carrier wave generator.
16. Explain the working of modulator circuit.
