Lecture PowerPoint

Chemistry
The Molecular Nature of
Matter and Change
Seventh Edition

Martin S. Silberberg and

Patricia G. Amateis

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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 Chapter 3
Stoichiometry of Formulas and Equations

Mole - Mass Relationships in Chemical Systems

3.1 The Mole

3.2 Determining the Formula of an Unknown Compound

3.3 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

3.4 Calculating Quantities of Reactant and Product

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 The Mole

The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that

contains the same number of entities as there are
atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.

The term “entities” refers to atoms, ions, molecules,

formula units, or electrons – in fact, any type of particle.

One mole (1 mol) contains 6.022x1023 entities (to

four significant figures).
This number is called Avogadro’s number and is
abbreviated as N.

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 Figure 3.1 One mole (6.022x1023 entities) of some familiar
substances.

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 Molar Mass

The molar mass (M) of a substance is the mass per

mole of its entities (atoms, molecules, or formula
units).

For monatomic elements, the molar mass is the

same as the atomic mass in grams per mole. The
atomic mass is simply read from the Periodic Table.
The molar mass of Ne = 20.18 g/mol.

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 For molecular elements and for compounds, the
formula is needed to determine the molar mass.

The molar mass of O2 = 2 x M of O

= 2 x 16.00 g/mol
= 32.00 g/mol

The molar mass of SO2 = 1 x M of S + 2 x M of O

= [32.00 + 2(16.00)] g/mol
= 64.00 g/mol

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 Table 3.1 Information Contained in the Chemical Formula of
Glucose C6H12O6 ( M = 180.16 g/mol)

Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Oxygen (O)

Atoms/molecule of 6 atoms 12 atoms 6 atoms

compound

Moles of atoms/mole 6 mol of atoms 12 mol of atoms 6 mol of atoms

of compound

Atoms/mole of 6(6.022x1023) atoms 12(6.022x1023) atoms 6(6.022x1023) atoms

compound

Mass/molecule of 6(12.01 amu) 12(1.008 amu) 6(16.00 amu) =

compound = 72.06 amu = 12.10 amu 96.00 amu

Mass/mole of 72.06 g 12.10 g 96.00 g

compound

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 Interconverting Moles, Mass, and
Number of Chemical Entities

no. of grams
Mass (g) = no. of moles x M
1 mol

1 mol
No. of moles = mass (g) x 1/M
no. of grams

6.022x1023 entities
No. of entities = no. of moles x
1 mol
1 mol
No. of moles = no. of entities x
6.022x1023 entities

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 Figure 3.2 Mass-mole-number relationships for elements.

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 Sample Problem 3.1 Converting Between Mass and Amount of
an Element

PROBLEM: Silver (Ag) is used in jewelry and tableware

but no longer in U.S. coins. How many
grams of Ag are in 0.0342 mol of Ag?

PLAN: To convert mol of Ag to mass of Ag in g we need the molar

mass of Ag.
Amount (mol) of Ag

multiply by M of Ag (107.9 g/mol)

Mass (g) of Ag
SOLUTION:

107.9 g Ag
0.0342 mol Ag x = 3.69 g Ag
1 mol Ag

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 Sample Problem 3.2 Converting Between Number of Entities
and Amount of an Element

PROBLEM: Gallium (Ga) is a key element in solar

panels, calculators and other light-sensitive
electronic devices. How many Ga atoms
are in 2.85 x 10-3 mol of gallium?

PLAN: To convert mol of Ga to number of Ga atoms we need to use

Avogadro’s number.

Amount (mol) of Ga
multiply by 6.022x1023 atoms/mol

Number of Ga atoms

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 Sample Problem 3.2

SOLUTION:

2.85 x 10-3 mol Ga atoms x 6.022x1023 Ga atoms

1 mol Ga atoms

= 1.72 x 1021 Ga atoms

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 Sample Problem 3.3 Converting Between Number of Entities
and Mass of an Element

PROBLEM: Iron (Fe) is the main component of steel and is

therefore the most important metal in society; it
is also essential in the body. How many Fe
atoms are in 95.8 g of Fe?
PLAN: The number of atoms cannot be calculated directly from the mass.
We must first determine the number of moles of Fe atoms in the
sample and then use Avogadro’s number.

Mass (g) of Fe
divide by M of Fe (55.85 g/mol)

Amount (mol) of Fe
multiply by 6.022x1023 atoms/mol

Number of Fe atoms

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 Sample Problem 3.3

SOLUTION:

95.8 g Fe x 1 mol Fe
= 1.72 mol Fe
55.85 g Fe

23
1.72 mol Fe x 6.022x10 atoms Fe
1 mol Fe

= 1.04 x 1024 atoms Fe

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 Figure 3.3 Amount-mass-number relationships for compounds.

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 Sample Problem 3.4 Converting Between Number of Entities and
Mass of Compound I
PROBLEM: Nitrogen dioxide is a component of urban smog that forms
from the gases in car exhausts. How many molecules are
in 8.92 g of nitrogen dioxide?

PLAN: Write the formula for the compound and calculate its molar mass.
Use the given mass to calculate first the number of moles and then
the number of molecules.

Mass (g) of NO2

divide by M

Amount (mol) of NO2

multiply by 6.022 x 1023 formula units/mol

Number of NO2 molecules

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 Sample Problem 3.4

SOLUTION: NO2 is the formula for nitrogen dioxide.

M = (1 x M of N) + (2 x M of O)
= 14.01 g/mol + 2(16.00 g/mol)
= 46.01 g/mol

8.92 g NO2 x 1 mol NO2

= 0.194 mol NO2
46.01 g NO2

23
0.194 mol NO2 x 6.022x10 molecules NO2
1 mol NO2

= 1.17 x 1023 molecules NO2

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 Sample Problem 3.5 Converting Between Number of Entities and
Mass of Compound II

PROBLEM: Ammonium carbonate, a white solid that decomposes on

warming, is an component of baking powder.
a) How many formula units are in 41.6 g of ammonium
carbonate?
b) How many O atoms are in this sample?
PLAN:
Write the formula for the compound and calculate its molar mass. Use
the given mass to calculate first the number of moles and then the
number of formula units.
The number of O atoms can be determined using the formula and the
number of formula units.

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 Sample Problem 3.5 Mass (g) of (NH4)2CO3
divide by M

Amount (mol) of (NH4)2CO3

multiply by 6.022 x 1023 formula units/mol

Number of (NH4)2CO3 formula units

3 O atoms per formula unit of (NH4)2CO3

Number of O atoms

SOLUTION: (NH4)2CO3 is the formula for ammonium carbonate.

M = (2 x M of N) + (8 x M of H) + (1 x M of C) + (3 x M of O)
= (2 x 14.01 g/mol) + (8 x 1.008 g/mol)
+ (12.01 g/mol) + (3 x 16.00 g/mol)

= 96.09 g/mol

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 Sample Problem 3.5

41.6 g (NH4)2CO3 x 1 mol (NH4)2CO3

= 0.433 mol (NH4)2CO3
96.09 g (NH4)2CO3

23
0.433 mol (NH4)2CO3 x 6.022x10 formula units (NH4)2CO3
1 mol (NH4)2CO3

= 2.61 x 1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3

2.61 x 1023 formula units (NH4)2CO3 x 3 O atoms

1 formula unit of (NH4)2CO3

= 7.83 x 1023 O atoms

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 H.W.
(a) How many formula units are in 75.5 g of calcium
phosphate?
(b) How many phosphate ions are present in this sample?

Solve and send me your answer on teams/Assignments.

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 What is the mass (g) of sodium fluoride in a liter of
water that contains 1.193x1019 formula units of the
compound?

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 Manganese (Mn) is a transition element essential for the
growth of bones. What is the mass in grams of 3.223x1020
Mn atoms, the number found in 1 kg of bone?

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 At rest, a person inhales 9.723x1021 nitrogen molecules
(N2) in an average breath of air. How many moles of
nitrogen atoms are inhaled?

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 A tank contains 325 mol of compressed helium (He)
gas. How many He atoms are in the tank?

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 Graphite is the crystalline form of carbon used in “lead”
pencils. How many moles of carbon are in 315 mg of
graphite?

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 3.1B A soda can contains about 14 g of aluminum (Al), the
most abundant element in Earth’s crust. How many soda cans
can be made from 52 mol of Al?

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 3.3B Pennies minted after 1982 are made of zinc plated
with a thin coating of copper(Cu); the copper layer on each
penny has a mass of 0.0625 g. How many Cu atoms are
in a penny?

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 P4O10
1 molecule compound= 4 P atoms
1 mol compound = 4 P mol
1 mol compound = ?? P atom = 4 N
1 g compound = ? g P
1g cpd → mol cpd → mol P → g P

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