Quiz Assignment-V Solutions: Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (Week-5)
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Q. 1 Consider the given table of agreement problems and match the correct pair:
Agreement Problem Agreement Condition
(P) Byzantine Agreement (i) All processes have an initial value and All non-faulty processes
Problem must agree on the same (single) value.
(ii) All processes have an initial value and All non-faulty processes
(Q) Consensus Problem
must agree on the same array of values A[v1 . . . vn ].
(R) Interactive Consistency (iii) Single source has an initial value and All non-faulty processes
Problem must agree on the same value.
A. (P): (i), (Q): (ii), (R): (iii)
B. (P): (iii), (Q): (ii), (R): (i)
C. (P): (iii), (Q): (i), (R): (ii)
D. (P): (ii), (Q): (iii), (R): (i)
Answer: C) (P): (iii), (Q): (i), (R): (ii)
Q. 2 True or False ?
“Pease showed that in a fully connected network, it is possible to reach an agreement if number of
faulty processors ‘f’ exceeds (n-1)/3 where n = number of processors”.
A. True
B. False
Answer: B) False
Explanation: The correct statement is:
Pease showed that in a fully connected network, it is impossible to reach an agreement if number of
faulty processes ‘f ’ exceeds (n-1)/3 where n is number of processes
Q. 3 True or False ?
“Byzantine agreement cannot be reached among three processors if one processor is faulty”
A. True
B. False
Answer: A) True
Explanation: Byzantine agreement cannot be reached among three processors if one processor is
faulty.
It should be n >= 3f + 1, where n is the total number of processors and f is faulty processors
Q. 4 Consider the following statements:
Statement 1: In the synchronous system model, consensus is impossible to solve
Statement 2: In the asynchronous system model, consensus is solvable
Statement 3: Paxos provides safety and eventual liveness
A. Only Statement 1 is true
B. Only Statement 1 and statement 2 are true
C. Only Statement 2 and statement 3 are true
D. Only Statement 3 is true
Answer: D) Only Statement 3 is true
Explanation: The correct statements are:
Statement 1: In the synchronous system model, Consensus is solvable
Statement 2: In the asynchronous system model, Consensus is impossible to solve
Statement 3: Paxos provides safety and eventual liveness
Q. 5 Find out the correct model for the given assumptions of a system:
Assumption 1: Each message is received within bounded time.
Assumption 2: Drift of each process’ local clock has a known bound.
Assumption 3: Each step in a process takes lb < time < ub , where lb represents lower bound and ub
represents an upper bound.
A. Asynchronous distributed system
B. Synchronous distributed system
C. On demand computing system
D. Parallel processing system
Answer: B) Synchronous distributed system
Explanation: Synchronous Distributed System has following properties:
1. Each message is received within bounded time
2. Drift of each process’ local clock has a known bound
3. Each step in a process takes lb < time < ub
Q. 6 True or False ?
“Koo-Toueg algorithm is a uncoordinated checkpointing and recovery technique that takes a
consistent set of checkpointing and avoids domino effect and livelock problems during the recovery”
A. True
B. False
Answer: B) False
Explanation: Koo and Toueg (1987) proposed a coordinated checkpointing and recovery technique
that takes a consistent set of checkpointing and avoids ‘domino effect’ and ‘livelock problems’ during
the recovery
Q. 7 Messages whose ‘send’ is done but ‘receive’ is undone due to rollback are
called_________________.
A. In-transit message
B. Lost messages
C. Orphan messages
D. Duplicate messages
Answer: B) Lost messages
Q. 8 Cascaded rollback which causes the system to roll back to too far in the computation (even to the
beginning), in spite of all the checkpoints is known as_______________________.
A. Rollback
B. Phantom Effect
C. Domino Effect
D. Livelock
Answer: C) Domino Effect
Q. 9 Messages with ‘receive’ recorded but message ‘send’ not recorded and do not arise if processes
roll back to a consistent global state are called_________________________.
A. In-transit message
B. Lost messages
C. Orphan messages
D. Duplicate messages
Answer: C) Orphan messages
Explanation: Orphan messages: Messages with ‘receive’ recorded but message ‘send’ not recorded
do not arise if processes roll back to a consistent global state.
Q. 10 The ____________________may arise when a process rolls back to its checkpoint after a
failure and requests all the other affected processes also to roll back.
A. Rollback
B. Phantom Effect
C. Domino Effect
D. Livelock problem
Answer: D) Livelock problem
Explanation: The Livelock problem may arise when a process rolls back to its checkpoint after a
failure and requests all the other affected processes also to roll back.
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