THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 263676. August 7, 2024.]

PEDRO PEQUERO y NOLLORA alias ATTY. EPAFRODITO NOLLORA ,

petitioner, vs. PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES , respondent.

DECISION

GAERLAN, J : p

For the Court's consideration is a Petition for Review on Certiorari 1 under Rule
45 of the Rules of Court filed by Pedro Pequero y Nollora, alias "Atty. Epafrodito
Nollora" (Pedro) assailing the Court of Appeals' (CA) Decision 2 dated March 23, 2022
and the Resolution 3 dated September 19, 2022 in CA-G.R. CR No. 44373, which
dismissed Pedro's Petition for Review under Rule 122 of the Rules of Court and
affirmed his conviction for the crimes of: (1) use of illegal alias in violation of Section 1,
in relation to Section 5, of Commonwealth Act No. 142, as amended by Republic Act
No. 6085; (2) use of fictitious name under Article 178, paragraph 1, of the Revised
Penal Code; and (3) usurpation of authority or official functions under Article 177, also
of the Revised Penal Code. HTcADC

The Case
Pedro stands charged for the crimes of: (1) use of illegal alias in violation of
Section 1, in relation to Section 5, of Commonwealth Act No. 142; (2) use of fictitious
name under Article 178, Paragraph 1 of the Revised Penal Code; and (3) usurpation of
authority or official functions under Article 177 of the Revised Penal Code, in three
separate Informations, the accusatory portions of which read:
Criminal Case No. 11-252
(Use of Illegal Alias)
That on or about the 14th day of October 2011, in the Municipality of
Binangonan, Province of Rizal, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above-named accused, did then and there willfully,
unlawfully and knowingly use a name, "Atty. Epafrodito Nollora" different from
the name with which he was registered at birth in the civil registry, Pedro
Pequero y Nollora, and which name not being used by him as a pseudonym
solely for literary, cinema, television, radio, or other entertainment purposes and
athletic events, or such substitute name authorized by a competent court, but in
usurpation of authority and official functions, in violation of the above-cited law.
Criminal Case No. 11-253
(Use of Fictitious Name)
That on or about the 14th day of October 2011, in the Municipality of
Binangonan, Province of Rizal, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above-named accused, did then and there willfully,
unlawfully and knowingly use publicly a fictitious name, "Atty. Epafrodito
Nollora," which is a name other than his real name, intended for usurpation of
authority and official functions and to cause damage to public interest. CAIHTE

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com

 Criminal Case No. 11-254
(Usurpation of Authority or Official Functions)
That on or about the 14[t]h day of October 2011, in the Municipality of
Binangonan, Province of Rizal, Philippines and within the jurisdiction of this
Honorable Court, the above-named accused, without authority of law, did then
and there willfully, unlawfully and falsely represent himself as lawyer/counsel of
one of the parties during trial of a case at the Municipal Trial Court of
Binangonan, Rizal by then and there entering and introducing himself as Atty.
Epafrodito Nollora, under pretense of such authority and official position as
member of the court, which representations are false, in violation of the above-
cited law. 4
When arraigned on June 21, 2016, Pedro pleaded "not guilty" to the crimes
charged. Thereafter, joint pre-trial and trial ensued.
The Antecedents
Prosecution's Version of Facts
Sometime in 2005, Ponciano Banjao (Banjao) met Pedro who was supposed to
be the lawyer-brother of a security guard named Rolando Pequero (Rolando). It was
Pedro who appeared as counsel of Rolando at the Municipal Trial Court (MTC), Taytay,
Rizal, and prepared pleadings and signed as "Atty. Epafrodito Nollora." 5
On June 22, 2011, Banjao filed a complaint at the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI)-Special Action Unit about this certain Pedro falsely representing
himself as a lawyer. Banjao informed Special Investigator Melvin Escurel (SI Escurel)
that Pedro had been representing himself publicly as a lawyer and would again appear
for a particular case in a trial court in Binangonan, Rizal on October 14, 2011. A team
headed by NBI Agent Jerome Bomediano (Agent Bomediano) conducted an
entrapment operation on the said date. Pedro was apprehended when he appeared as
Atty. Epafrodito Nollora for a particular client at the MTC, where the presiding judge
even admonished him for usurpation of authority. 6 SI Escurel then executed a Joint
Affidavit of Arrest, 7 which became the basis for the criminal cases against Pedro.
Defense's Version of Facts
Pedro denied the charges against him and averred that he was wrongfully
identified as Pedro Pequero y Nollora when in fact he is really Atty. Epafrodito Nollora,
without a middle name. Pedro swore that he is truly a lawyer and that a person named
Epafrodito Nollora y Ariem is the one who is not a lawyer. 8 It was this Epafrodito Nollora
y Ariem, his deceased relative, who had previously used his identity as a lawyer in
another case. 9
Pedro further argued that on the day that he was arrested, he was at the
Municipal Assessor's Office of Binangonan, Rizal to pay real property taxes and not for
a supposed hearing of a client. 10 aScITE

The MTC Ruling

On April 26, 2019, the MTC rendered a Joint Decision, 11 convicting Pedro of the
crimes charged, the decretal portion of which reads:
WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing considerations, judgment is
rendered against accused Pedro Pequero y Nollora alias "Atty. Epafrodito
Nollora," as follows:

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com

 1. In Criminal Case No. 11-252, accused is found GUILTY beyond
reasonable doubt of violation of Sec. 1, in rel. to Sec. 5, of Commonwealth Act
No. 142 as amended by Republic Act No. 6085, and is hereby sentenced to
imprisonment of FIVE (5) years and to pay a FINE of Ten Thousand Pesos
(PHP10,000.00), with subsidiary imprisonment for non-payment;
2. In Criminal Case No. 11-253, accused is found GUILTY beyond
reasonable doubt of Use of Fictitious Name (Art. 178, 1st par., Revised Penal
Code) and is hereby sentenced to imprisonment of FOUR (4) months of Arresto
Mayor, including all its accessory penalty as prescribed by law and to pay a
FINE of Five Hundred Pesos ([PHP]500.00), with subsidiary imprisonment for
non-payment;
3. In Criminal Case No. 11-254, accused is found GUILTY beyond
reasonable doubt of Usurpation of Authority or Official Functions (Art. 177,
Revised Penal Code) and is hereby sentenced to an indeterminate penalty of
FOUR (4) months of Arresto Mayor, as minimum, to TWO (2) Years and
ELEVEN (11) Months of Prision Correccional, as maximum, including all its
accessory penalty as prescribed by law and to pay costs of suit.
4. Let a copy of this Decision be furnished to the Office of the Bar
Confidant, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, the Department of Justice
(Office of the Secretary and Office of the Rizal Provincial Prosecutor), the
National Bureau of Investigation, the Philippine National Police (Office of the
Director General and Firearms and Explosive Office/Unit) and the Land
Transportation Office for their appropriate action/investigation relative to the
pleadings, documents, and identification cards submitted by accused.
SO ORDERED. 12 (Emphasis and italics in the original)
The MTC ruled that all the elements of the crimes charged are extant in the case.
As to the use of illegal alias case, Pedro admitted that he is Pedro Pequero y Nollora.
Under Section 1 of Commonwealth Act No. 142, as amended, it is stated that a person
is required to use only his registered name upon birth and may only use an alias in
certain exceptions. In this case, however, Pedro failed to prove that he is allowed to use
the alias of "Epafrodito Nollora." 13
As to the use of fictitious name case, the MTC ruled that despite the admission
that he is Pedro Pequero, he used a different name, "Atty. Epafrodito Nollora," and
publicly represented himself as a lawyer, when in truth and fact, he is not. 14
In the case of usurpation of authority, the MTC concluded that a lawyer is
considered a person in authority. By assuming the identity of a lawyer and performing
acts pertaining to a person in authority without being lawfully entitled to do so, Pedro
committed the crime charged. 15 DETACa

Finally, the MTC was convinced that Pedro assumed the name and identity of the
real Atty. Epafrodito Nollora, a deceased lawyer. 16
Aggrieved, Pedro filed an appeal with the Regional Trial Court (RTC).
The RTC Ruling
On October 17, 2019, the RTC issued a Decision 17 affirming the findings of the
MTC. The dispositive portion of the RTC ruling reads:
Finding no reversible error in the MTC's Joint Decision dated April 26,
2019 in Criminal Cases Nos. 11-252 to 11-254, we AFFIRM it in toto. The
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com
 appeal is DISMISSED for utter lack of merit.
SO ORDERED. 18 (Emphasis in the original)
The RTC found no error in the legal and factual findings of the MTC. It even
concluded that the assigned errors raised on appeal had already been passed upon by
the MTC.
Undaunted, Pedro filed a Petition for Review before the CA.
The CA Ruling
In the assailed Decision 19 dated March 23, 2022, the CA dismissed the Petition
for Review and affirmed the RTC's Decision, thus:
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the instant Petition for Review is
DISMISSED. The assailed Decision of the RTC dated 17 October 2019 in
Criminal Case Nos. 19-93 3, 19-93 4, 19-93 5 is AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED. 20 (Emphasis in the original)
The CA noted that the prosecution presented and offered as evidence documents
showing that Pedro used the alias "Atty. Epafrodito Nollora," which is not his registered
name at birth. There was likewise no evidence presented by Pedro that would show his
authority to use the alias. 21
The CA further concluded that Pedro publicly uses a fictitious name, that is the
name of Atty. Epafrodito Nollora, who is already dead. 22 He also represented himself
as a lawyer, signed pleadings as a lawyer, when in truth and fact, he is not. This,
according to the CA, is tantamount to usurpation of authority. 23 HEITAD

Pedro moved for reconsideration. It was, however, denied in the Resolution 24

dated September 19, 2022. Hence, the instant Petition for Review on Certiorari.
Issue
Whether the CA gravely erred in affirming the RTC Decision, which in turn
affirmed the MTC's Joint Decision convicting Pedro of the crimes charged.
The Court's Ruling
The instant Petition for Review on Certiorari is partially meritorious.
It bears stressing at the very outset that the core issue raised in the present
petition is a question of fact. Pedro insists that he is really Atty. Epafrodito Nollora. The
Court has stressed, in a plethora of cases, that questions of fact, which would require a
re-evaluation of the evidence, are inappropriate under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
The jurisdiction of the Court under Rule 45, Section 1 is limited only to errors of law as
the Court is not a trier of facts. 25 While there are recognized exceptions to this rule, 26
none of which was established in this case. The Court, therefore, finds no reason to
review the findings of fact of the MTC, RTC, and the CA.
The facts established in this case are as follows:
1. Pedro's registered name at birth is Pedro Pequero y Nollora and not Atty.
Epafrodito Nollora. 27
2. Pedro continually and publicly used the alias "Atty. Epafrodito Nollora" and
represented himself as a lawyer. 28 The prosecution presented several
documents at the MTC where he purported himself to be Atty. Epafrodito
Nollora who was also the supposed counsel of clients filing the same, thus:
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com
 (a) Notarized Plaridel Bail Bond No. 59270 dated [October 24, 2011];
(b) Notarized Waiver of Appearance dated [October 24, 2011];
(c) Notarized Commitment to Renew Bail Bond dated [October 24,
2011];
(d) Notarized Undertaking dated [October 24, 2011];
(e) Certificate of Detention of Pedro Pequero dated [October 21,
2011]; 29
3. On October 14, 2011, an entrapment operation was conducted by the NBI
operatives. He was caught representing as a counsel for a client in a case
before the MTC of Binangonan, Rizal. 30
4. Pedro also filed several pleadings at the MTC where he signed as Atty.
Epafrodito Nollora. 31 As found by the CA, these are the pleadings filed
with the Court wherein Pedro signed as Atty. Epafrodito Nollora:
(a) Motion for Postponement dated February 24, 2012;
(b) Reply to the Opposition of the Offended Party to the Accused
Motion for Reinvestigation dated [April 2, 2012];
(c) Motion to Quash dated [August 18, 2012];
(d) Manifestation and Motion dated [June 19, 2013];
(e) Motion for reconsideration dated 19 June 2013; and
(f) Supplemental Manifestation and Motion dated [October 29, 2013].
32

5. Per Certification of the Office of the Bar Confidant, there is only one
Epafrodito Nollora who was admitted to the Philippine Bar, and the said
Epafrodito Nollora already died on May 19, 1986. 33
6. Pedro illegally assumed the identity of the deceased Atty. Epafrodito
Nollora and stood as a lawyer for supposed clients. 34
From the foregoing established facts, the Court agrees with the courts a quo that
Pedro is guilty of use of illegal alias under Commonwealth Act No. 142, as amended by
Republic Act No. 6085. aDSIHc

Section 1 of Commonwealth Act No. 142, as amended reads:

Section 1. Except as a pseudonym solely for literary, cinema,
television, radio or other entertainment purposes and in athletic events where
the use of pseudonym is a normally accepted practice, no person shall use any
name different from the one with which he was registered at birth in the office of
the local civil registry, or with which he was baptized for the first time, or, in
case of an allen, with which he was registered in the bureau of immigration
upon entry; or such substitute name as may have been authorized by a
competent court: Provided, That persons, whose births have not been
registered in any local civil registry and who have not been baptized, have one
year from the approval of this act within which to register their names in the civil
registry of their residence. The name shall comprise the patronymic name and
one or two surnames.
In this case, Pedro's alleged alias, "Atty. Epafrodito Nollora," was used not for
literary, cinema, television, radio, or entertainment purposes and in athletic events but
to represent himself as a lawyer to the prejudice of the believing public. Pedro, likewise,
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com
 had no authority to use the alias. Records are bereft of any showing that Pedro was
legally authorized to use other names than his name registered at birth in the civil
registry. 35
Pedro is also guilty of the crime of use of fictitious name to cause damage.
At the outset, the MTC, the RTC and the CA convicted Pedro of the crime of use
of fictitious name to cause damage under Article 178 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended by Presidential Decree No. 38, 36 which states:
Article 178. Using fictitious name and concealing true name. — The
penalty of prision correccional shall be imposed upon any person who shall
publicly use a fictitious name for the purpose of concealing a crime, evading the
execution of a judgment or causing damage.
Any person who conceals his true name and other personal
circumstances shall be punished by arresto mayor.
The prosecution was able to establish that Pedro publicly used the name "Atty.
Epafrodito Nollora," which is not his real and registered name at birth. Although strictly
speaking, it is not a fictitious name as there was a real Atty. Epafrodito Nollora, the real
Atty. Nollora had long been dead. By using the name and assuming the identity of the
deceased, Pedro was successful in using a fictitious name which caused damage to the
public, especially his paying clients who believed that they were being represented by a
true and genuine lawyer. ATICcS

It bears stressing at this point, that the MTC, the RTC, and the CA correctly
convicted Pedro of violating the 1st paragraph of the above-quoted provision of the
Revised Penal Code (use of fictitious name to cause damage) and imposed upon him
the penalty of arresto mayor against Pedro. While it may seem that the courts a quo
erred in imposing the penalty of arresto mayor considering that the proper penalty for
violating the 1st paragraph of the above-quoted provision is prision correccional, Article
178 of the Revised Penal Code had already been amended by Republic Act No. 10951,
37 particularly Section 29 thereof, viz.:

Section 29. Article 178 of the same Act is hereby amended to read
as follows:
Article 178. Using fictitious name and concealing true name. — The
penalty of arresto mayor and a fine not to exceed One hundred thousand pesos
([PHP]100,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person who shall publicly use a
fictitious name for the purpose of concealing a crime, evading the execution of
a judgment or causing damage.
Any person who conceals his true name and other personal
circumstances shall be punished by arresto menor or a fine not to exceed Forty
thousand pesos ([PHP]40,000.00).
Such amendment has retroactive application to the instant case per Section 100,
38 Republic Act No. 10951, as it is favorable to Pedro. While under the first paragraph of
Article 178 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended by Presidential Decree No. 38,
(i.e., prior to its amendment by Republic Act No. 10951) any person who is found using
a fictitious name to cause damage is to be penalized with a prison term of prision
correccional, the penalty imposed by the amendment introduced by Republic Act No.
10951, which is a prison term of arresto mayor is shorter than that of prision
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com
 correccional. Thus, the latter should be applied as it is favorable to Pedro. Hence, the
prison term of arresto mayor imposed by the MTC, as affirmed by the RTC, and the CA
is proper. The penalty of fine in the amount of PHP500.00 is retained. ETHIDa

Anent Pedro's guilt for the crime of usurpation of authority or official functions
under Article 177 39 of the Revised Penal Code, the Court finds it necessary to reverse
the MTC, RTC, and CA's Decisions, and acquit Pedro of the said crime.
There are two ways of committing this crime under Article 177 of the Revised
Penal Code, thus:
[F]irst, by knowingly and falsely representing himself to be an officer,
agent or representative of any department or agency of the Philippine
Government or of any foreign government; or second, under pretense of official
position, shall perform any act pertaining to any person in authority or public
officer of the Philippine Government or any foreign government, or any agency
thereof, without being lawfully entitled to do so. The former constitutes the
crime of usurpation of authority, while the latter act constitutes the crime
of usurpation of official functions. 40 (Emphasis supplied)
In the present case, the MTC found Pedro guilty beyond reasonable doubt of
usurpation of authority or official functions. The MTC did not, however, clarify whether
he committed the crime by means of either the first way or the second way.
Nonetheless, the MTC, in arriving at such conclusion, ratiocinated that per Article 152 of
the Revised Penal Code, lawyers are deemed persons in authority, and by representing
himself as a lawyer, he usurped the official functions of a person in authority. 41 It may
be deduced, therefore, that Pedro was found guilty of usurpation of official functions. To
reiterate, the second manner of committing a crime under Article 177 of the Revised
Penal Code is when, under pretense of official function, one performs any act pertaining
to any person in authority without being lawfully entitled to do so. 42 The RTC, and,
thereafter, the CA affirmed the findings of the MTC.
To be convicted of the crime of usurpation of official functions, the following
elements must concur:
1. The offender may be a private person or public officer.
2. The offender performs any act pertaining to any person in
authority or public officer of the Philippine government, any of its agencies, or of
a foreign government.
3. The offender performs the act under pretense of official function.
4. The offender performs the act without being legally entitled to do
so. 43

In this case, the second element is wanting.

Contrary to the findings of the MTC, as affirmed by the RTC and the CA, a lawyer
is not deemed a person in authority for purposes of Article 177 of the Revised Penal
Code, the provision the MTC applied in the case at bar.
Who are deemed persons in authority? Article 152 of the Revised Penal Code is
clear on this point, thus:
Article 152. Persons in authority and agents of persons is authority.
— Who shall be deemed as such. — In applying the provisions of the preceding
and other articles of this Code, any person directly vested with jurisdiction,
whether as an individual or as a member of some court or governmental
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com
 corporation, board or commission, shall be deemed a person in authority. A
barrio captain and a barangay chairman shall also be deemed a person in
authority. TIADCc

Any person who, by direct provision of law or by election or by

appointment by competent authority, is charged with the maintenance of public
order and the protection and security of life and property, such as barrio
councilman, barrio policeman and barangay leader, and any person who comes
to the aid of persons in authority, shall be deemed an agent of a person in
authority.
In applying the provisions of Articles 148 and 151 of this Code,
teachers, professors, and persons charged with the supervision of public or
duly recognized private schools, colleges and universities, and lawyers in the
actual performance of their professional duties or on the occasion of
such performance shall be deemed persons in authority. (Emphasis
supplied)
As aptly stated in the third paragraph of this provision, while lawyers are deemed
to be "persons in authority," they are so only for purposes of Articles 148 (Direct Assault
upon a Person in Authority), and 151 (Resistance and Disobedience to a Person in
Authority or the Agents of Such Person) of the Revised Penal Code. In marked contrast,
the first paragraph of above-quoted provision does not identify specific articles of the
Revised Penal Code for the application of which any person "directly vested with
jurisdiction, etc." is deemed "a person in authority." Thus, it is this specific paragraph
that applies to Article 177 of the Revised Penal Code.
Under this paragraph, a lawyer is not deemed a person in authority. Obviously,
lawyers are not directly vested with jurisdiction either individually or as members of
some court or public corporation. Lawyers are likewise not agents of a person in
authority as defined in the second paragraph of the above-quoted provision, as they are
not charged with the task of executing the orders of any such person. While a lawyer is
an "officer of the court" and is "an agency to advance the ends of justice," 44 it is not
considered a person in authority under the first paragraph of Article 152 of the Revised
Penal Code.
Since a penal statute is not to be given a longer reach and broader scope than is
called for by the ordinary meaning of the ordinary words used by such statute, to the
disadvantage of an accused, 45 the Court holds and so rules that a lawyer may not be
regarded as a "public authority" or a "person in authority" within the meaning of Article
177 of the Revised Penal Code, the provision which Pedro stands charged for.
From the foregoing ratiocination, the Court acquits Pedro of the crime of
usurpation of official functions. While he represented himself as a lawyer and acted as
one, a lawyer is not deemed a. person in authority within the meaning of Article 177 of
the Revised Penal Code, in relation to Article 152, also of the Revised Penal Code.
All told, the Court finds it necessary to modify the Joint Decision of the MTC, as
affirmed in toto by the RTC and the CA. The Court affirms Pedro's conviction of the
crimes of use of illegal alias and use of fictitious name. The Court, however, modifies
the penalty imposed in Criminal Case No. 11-253, where Pedro is convicted of the
crime of use of fictitious name. Moreover, the Court acquits Pedro of the crime of
usurpation of official functions. cSEDTC

ACCORDINGLY, the Petition for Review on Certiorari is PARTIALLY

GRANTED. The Joint Decision of the Municipal Trial Court in Criminal Case Nos. 11-
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com
 252, 11-253, and 11-254, as affirmed by the Regional Trial Court and the Court of
Appeals in its Decision dated March 23, 2022 and Resolution dated September 19,
2022 in CA-G.R. CR No. 44373, is MODIFIED in that: (i) in Criminal Case No. 11-253
for use of fictitious name, Pedro Pequero y Nollora is found GUILTY beyond reasonable
doubt of use of fictitious name (Article 178, Paragraph 1 of the Revised Penal Code, as
amended by Republic Act No. 10951) and is hereby sentenced to imprisonment of
four months of arresto mayor, including all its accessory penalty as prescribed by law
and to pay a FINE of PHP500.00, with subsidiary imprisonment for nonpayment; and (ii)
in Criminal Case No. 11-254 for usurpation of authority or official function, Pedro
Pequero y Nollora is ACQUITTED of the crime of usurpation of official functions as
defined and penalized under Article 177 of the Revised Penal Code.
SO ORDERED.
Caguioa, Inting, Dimaampao and Singh, JJ., concur.

Footnotes

1. Rollo, pp. 8-64.

2. Id. at 72-84. Penned by Associate Justice Ronaldo Roberto B. Martin and concurred in by
Associate Justices Ramon R. Garcia and Jennifer Joy C. Ong, of the Sixth Division of
the Court of Appeals, Manila.

3. Id. at 96-97.

4. Id. at 73.

5. Id. at 74.

6. Id.

7. Id. at 110-111.

8. Id.

9. Id. at 75.

10. Id. at 74-75.

11. Id. at 233-243. Penned by Presiding Judge George Andy B. Pantanosas.

12. Id. at 242-243.

13. Id. at 240.

14. Id. at 241.

15. Id.

16. Id. at 242.

17. Id. at 173-176. Penned by Acting Presiding Judge Dennis Patrick Z. Perez.

18. Id. at 176.

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com

 19. Id. at 72-84.

20. Id. at 84.

21. Id. at 80.

22. Id. at 83.

23. Id. at 82.

24. Id. at 96-97.

25. Lopez v. Saludo, Jr., G.R. No. 233775, September 15, 2021 [Per J. Hernando, Second
Division].

26. See Gumabon v. Philippine National Bank, 791 Phil. 101, 102 (2016) [Per J. Brion, Second
Division]. Questions of fact may be raised before this Court in any of these instances:
(1) when the findings are grounded entirely on speculations, surmises, or conjectures;
(2) when the inference made is manifestly mistaken, absurd, or impossible; (3) when
there is a grave abuse of discretion; (4) when the judgment is based on misappreciation
of facts; (5) when the findings of fact are conflicting; (6) when in making its findings, the
same are contrary to the admissions of both appellant and appellee; (7) when the
findings are contrary to those of the trial court; (8) when the findings are conclusions
without citation of specific evidence on which they are based; (9) when the facts set
forth in the petition as well as in the petitioners main and reply briefs are not disputed by
the respondent; and (10) when the findings of fact are premised on the supposed
absence of evidence and contradicted by the evidence on record.

27. Rollo, p. 238.

28. Id. at 238-239.

29. Id. at 80.

30. Id. at 235-236.

31. Id. at 79-81.

32. Id. at 81.

33. Id. at 82.

34. Id.

35. Id. at 80.

36. Amending Articles 135, 136, 137, 140, 142, 177, 178, and 79 of the REV. PEN. CODE,
approved on November 7, 1972.
37. An Act Adjusting the Amount or the Value of Property and Damage on which a Penalty is
based, and the Fines Imposed under the Revised Penal Code, amending for the
purpose Act No. 3815, otherwise known as "The Revised Penal Code," as amended,
approved on August 29, 2017.

38. Section 100. Retroactive Effect. — This Act shall have retroactive effect to the extent that it
is favorable to the accused or person serving sentence by final judgment.
CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com
 39. Article 177. Usurpation of authority or official functions. Any person who shall knowingly
and falsely represent himself to be an officer, agent or representative of any department
or agency of the Philippine Government or of any foreign government, or who, under
pretense of official position, shall perform any act pertaining to any person in authority or
public officer of the Philippine Government or of any foreign government, or any agency
thereof, without being lawfully entitled to do so, shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor
in its minimum and medium period.

40. Ruzol v. Sandiganbayan, 709 Phil. 708, 749-750 (2013) [Per J. Velasco, Jr., Third
Division].

41. Rollo, p. 241.

42. Id.

43. Tiongco v. People, 843 Phil. 225, 243 (2018) [Per J. Carpio, Second Division].

44. Judge Ramos v. Atty. Lazo, 883 Phil. 318, 324 (2020) [Per J. Gaerlan, Third Division].

45. People v. Tac-an, 261 Phil. 728, 754 (1990) [Per J. Feliciano, Third Division].

CD Technologies Asia, Inc. 2025 cdasiaonline.com