MARI LYN R.

BLOCK
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7
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Marilyn R. Block
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Guidelines for Environmental Auditing—General Principles on
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Identifying Environmental
Aspects and Impacts
Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts
Marilyn R. Block

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Block, Marilyn R.
Identifying environmental aspects and impacts / Marilyn R. Block.
Doc:
Includes index.
ISBN 0-87389-446-4 (alk. paper)
1. —Production management—Environmental aspects. 2. ISO 14000
Series Standards Case studies. |. Title.
TS155.7.B558 1999
658.4'08—dc21 99-35572
CIP

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Identifying Environmental
Aspects and Impacts

Marilyn R. Block

ASQ Quality Presss

Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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 CONTENTS

List of Figures

Acknowledgments

Introduction xiii

Chapter 1: Explanation of Aspects and Impacts

Definition of Aspects and Impacts
Categories of Environmental Aspects
Keeping Information Current

Chapter 2: Identifying Environmental Aspects

Process Flow Method
Identification of Positive Aspects

Chapter 3: Assessing Environmental Impacts

Identification of Environmental Impacts
Selecting Evaluation Criteria
Evaluating Environmental Impacts
Pulling It All Together

Chapter 4: Defining Significance

Chapter 5: A Final Word

Vil
viii Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Chapter 6: Sample Procedures 39

BOC Gases Americas 4]
Consolidated Edison Company of New York 65
First Environment o/
Matsushita Kotobuki Electronics Industries of America 107
Panasonic—Matsushita Communication Industrial
Corporation of U.S.A. 27
Purolator/Arvin Industries (Ge,

Index 143
 LIST OF FIGURES

Examples of aspects and impacts.

Categories of environmental aspects.

Process flow diagram. (Table)

Identification of operational environmental aspects.

Identification of service environmental aspects.

Identification of product environmental aspects.

Common environmental impact categories.

Identification of environmental impacts.

Environmental impact ratings.

Examples of rating bias.

Multiple evaluation criteria, added.

Multiple evaluation criteria, multiplied.

Environmental aspects and impacts summary.

Significance scores for two evaluation criteria.

Conditions for significance, combined approach.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am indebted to a number of organizations and individuals for their contributions to

this workbook.
My thanks to the many companies with which I have been privileged to work. The
results of your efforts to fully understand your environmental aspects and impacts are
woven into the discussion and examples presented here.
My sincere appreciation to those who graciously shared their procedures for iden-
tifying environmental aspects and impacts:

Robert P. Blair, Purolator

Caryn E. Coyne, Panasonic
B. Tod Delaney, First Environment
Michele DeWeese, MKA

James D. Heeren, First Environment

Alma MacCallum, Panasonic

Jim Merriam, BOC Gases
Steve Ross, Purolator

Deb Weimer, MKA

Tom Whipple, Con Ed

Your generosity is greatly appreciated.

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 INTRODUCTION

Implementation of an environmental management system (EMS) is intended to result

in improved environmental performance. Because a company’s environmental perfor-
mance is directly related to the effect that its activities have on the surroundings in
which it operates, the efficacy of an EMS hinges on a thorough understanding of those
elements of their activities that can significantly effect the environment. Although the
terminology of “aspects and impacts” was coined by ISO 14001, Environmental man-
agement systems—Specification with guidance for use, the underlying concept has
appeared in numerous EMS standards and industry codes of practice.
The single most important element of any EMS involves the identification of envi-
ronmental aspects and impacts. In ISO 14001, for example, the information resulting
from the procedures and activities mandated by clause 4.3.1, Environmental aspects,
provides the foundation for seven other activities required by the standard.

e Ensuring that the environmental policy is appropriate to the nature, scale, and
environmental impacts of an organization’s activities, products, and services
e Establishing objectives and targets that are consistent with the commitment to
prevention of pollution
e Identifying the training needs of all personnel whose work may have a signifi-
cant impact on the environment

¢ Communicating internally between the various levels and functions of the

organization
e Identifying operations and activities, including maintenance, that are associated
with identified significant environmental aspects and developing appropriate
work instructions
e Identifying the potential for accidents and emergency situations

xill
xiv Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

¢ Monitoring and measuring the key characteristics of operations and activities

that can have a significant impact on the environment

Despite its importance, this activity is poorly understood. Most organizations

going through the ISO 14001 implementation process indicate that they need help with
this requirement.
Whether an organization needs to identify aspects and impacts in order to con-
form to the requirements imposed by an EMS standard or industry code of practice,
or whether it simply wants to gain a better understanding of the effect that its activ-
ities have on the environment, this workbook provides that help. Identifying Envi-
ronmental Aspects and Impacts defines environmental aspects and impacts (chapter
1) and provides a step-by-step approach for identifying aspects (chapter 2), determining
their impacts (chapter 3), and defining significance (chapter 4). Each section is accom-
panied by work sheets that can be adapted for use within a particular setting.
Where specific examples are presented, ISO 14001 is used throughout the work-
book. Examples that reflect the requirements imposed by a single standard enhance
the reader’s ability to move easily through the sequence of steps required by the iden-
tification and evaluation process. ISO 14001 was selected because of its worldwide
acceptance and use. The methods and work sheets presented, however, are applicable
for use with any EMS.
The transition from theory to practice is assisted by examples of how companies
have elected to identify and evaluate their own aspects and impacts. Six ISO 14001-
registered companies share their procedures for environmental aspects and impacts
(chapter 6). These examples are not intended as templates. Companies must develop
their own procedures to reflect their management systems and business activities.
The companies presented in chapter 6 were selected because they reflect varied
industry sectors with different kinds of environmental impacts. BOC Gases manufac-
tures and supplies industrial gases. Consolidated Edison, a utility, manages an exten-
sive transportation function. First Environment, an environmental consulting company,
represents the services sector. MKA, Panasonic, and Purolator are manufacturing com-
panies in the electronics, communications, and automotive sectors, respectively.
 CHAPTER 1

EXPLANATION OF ASPECTS
AND IMPACTS

ISO 14001, 4.3.1 Environmental aspects

The organization shall establish and maintain (a) procedure(s) to identify the
environmental aspects of its activities, products, or services that it can control
and over which it can be expected to have an influence, in order to determine
those which have or can have significant impacts on the environment. The
organization shall ensure that the aspects related to these significant impacts
are considered in setting its environmental objectives.
The organization shall keep this information up-to-date.

Definition of Aspects and Impacts

So, what is an environmental aspect? According to ISO 14001, an environmental
aspect is defined as an element of an organization’s activities, products, or services
that can interact with the environment. In other words, an aspect (or element) is a
constituent part of the business in which an organization is engaged. In a manufac-
turing environment, constituent parts often are thought of as inputs to the manu-
facturing process—that is, use of raw materials, chemicals, and natural resources.
2 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

It is important to remember that the procedure mandated by ISO 14001 is

intended to identify aspects associated with activities, products, and services. This
means that inputs to the manufacturing process alone do not comprise all aspects.
It is possible to have aspects that are not inputs. For example, fuel storage on site
constitutes an aspect. The packaging that accompanies raw materials is also an
aspect, as are office supplies, paper, toner cartridges, and other items associated with
the front office. More about aspects can be found in chapter 2.
ISO 14001 defines an environmental impact as any change to the environment,
whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization's
activities, products, or services. Impacts often are viewed as outputs; however, it is
more accurate to view impacts as the result of outputs. Examples of outputs are air
emissions and wastewater discharges. An adverse change to the environment result-
ing from a wastewater discharge might be increased concentrations of heavy metals
in a receiving stream. A beneficial change to the environment might be reforestation.
(Impacts are discussed in chapter 3.)
Examples of aspects and impacts related to a process, product, and service are
illustrated in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1. Examples of aspects and impacts.

Process: Manufacture of Injection of ammonium sulfate Groundwater contamination

acrylonitrile monomer into deep wells

Product: Aerosol hair spray propellant; solvent Chlorinated solvent released to air

Service: Lawn maintenance Application of herbicides Nonpoint source pollution

The progression from identifying aspects to determining impacts to evaluating

significance creates a funnel effect. A company may identify 50 aspects of which only
35 have an environmental impact. In some cases, an environmental aspect may have
more than one impact. Therefore, in this example, the 35 aspects may create 35
impacts or there may be 40 or 60 impacts. Of the identified impacts, only 10 may
be significant. The 10 significant aspects (that is, those aspects that create a signifi-
cant environmental impact) must be considered in establishing objectives and targets.
ISO 14001 does not require objectives and targets for every significant aspect.
Companies are free to prioritize and select significant aspects based on regulatory
requirements, technological options, financial and business considerations, and the
views of interested parties. Therefore, a list of 50 environmental aspects, where 10
aspects are deemed significant, may ultimately result in prevention of pollution objec-
tives and targets for only three or four significant aspects.
 Explanation of Aspects and Impacts 3

Categories of Environmental Aspects

Aspects fall into three distinct categories.

¢ Aspects related to a company’s operations: Operational aspects typically receive

the greatest emphasis, largely because they are more familiar than aspects in
the other two categories. Typically, these aspects are directly associated with
a company’s core business, such as the manufacture of product, the extraction
of a natural resource, or the assembly of component parts.
e Aspects related to services offered or used by a company: Service aspects are
indirectly associated with a company’s core business. Service aspects typically
encompass shipping/transportation, maintenance of equipment and facilities,
and support functions such as groundskeeping.
e Aspects related to a company’s products: Typically, these aspects are associ-
ated with packaging and use of a finished product (as opposed to aspects asso-
ciated with the manufacture of a product). Ultimately, some potential
environmental impacts are outside a company’s control. For example, a man-
ufacturer may attempt to minimize landfill waste by providing its product in a
recyclable container, but it is up to the consumer to determine whether the con-
tainer will be recycled or disposed of in another manner.

Figure 1.2 provides examples of categories of aspects associated with operations,

services, and products and aspects within those categories. These lists are neither
exhaustive nor inviolate; rather, they are intended to illustrate the kinds of aspects
that often are identified. Some aspects appear on more than one list. For example,
packaging is associated with operations and product. The former focuses on the man-
ner in which incoming supplies and materials are packaged, while the latter focuses
on the kind of packaging used for the manufactured product.
Readers of this workbook may discover additional categories of aspects that are
unique to their particular business. They should feel free to add those categories if
warranted by the nature of the organization in which the EMS is being implemented.

Keeping Information Current

ISO 14001 states that information about environmental aspects and impacts must
be kept up-to-date. Some companies interpret this to mean that they must go
through the entire identification and evaluation procedure at specified intervals (this
usually is done annually). If absolutely nothing in a process changes—that is, the
same materials are used in the same amounts within the same process—then aspects
4 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Figure 1.2. Categories of environmental aspects.

Operational Aspect Categories | Service Aspect Categories Product Aspect Categories

Energy Janitorial/Cleaning Power Source

Natural gas Detergents Battery
Electricity Aerosol cleaners Electricity
Fossil fuel Water Fossil fuel
Materials Paper Solar
Raw materials Rags Packaging
Processed materials Groundskeeping +> Paper
Recycled materials Fertilizer Cardboard
Reused materials Herbicides Plastic
Natural Resources Grass/yard clippings Aluminum
Water Power equipment Steel
Land use Maintenance Wood
Chemicals Solvents Transport and Delivery
Packaging Oil Fuel
Paper Grease Oil
Cardboard Transport and Delivery Grease
Plastic Fuel Fluids (e.g., coolant)
Aluminum Oil Communication
Steel Grease Paper
Wood Fluids (e.g., coolant) Inks
Facilities and Equipment Food/Catering Use and Disposal
Design Paper/plastic dishes, utensils
Operation Packaging
Maintenance Bottles, cans
Office Administration Food
Paper Ranges, ovens
Toner cartridges Microwave ovens
Dishwashers
Pest Control
Fire Prevention Systems
Facility
Building
Parking lots
Drainage
 Explanation of Aspects and Impacts 5

and associated impacts remain unchanged. Reevaluation of the identical process, sim-
ply because a year has elapsed, may be a waste of resources.
It is far more effective to rely on a change to any internal process as the trigger
for reevaluation. When a company modifies any component of its business by chang-
ing the amounts of materials used, substituting one material for another, introduc-
ing new technology, or otherwise changing a process, then aspects have changed and
must be evaluated to see whether associated impacts are significant. Reevaluation also
can be triggered by externally imposed changes. For example, a company’s supplier
may change the kind of packaging in which it delivers goods. Because incoming pack-
aging is an aspect, the company must evaluate the environmental impact associated
with that change in packaging.
Any procedure for identifying environmental aspects must indicate how the infor-
mation will be kept current. Therefore, a company must be able to demonstrate that,
at any given time, it is familiar with its aspects and their associated impacts. Reeval-
uating changes within a specified time period after the changes have occurred is more
likely to keep information up-to-date than an annual review.
Some companies hedge their bets by combining both activities into the procedure.
They reevaluate whenever a change occurs. However, in the absence of any changes
during a specified period (for example, 12 months), they reevaluate to make sure noth-
ing has been overlooked.
Any of these three approaches to reevaluation—after a specified period of time,
after a change, or a combination—will fulfill the ISO 14001 requirement.
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 CHAPTER 2

IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL
ASrEels

From ISO 14001:

Identify the environmental aspects of activities, products, or services that can

be controlled or influenced (section 4.3.1)

Environmental aspect—element of an organization's activities, products, or

services that can interact with the environment (section 3.3)

Different methods for identifying aspects provide different kinds of information,

thereby creating different gaps. The following methods have been used with varying
degrees of success.

Value Chain Method: This method focuses on the environmental aspects

present throughout the entire value chain of a company, from suppliers,
through manufacture and distribution, up to and including product dis-
position. This approach typically involves life cycle analysis, which cre-
ates an emphasis on mass and energy balance.

Materials Identification Method: This method focuses on all of the mate-

rials (and their constituent parts) used in production. This approach tends
to capture information about chemical and hazardous substances, but
often overlooks aspects such as water and energy.
8 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Regulatory Compliance Method: This method focuses on the substances

that are regulated by federal, state, and local environmental agencies.
Obviously, aspects that are not regulated—for example, many forms of
packaging waste—will not be addressed.

Process Flow Method

The easiest and most comprehensive way to identify environmental aspects is the
process flow approach. This method breaks the organization into manageable chunks
by delineating every process and support activity on a process flow diagram, then
each process and activity is individually examined to identify associated aspects. This
approach expedites the identification of aspects in relation to those processes and
activities. It has the added benefit of fulfilling the ISO 14001 requirement contained
in clause 4.4.6, Operational control, to “identify those operations and activities that
are associated with identified significant environmental aspects.”
Specific activities that facilitate successful completion of the process flow dia-
gram are as follows:
Establish a cross-functional team. This workbook espouses a team approach. The
author’s experience has demonstrated time and time again that many heads are bet-
ter than one. Depending on the nature of a particular business, team participants
will come from the sales, purchasing, production, shipping, distribution, and envi-
ronmental functions. For those companies with a quality system, the quality func-
tion also should participate.
The cross-functional team has overall authority for aspect identification. This does
not mean that the cross-functional team does all the work. In many organizations,
it is beneficial for the cross-functional team to establish a number of smaller teams
composed of people who are responsible for a process or activity under review—
that is, those whose actions initiate an activity, those who perform that activity, and
those who receive the result of that activity.
Remember that those involved with an activity may be physically located in an
area of the facility other than where that activity is performed. For example,
aspect identification of activities associated with the receiving department would
include individuals from the purchasing department (because they determine what
will be delivered to the company) and the warehouse/storage facility (because they
are the customers in this particular activity) in addition to those from the receiv-
ing department.
Similarly, aspects identification associated with the warehouse would include indi-
viduals from the receiving department (because their actions initiate the warehouse
function), warehouse employees, and those individuals who obtain materials from
the warehouse (customers).
 Identifying Environmental Aspects 9

Diagram the process flow. Once the cross-functional team is assembled, its first
task is to ascertain what processes and activities occur within the organization and
their interrelationships. This can be accomplished at a meeting at which participants
sequentially walk through their own component of the operation.
The process is greatly enhanced by a facilitator, whose role is to ensure that all
processes and activities, including hand-offs between departments and functions, are
identified. Typically, the facilitator initiates the process by asking two questions.
First, participants are asked to describe the event that initiates activity within the
organization. The response (for example, customer order) becomes the starting point.
Second, participants are asked what event concludes activity within the organi-
zation. This response (for example, receipt of payment) becomes the end point. The
facilitator’s job is to ensure that participants delineate every step between these two
points.
Realistically, participants are unlikely to identify key steps in sequence. There is
a great deal of going back and forth as information about one portion of the orga-
nization’s activities triggers information about others. The most effective way to cap-
ture such information is by creating a process flow diagram that depicts all
organizational processes and hand-offs.
Most companies focus on their core business. A printing company, for example,
will address the processes and activities involved in setting up a press and printing an
order. Once all activities related to the operational facet are identified, the facilitator
must ensure that support and ancillary services are considered. Typical services are

e Transportation and distribution

e¢ Construction
e Equipment maintenance
Janitorial/cleaning services
e¢ Grounds maintenance
¢ Food service
e Waste disposal services
Administrative activities

After the cross-functional team develops the general process flow diagram, the
smaller working teams should review the diagram to ensure that all steps have been
included. Each working team reviews those components of the diagram with which
its members are associated. If a particular process involves more than one depart-
ment, representatives from all relevant departments should participate in enhancing
that portion of the process flow diagram.
10 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

For example, the cross-functional team at a printing company might identify the
following eight key steps on the process flow diagram:

Job award
Production process
Art flow
Pre press process
Platemaking process
Press process
Finishing process
A
i Job completion

A small working team involved with the platemaking process adds to the dia-
gram by detailing the specific tasks involved.

5. Platemaking process
a. Obtain flats from stripping department
b. Compare flats to layout, job ticket, and proofs for accuracy
c. Burn image into plates
d. Process plates through the developer
e. Check plates against proofs for broken type, holes, and color break
f. Send plates to the press

The cross-functional team should review the completed process flow diagram
when all operational and supporting activities (for example, sales, maintenance) have
been described in detail and inserted into the original overview diagram.
Based on the process flow diagram, the inputs and outputs associated with each
step can be identified. These inputs and outputs provide the basis for identifying
aspects.
The concept of a process flow diagram can be intimidating, especially to those
with limited access to sophisticated computer graphics software. In fact, the ability
to create flow charts or other similar graphics is unnecessary. Figure 2.1 depicts a
process flow diagram that presents information about the manufacture of street signs
in tabular form. Because this figure is intended to illustrate how a process flow dia-
gram is formatted, key support activities are missing. A comprehensive process flow
diagram must include all nonmanufacturing activities, such as sales, receiving, stor-
age, shipping, accounting, and so on.
 Identifying Environmental Aspects 11

Figure 2.1. Process flow diagram.

Process Inputs

Steel sheets The sign blank is cut from a sheet | Scrap steel
of steel by a metal shear machine.

Corners are rounded on a punch

machine.

Holes for mounting the sign are

punched by a punch machine.

Liquid zinc The sign is coated with zinc to Liquid zinc

prevent rusting.

Cellophane tape The blank is checked for Used cellophane tape

Water cleanliness. Water/oil mixture

A tape snap test checks for dirt by

applying cellophane tape to the
blank and pulling it away. The
presence of color or particles on
the tape indicates dirt.

Water is poured over the surface.

Beading action indicates the
presence of oil or grease.

Mineral spirits/naphtha The blank surface is wiped with Cloths saturated with mineral
Clean cotton cloths mineral spirits (or naphtha) to spirits (or naphtha)
remove grease and dried with a
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
lint-free cloth.
or
Perchloroethylene (PCE) The blank is then immersed in a
bath of TCE or PCE vapor.

Wallboard The shape of the sign is Scrap wallboard

Nails transferred to thin wallboard. The | Used nails
Band saw wallboard is placed on multiple Used pens
Indelible marking pens retroreflective sheets and secured | Scrap steel
Retroreflective sheets to a hardboard cutting base. The | Used hardboard
sheets are cut with a bandsaw. Scrap retroreflective material
12 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Figure 2.1. Process flow diagram (continued).

Process Inputs Process Flow Process Outputs

Retroreflective sheets Retroreflective sheets are placed Scrap retroeflective material

Cutting dies in a clicker press. Cutting dies are
used to produce letters and
symbols.

Steel blanks The adhesive liner on the back of | Adhesive liner

Cut retroreflective sheets the background sheeting is Scrap steel and retroreflective
removed and the sheeting is sheeting
applied to the dry steel blank.
The sign is pressed between
rollers to ensure a smooth, even
application.
The edges are trimmed.

Die-cut letters The sign is set in a heat lamp Scrap retroreflective sheeting
Plastic slipsheets vacuum applicator and cooled. Adhesive backing
Letters, symbols, and other copy Scrap plastic slipsheets
are placed on the sign.
The sign is pressed between
rollers to ensure a smooth, even
application.
The sign is covered with a plastic
slipsheet and heated and cooled.

Cardboard cartons Signs are boxed according to type | Scrap cardboard

Packing tape and sent to warehouse for Scrap packing tape
Wooden pallets shipping Scrap plastic strapping
Plastic strapping Damaged pallets

Identification of environmental aspects. Once the process flow diagram is com-

plete, the small working teams are in a position to examine every step in every iden-
tified process and activity in order to delineate any associated environmental aspects.
This approach serves two purposes. First, it enables the organization to identify aspects
in small, manageable chunks, thereby decreasing the likelihood that significant aspects
 Identifying Environmental Aspects 13

will be overlooked. Second, it enables the organization to link its aspects to specific
operations and activities as required by ISO 14001, clause 4.4.6, Operational control.
A comprehensive process flow diagram will delineate

e Where every process or activity begins, in terms of the receipt of materials or

intermediate products
e The nature of any transformations that occur as part of the process or activity
e Where every process or activity ends, in terms of intermediate or final products

Depending on the nature of the specific process or activity under review, consider-
ation usually is given to

e Use of processed materials

e Use of recycled materials
e Use of reused materials
¢ Use of raw materials
¢ Use of chemicals
e Use of natural resources
e Use of energy
e Packaging on incoming items

Teams focused on aspects related to products tend to focus on

e Design
e Fabrication
e Storage
Distribution

Packaging
e Use
Disposal

The impacts of these (or other) aspects typically are viewed as emissions to air,
releases to water, contamination of land, and depletion of natural resources. (Impacts
are discussed in chapter 3.)
14 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Many companies erroneously evaluate their environmental aspects only within the
context of normal operating conditions. This overlooks aspects that may be associ-
ated with shut-down and start-up conditions or emergency situations. For example,
a fire (emergency) may trigger a halon system (aspect) that is not a consideration under
normal operating conditions. Consideration of emergency situations has the added ben-
efit of fulfilling the requirement in ISO 14001, clause 4.4.7, Emergency preparedness
and response, to identify the potential for accidents and emergency situations.
The easiest way to identify aspects is to create a questionnaire that guides a work-
ing team through the process. Obviously, such a tool should be customized to reflect
the nature of a company’s activities. Figure 2.2 provides an example of how such a
tool might be constructed.
The questionnaire can be customized to better reflect the nature of a company’s
activities and to make it easier to use. For example, the kinds of packaging associ-
ated with a company’s materials and supplies could be listed, thereby requiring recog-
nition by the individual completing this form rather than recall. The ability to check
off the kind of packaging rather than having to write it out could save time. If this
approach is employed, be sure to include other as an item. This allows the user to
add information in case the list of choices is not complete.
Similar questionnaires can be constructed for services and other nonoperational
activities and products. Figure 2.3 is designed to accommodate service activities per-
formed on a company’s premises, either by its own employees or by subcontractors.
The form also is applicable for situations in which a company’s employees provide
service to a customer.
Figure 2.4 focuses on aspects associated with a finished product. Therefore, the
emphasis here is limited to product packaging, use, and disposal. Aspects related to
product manufacture should be captured when operational aspects are identified (refer
to Figure 2.2).
 Identifying Environmental Aspects 15

Figure 2.2. Identification of operational environmental aspects.

Operational Area:

Activity/Task:

Form Completed by:

Questions Aspects (Complete this section for any “yes” response.)

1. Is energy used? List the kinds and amount for normal operations.
List the kinds and amount, if different, for:
Shut-down:
Start-up:
Potential emergency situations:

2. Are natural resources used? List the kinds and amount for normal operations.
List the kinds and amount, if different, for:
Shut-down:
Start-up:
Potential emergency situations:

3. Are chemicals used? List the kinds and amount for normal operations.
List the kinds and amount, if different, for:
Shut-down:
Start-up:
Potential emergency situations:

4. Are other materials used? List the kinds and amount for normal operations.
List the kinds and amount, if different, for:
Shut-down:
Start-up:
Potential emergency situations:

5. Is any packaging associated List the kinds and amount for normal operations.
with items 1-4? List the kinds and amount, if different, for:
Shut-down:
Start-up:
Potential emergency situations:
16 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Figure 2.3. Identification of service environmental aspects.

Nature of service:

Activity/Task:

Task Performed by: QO) Employee

Q) Subcontractor

Questions Aspects (Complete this selection for any

“yes” response.)

1. Is service provided on company Identify the location(s).

premises?

2. Is service provided on customer Indicate the nature of transportation used

premises? to get there.

3. Is energy used? List the kinds and amount.

4. Are natural resources used? List the kinds and amount.

5. Are chemicals used? List the kinds and amount.

6. Are other materials used? List the kinds and amount.

7. |s any packaging associated with List the kinds and amount.

items 3-6?
 Identifying Environmental Aspects 17

Figure 2.4. Identification of product environmental aspects.

End User: Q) Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)

() Consumer
Q) Other (specify)

Form
Form Completed
Completedby;

Aspect (Complete this section for any “yes”

response.)
ae ae

1. Does the product require enclosure in Describe the nature of the container.
a container?

2. Is the product (or its container) List the kinds and amount.
enclosed in any packaging?

3. Does the company have a take-back List the materials that are taken back and
program for the product, container, or amount.
packaging?

4. Is any portion of the product, List the materials that are reusable and
container, or packaging reusable or explain how they are reused.
recyclable? List the materials that are recyclable.

5. Does proper use of the product rely on Describe the kind of energy and the amount.
an energy source?

6. Is the packaging disposed of by the Describe typical manner of disposition and

end user? amount.

7. Is the container disposed of by the Describe typical manner of disposition and

end user? amount.

8. Is the product disposed of by the end Describe typical manner of disposition and
user? amount.
18 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

identification of Positive Aspects

Environmental aspects typically are viewed as having an adverse impact on the envi-
ronment. The focus of environmental objectives and targets, therefore, is to elimi-
nate or reduce the aspect, thereby preventing or reducing pollution. The emphasis in
ISO 14001 on prevention of pollution fosters this perception.
It is important to understand that an environmental aspect can have a beneficial
impact on the environment. Examples are few—because most aspects do have an
adverse impact—but include planting trees, creating wetlands, donating or selling land
to conservancy organizations, and other similar activities.
 CHAPTER 3

ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS

From ISO 14001:

Determine those [aspects] which have or can have significant impacts upon
the environment (section 4.3.1)

Environmental impact—any change to the environment, whether adverse or

beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organization's activities, products,
or services.

Identification of Environmental Impacts

Just as aspects can be categorized in terms of processes, products, and services, the
impacts resulting from those aspects can be similarly classified. ISO 14001, Annex
A, states explicitly that organizations do not have to evaluate each product, compo-
nent, or raw material input. They may select categories of activities, products, or
services to identify those aspects most likely to have a significant impact.
It is not necessary for an aspect to have an actual impact; the potential for a sig-
nificant impact is sufficient to designate an aspect as significant. Thus, organizations
that are successfully managing aspects to avoid a significant impact should identify
20 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

and evaluate their potential impacts to avoid an adverse environmental impact in the
future. Figure 3.1 lists common categories of environmental impacts.

Figure 3.1. Common environmental impact categories.

Operational Impact Categories | Service Impact Categories Product Impact Categories

Consumption/depletion of energy |Wastewater discharges Toxic substances

Consumption/depletion of natural |Disposal of chemicals Chemical substances
resources Disposal of solvents Packaging disposal
Air contaminants Disposal of used parts Product disposal
Wastewater discharges Noise
Storm water runoff
Land contamination
Hazardous waste disposal
Solid waste disposal
Noise
Odor

Environmental impacts can be identified in much the same manner as environ-

mental aspects. The most effective method is to build on existing information. If a
template (such as the example offered in Figure 2.2) was used to identify environ-
mental aspects, that information becomes the foundation upon which the list of envi-
ronmental impacts is built.
Figure 3.2 provides an example of an impact identification form that guides this
effort. Note that a separate form is used for each environmental aspect. This allows
a company to organize the forms in whatever manner is most useful by using infor-
mation in selected boxes. For example, aspects can be organized by

¢ Operational area: This assists in identifying environmental aspects and impacts

that are associated with specific tasks, work stations, or other activities. Such
categorization will be helpful in fulfilling other requirements imposed by ISO
14001, such as providing training to employees whose jobs may create a sig-
nificant environmental impact (clause 4.4.2), and identifying those operations
and activities that are associated with identified significant environmental
aspects (clause 4.4.6). Information in the Activity/Task box of Figure 3.2 pro-
vides the means for organization.
¢ Media: This approach clusters all water-related impacts as one grouping, all
air-related impacts as another grouping, and so forth, regardless of the func-
tional area in which the impact is generated. It assists in identifying the legal
 Assessing Environmental Impacts 2]

Figure 3.2. Identification of environmental impacts.

Operational Area:

Activity/Task:

Aspect (from Figure 2.2):

Form Completed by:

Impacts (Complete this section for

any “yes” response.)
1. Does any component of this aspect reenter List the component(s) and amount.
the process from which it was generated?

2. Does any component of this aspect enter List the component(s) and amount.
another internal process?

3. Is any component of this aspect sent off-site List the component(s) and amount.
for recycling?

4. ls any component of this aspect sent off-site List the component(s) and amount.
for reprocessing?

5. ls any component of this aspect sent off-site List the component(s) and amount.
for reuse?

6. Is any component of this aspect emitted to List the component(s) and amount.
the air (either directly or as fugitive emissions)?

7. ls any component of this aspect discharged to List the component(s) and amount.
water?

8. Is any component of this aspect handled as List the component(s) and amount.
solid waste?

9. ls any component of this aspect handled as List the component(s) and amount.
hazardous waste?

10. Could this aspect contribute to an accident? Identify the type of accident, the
conditions under which it could
occur, and the result.

11. Could this aspect create an emergency Identify the type of emergency, the
situation? conditions under which it could
occur, and the result.
22 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

requirements that are applicable to a company’s environmental aspects (clause

4.3.2). Information in boxes 6 through 9 of Figure 3.2 serves as the basis for
organization.
¢ Potential for accidents and emergency situations: This categorization assists in
fulfilling the requirement imposed by clause 4.4.7, Emergency preparedness and
response. Impacts in this category are organized on the basis of information
in boxes 10 and 11 of Figure 3.2.
e Actual impacts: This consolidates the total array of impacts by treating multi-
ple examples of the same impact (for example, air emissions from a web press
on the east end of a building and air emissions from a sheet-fed press on the
west end of the same building) as one impact (emission of VOCs from ink). It
also can elevate an impact from minor to significant. Consider a complex
process in which each of 10 workstations generates a small amount of solid
waste (200 pounds/week). Individual evaluations might conclude that solid
waste is not significant. However, when the 10 small amounts are considered
as one total amount (one ton/week), the solid waste evaluation can result in a
score that defines it as a significant impact. Information in boxes 1 through 9
on Figure 3.2 is used for organization.

Selecting Evaluation Criteria

Once environmental impacts are identified, each must be evaluated to establish the
magnitude of the impact. This evaluation becomes the basis for determining signif-
icance (see chapter 4).
A common error is evaluating impacts only under normal operating conditions.
A comprehensive evaluation effort will also consider abnormal operating conditions,
shut-down and start-up activities, and the potential for accidents and emergency sit-
uations. This may seem redundant; after all, aspects have been identified for these
varying conditions (see chapter 2). It is a critical step here because of the possibility
that an aspect may be constant regardless of normal or abnormal operating condi-
tions, but the impact may differ considerably.
Environmental impacts can be evaluated in a number of ways. There are as many
schemes for evaluating environmental impacts as there are companies with evalua-
tion procedures. A company must select some combination of evaluation criteria that
are appropriate for its own operations and activities.
Criteria commonly used are presented in this section, along with a sampling of
definitions. Interestingly, virtually all evaluation criteria employ a three-point or five-
 Assessing Environmental Impacts 23

point rating scale. The drawback to such scales is the tendency for evaluators to select
the midpoint or neutral position when there is some question about whether a par-
ticular attribute is slightly more negative or positive than neutral. If this is likely to
be a concern, establish a four-point scale and force evaluators to commit themselves
on one side of neutral (harmful) or the other (harmless). Some organizations may
find it preferable to use nonnumerical scales, such as minimal, low, moderate, and
high. There is nothing wrong with a nonnumerical approach; however, the use of
numerical scales may simplify the determination of significance.
The nine scales presented here are five-point scales. These scales are generic; that
is, they reflect the concepts embodied in numerous company procedures. Companies
should not feel compelled to evaluate their environmental impacts on the basis of
nine (or six or 12) factors. Rather, each organization must decide for itself what fac-
tors are important considerations. Select a combination that is appropriate for you.
Nor should companies feel compelled to use these scales as written. Both the range
of scores and accompanying definitions can be modified to better suit a particular
organization.
The three most common criteria for evaluating environmental impacts are sever-
ity, likelihood, and frequency of an impact. Severity refers to the degree to which a
company’s surroundings (including air, water, land, natural resources, flora, fauna,
and humans) are affected by an impact.

Severity Scale
5 = Severe/catastrophic—very harmful or potentially fatal; great effort to
correct and recover
4 = Serious—harmful but not potentially fatal, difficult to correct but
recoverable
3 = Moderate—somewhat harmful, correctable
2 = Mild—little potential for harm, easily correctable
1 = Harmless—no potential for harm, correctable

Likelihood serves as an indicator of probability. It attempts to rate impacts on

the probability of their occurrence.

Likelihood Scale

5 = Very likely—high probability (90 percent or more) that an aspect will

result in a detectable impact
4 = Likely—strong probability (68 percent to 89 percent) that an aspect
will result in a detectable impact
24 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

3 = Moderate—reasonable probability (34 percent to 67 percent) that an

aspect will result in a detectable impact
2 = Low—low probability (11 percent to 33 percent) that an aspect will
result in a detectable impact
1 = Remote—very unlikely (10 percent or less) that an aspect will result
in a detectable impact

Frequency addresses how often an impact could occur. If it is very likely that an
impact will occur, how often is it likely to happen—daily, monthly, once a year? Def-
initions can vary widely and should reflect the nature of a company’s operations. For
example, repeated occurrences in a manufacturing company are likely to be defined
differently than in a services setting.

Frequency Scale
5 = Continuous—occurs three times per week (on average) or more often
4 = Repeated—occurs one to two times per week (on average)
3 = Regular—occurs monthly (on average)
= Intermittent—occurs quarterly (on average)

1 = Seldom—occurs two times per year (on average) or less often

Other common criteria are geographic boundaries, controllability, and regulatory

status of an impact. Geographic boundaries reflect the physical area in which the
impact occurs.

Boundaries Scale
5 = Global—impact migrates outside region in which company is located
= Regional—impact migrates outside local community in which com-
pany is located
3 = Local—impact migrates off-site into surrounding community
2 = Confined—impact migrates off-site, but is contained in small, adja-
cent area
1 = Isolated—impact is contained on company’s site with no migration

Controllability is a key concept because ISO 14001 refers explicitly to the envi-
ronmental aspects of a company’s activities that it can control and influence.
 Assessing Environmental Impacts 25

Controllability Scale
5S = Uncontrollable—process and materials are not controlled
4 = Indirectly influenceable—processes and materials controlled by inde-
pendent third party
3 = Influenceable—processes and materials controlled by customer or
supplier
2 = Indirectly controllable—company controls supplier contract, man-
dates use of materials and/or processes
1 = Directly controllable—company controls processes and materials, no
requirements imposed by customers

Regulatory status identifies whether an impact is associated with government

requirements. Some companies treat this as a yes-no rating; that is, there is a gov-
ernment regulation or there is not. A more comprehensive rating system considers
self-imposed requirements, including any requirements described as “other” in ISO
14001 sections 4.2 (environmental policy) and 4.3.2 (legal and other requirements).

Regulatory Status Scale

5 = Regulated—mandated by a federal, state, or local government agency
4 = Regulated in future—not currently mandated by a government
agency, but either under consideration or has the potential to become
regulated in future
3 = Company policy—industry standard, code of practice, or other ini-
tiative that has been adopted and formalized into a company-wide
policy
2 = Company practice—industry standard, code of practice, or other ini-
tiative that guides established practice, but is not formally codified
1 = Unregulated—no guidance

Some companies have expanded the concept of regulatory status to include the
criterion of reportability. This refers to any governing bodies that must be notified
about the impact in question. In many cases, this may be more applicable to impacts
that result from abnormal operating conditions or emergency incidents. Depending
on organizational structure, this scale should be modified to reflect relevant levels of
ownership and responsibility.
26 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Reportability Scale
5 = Government authorities—reporting to federal, state, or local authorities
4 = Corporate management—reporting outside the facility responsible for
the impact and its immediate company to the corporate owner
3 = Company management—reporting outside the facility responsible
for the impact, but within the immediate company that owns the
facility
2 = Facility management—reporting within the facility responsible for
the impact
1 = Not reportable—no reporting required beyond documented proce-
dure for monitoring and measuring key characteristics of activities
that can have a significant environmental impact (per ISO 14001, sec-
tion 4.5.1)

Additional considerations include stakeholder concerns and duration of impact.

Stakeholder concerns reflects how external interested parties, typically defined in
terms of customers, regulators, residents in proximity to the organization, and special-
interest groups, perceive an environmental impact. Thus, an impact that is not severe
but is of primary concern to external interested parties might be rated as equally sig-
nificant as a severe impact that is of secondary concern to few external interested
parties.

Stakeholder Concerns Scale

5 = primary concern to all/most interested parties
4 = primary concern to a few/one interested parties
3 = secondary concern to all/most interested parties
2 = secondary concern to a few/one interested parties
1 = little/no concern to interested parties

Duration pertains to the length of time that the environmental impact will be felt
by affected entities. The rating scheme used can be modified to include time frames
that reflect the kinds of impacts created by a company’s activities. To ensure con-
sistency among company staff tasked with assessing duration, it is necessary to quan-
tify what is meant by terms such as short-term. Such definitions often differentiate
acute and chronic impacts. An acute condition typically results from an episode in
which the associated damage or harm is corrected. An acute impact can be likened
 Assessing Environmental Impacts 27

to the common cold; the condition can be treated (usually with aspirin and chicken
soup) and after a relatively short period of time, all adverse symptoms are eliminated.
A chronic impact presents a situation in which the associated damage is controlled
but not corrected. Chronic impacts are analogous to arthritis; associated discomfort
can be controlled but the cause of that discomfort cannot be eliminated.

Duration Scale
5 = Irreversible—controllable but not correctable
4 = Three years or more—great effort to correct and recover
3 = One to three years—difficult to correct but recoverable
2 = Three to 12 months—correctable
1 = Short-term—impact can be corrected in three months or less

Some organizations also include factors such as cost of remediation and effect on
production. Although an organization can employ any criteria that it deems appro-
priate, cost, effect on production, and other similar considerations are more appro-
priate in determining which impacts will be addressed through environmental
objectives and targets.
The evaluation factors presented here and in chapter 5 focus on adverse envi-
ronmental impacts. Very few organizations have established evaluation criteria that
compare beneficial impacts. Typically, such impacts are identified without any attempt
to determine whether one is more beneficial (that is, more significant) than another.
Regardless of the number and type of factors to be considered, the construct that
is conveyed by any evaluation criterion must be clearly defined. There are two types
of definitions. In the first type, a word can be defined by other words. For example,
we can define weight as the heaviness of an object. Such a definition simply substi-
tutes one concept for another. The second type, referred to as an operational defin-
ition, assigns meaning to a word by specifying the manner in which it can be
measured. Thus, an operational definition for weight might be number of pounds.
A key consideration in impact evaluation is inter-rater reliability; that is, the abil-
ity of different evaluators to make the same, correct determination about an impact
as it reflects a specific criterion. Inter-rater reliability is enhanced by a clear, concise
operational definition for every score within a particular scale.
Consider two employees who are asked to evaluate an impact for frequency. The
choices available to these raters are: 1-seldom, 2—-intermittent, 3-regular, 4—-repeated,
5-continuous. Depending on their professional experience and facility with language,
the words on the scale may connote very different things to these raters. This
increases the likelihood that each rater will assign very different scores (for exam-
ple, 2 and 4). When an operational definition is added (see the Frequency Scale
28 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

earlier in this chapter), variability in scoring should decrease because the raters have
been told the basis for assigning any number on the scale.
Because different teams of employees may be evaluating environmental aspects,
it is critical to develop operational definitions that are meaningful to all participants.

Evaluating Environmental Impacts

Once a rating scheme has been determined and underlying constructs defined, each
impact must be evaluated according to the selected criteria. Every identified impact
(delineated in Figure 3.2) must be assigned a number that reflects its position for any
given criterion. For example, if an impact is to be evaluated for severity, and a five-
point scale is used to define degrees of severity, then the impact will be assigned a
number (from 1 to 5) that depicts its severity rating. If the impact is to be evaluated
according to seven factors, then seven numbers must be assigned—one for each cri-
terion of interest.
Typically, this information is summarized on a worksheet such as that presented
in Figure 3.3. Note that the figure reflects all nine criteria for which scales appear
earlier in this chapter. Obviously, it should be modified to reflect the evaluation cri-
teria chosen by a company. Because answers to the questions require quantification,
scores entered onto this summary form are taken from the rating scale definitions.
Additional examples of rating scales and summary forms appear in chapter 6.
After the rating numbers have been assigned, simple mathematics can be used to
determine a cumulative score for each impact. The most common approaches involve
addition or multiplication—the higher the number, the more significant the impact.
Both approaches introduce a bias to the total significance score. Addition reflects
the assumption that all rating factors are equally important. Multiplication introduces
a different bias. Rating criteria are not equivalent with this method. Any factor with
a low rating score contributes less to the total significance score than those factors
with high rating scores. To illustrate these biases, consider two impacts that are rated
on the basis of likelihood and severity (see Figure 3.4).
Although Impact 2 is very likely to occur, it is easily correctable and there is no
potential for harm. Impact 1 is less likely to occur than Impact 2 (34 percent to 67
percent as compared to 90 percent or more), but will be somewhat harmful. In the
first example, the two impacts are equally significant. However, when rating scores
are multiplied instead of added (see example 2), Impact 1 yields a higher significance
score than Impact 2.
Such differences also occur when multiple evaluation criteria are used (see Fig-
ure 3.5). For example, suppose a company decides to evaluate its impacts for four
factors—severity, likelihood, frequency, and duration.
 Assessing Environmental Impacts 29

Figure 3.3. Environmental impact ratings.

. Can the impact be corrected? If yes, how is it corrected? How long (on average)
does such correction take? What kind of harm (if any) occurs to people, animal life,
water, air, land?

2. If no, can the impact be controlled? How? How long (on average) does such
control take? What kind of harm(if any) occurs to people, animal life, water, air, land?

3. What is the percentage likelihood that this Duce will occur?

In the course of one year, how many times (on average) does this impact occur?

5. Is the impact contained on our site or does it migrate off-site? If it migrates, how
large an area is affected?

6. Who, if anyone, has control over the cause of this impact? If control is inside our
company, indicate the department or functional area. If outside our company,
provide as much detail as possible.

7. |s the impact regulated? If yes, by what agency? If no, is it likely to be regulated

anytime soon?

8. Is the impact addressed by company policy or practice? If yes, provide details.

9. Are there any reporting requirements related to this impact? If yes, how often and
to whom are reports submitted?

10. Is this impact of concern to any of our stakeholders? If yes, which ones? How
much concern?

11. What is the duration of the impact when it occurs? How long does it take to
correct/control the impact?

Total Score (indicate whether numbers are to be added or multiplied to achieve the
total)

* from applicable rating scale (scales should be attached to this form or otherwise provided to evaluators)
30 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Figure 3.4. Examples of rating bias.

Impacts Significance

Example 1 (added)
Impact 1
Impact 2

Example 2 (multiplied)
Impact 1
Impact 2

In this example, significance is determined by adding the assigned rating for each
criterion. Thus, in Figure 3.5, Impacts 2 and 4 are the most significant. Although
both impacts have a total score of 13, Impact 2 will occur far less often (no more
than twice annually) than Impact 4 (monthly). However, Impact 2 is irreversible,
while Impact 4 can be corrected in less than a year. With a score of 12, Impact 5 is
almost as significant—it is more likely to occur than Impact 2, but will be far less
severe when it does.
If we determine significance by multiplying the assigned ratings, the results change
dramatically (see Figure 3.6). Impacts 2 and 4 are no longer equal in significance.
Impact 4 has a significance score that is half again as large as the score for Impact 2.
How, then, does one decide whether to add or multiply assigned values?
The scales employed in evaluating environmental impacts are attribute scales; that
is, they identify characteristics associated with inanimate objects. These attributes
are considered continuous variables because they are measured using a numerical sys-
tem (in this workbook, 1 through 5) where the numbers designate more or less of
the attribute in question.

Figure 3.5. Multiple evalution criteria, added.

Impacts Severity Likelihood ina i. Significance

 Assessing Environmental Impacts 31

Figure 3.6. Multiple evaluation criteria, multiplied.

Impact 1

Impact 5 45
- - -

Without devoting extensive space to a statistical discussion, suffice it to say that

scores should be multiplied when the values assigned to measured attributes (for
example, severity, likelihood, and so forth) are unrelated to each other. Let’s return
to Figure 3.6—for impact 1, severity is assigned a score of 3. Likelihood also has a
score of 3; however, it could just as easily have a score of 1 or 5. The likelihood of
occurrence is unrelated to severity. Scores should be added when the values of attrib-
utes are related to each other.
Generally speaking, the criteria employed in impact evaluation are unrelated.
Therefore, multiplication should be used to determine the total significance score.

Pulling It All Together

Although the process flow diagram, aspect identification forms, and impact identifi-
cation and evaluation forms are excellent tools, the number of pages involved can
be cumbersome when quick reference is required. Thus, companies often summarize

Figure 3.7. Environmental aspects and impacts summary.

Source/ Potential Related

Activity Emergency |Documents

Receiving dock— Oil leaks Run-off to Water None WI-3-02

unloading storm sewer

Paint booth— VOCs Emission of Air Venting WI-7-06

spray paint particulates *
EP=3

* Denotes significant impact.

32 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

their aspects and impacts in a way that affords employees, auditors, and others a
quick overview. Figure 3.7 offers one example of how aspects and impacts can be
consolidated. Note that information is organized according to specific operations and
activities.
 CHAPTER 4

DEFINING SIGNIFICANCE

ISO 14001 limits its focus to environmental aspects that have or can have significant
impacts on the environment. Interestingly, the writers of ISO 14001 provide no
insight as to their perception of what renders an impact significant. According to
Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (Unabridged), significant is defined as
having meaning; having or likely to have effect. It is up to individual companies to
decide the point at which an impact has meaning or is significant.
Assigning significance relies on the results of impact evaluation. As explained in
chapter 3, once evaluation criteria are established and numerical values assigned, an
impact score is derived for every identified aspect. Typically, a high impact score
denotes a significant impact. The challenge is determining where to draw the line
that separates significant impacts from the trivial. Suppose that impact scores range
from 1 to 10. How does one organization decide that a score of 7 or higher is sig-
nificant while another includes everything with a score of 6 or more?
Based on two five-point scales for likelihood and severity, all possible significance
scores for impacts are presented in Figure 4.1. Two scores are shown in each cell:
the first is obtained by multiplying the likelihood value times the severity value; the
second by adding those values. |
Multiplied scores range from a low of 1 (1 x 1) to a high of 25 (5S x 5); added
scores range from 2 (1 + 1) to 10 (5 + 5). Another way of looking at the signifi-
cance scores is to list them on a continuum from highest to lowest numerical value.

e Continuum of multiplied scores (14 scores possible)

251e2 0 MiG! ol ipeat) 19%: 89G US 40d) Zeal

33
34 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

e Continuum of added scores (9 scores possible)

10.9 8. 72 6 See eee

Figure 4.1. Significance scores for two evaluation criteria.

Likelihood

The example presented in Figure 4.1 uses only two evaluation factors. As the num-
ber of evaluation criteria increases, the number of possible scores and the maximum
value of those scores also increase. If five five-point scales are used to evaluate
impacts and scores are multiplied, the maximum value for a single impact jumps to
es VAN
Conceptually, the task is the same no matter how large the number of possible
scores or the maximum value. Companies must decide where they will draw the line
that denotes significance. The following three factors are often used to make this
judgment credible:

¢ Regulatory status: Some companies define all regulated impacts as significant. Oth-
ers argue that some regulated entities pose relatively little harm to the environ-
ment and, therefore, are not significant on the basis of actual harm engendered.
e Stakeholder interest: Impacts that are of concern to external parties with a legit-
imate interest in a company’s operations often are defined as significant.
e Percentile ranking: Percentile rank refers to the relative position of a score in
a distribution of scores. Specifically, it identifies the percentage of scores equal
to or less than the given score. A percentile rank is always a number repre-
senting a percentage. Thus, if 80 percent of impact scores have a value of 15
or less, the percentile rank for the score of 15 is 80.
 Defining Significance 35

Some companies define as significant those impacts with scores higher than the
score with a percentile ranking of 80. Other companies may use a percentile
ranking of 75 or 90. Conceptually, what they are saying is that impacts with
scores in the top 20 (or 25 or 10) percent are of interest.

Such methods can be used in combination. Such an approach would define an

impact as significant under the conditions depicted in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2. Conditions for significance, combined approach.

Impact Score Exceeds Impact Score Equals or Less

Percentile Ranking of N Than Percentile Ranking of N

Impact is Regulated Significant Significant

Impact not Regulated Significant Not Significant

Any approach for defining significance will be somewhat subjective. Who is to

say that a percentile ranking of 80 is more appropriate than one of 70? Ultimately,
a company must rely on the professional experience and judgment of those charged
with this task. Regardless of the method used, it should be clearly defined so that
the assignment of significance to different environmental impacts is done in a con-
sistent manner.
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 CHAPTER 5

A FINAL WORD

The process flow approach presented in this workbook eliminates much of the frus-
tration that can arise when organizations attempt to identify and evaluate their envi-
ronmental aspects and impacts. It allows examination of information across three
separate screenings to ensure that a full array of elements with actual or potential
environmental effects is fully explored. The screening process quickly and effectively
narrows the list of aspects to those most critical to a pollution prevention strategy
on the basis of selection criteria developed by the organization.
The initial screen enables any organization to delineate the full array of envi-
ronmental aspects associated with core business and ancillary operations and activ-
ities. The second screen evaluates the environmental impact of every identified aspect.
The third screen provides an elimination function—by determining which impacts
are significant, a company narrows the focus of environmental objectives and tar-
gets, thereby saving time and money.
However a company chooses to identify environmental aspects and impacts, the
most important consideration is establishing a procedure that is suited to its core busi-
ness and internal culture. Readers should not lose sight of the fact that this work-
book is printed on paper, not carved in stone. The sample procedures in chapter 6
are just that—examples. Although each employs a similar approach, actual steps in
the procedures, assigned responsibilities, and manner of reporting results differ from
company to company.
This workbook provides information to enhance understanding. It is incumbent
upon you, the reader, to transform that understanding into your own procedure for
effectively addressing your organization’s environmental aspects and impacts.

37
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 CHAPTER 6

SAMPLE PROGEDURES

The role of an ISO 14001 auditor is to determine whether established procedures

conform to the requirements stipulated in the standard and to verify that such pro-
cedures are being followed. Therefore, the approach selected for identifying envi-
ronmental aspects, evaluating their impacts, and assigning significance must be
applied consistently throughout the organization.
This section presents procedures that have been implemented in companies from
five business sectors: automotive, electronics, industrial gases, utilities, and service.

BOC Gases Americas—manufacture and supply of industrial gases and gas han-
dling technology
Consolidated Edison Company of New York—electric, gas, and steam utility
First Environment—strategic management and environmental engineering services

MKA-Matsushita Kotobuki Electronics Industries of America—manufacture of

combination television/VCRs

Panasonic-Matsushita Communication Industrial Corporation of U.S.A.—manu-

facture of automotive electronics and telecommunication products
Purolator/Arvin Industries—manufacture of automotive oil, air, and fuel filters
and filter housings

In addition to the procedures themselves, several companies also have provided

tables of aspects and impacts identified by their procedures.

32
40 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

The author’s purpose in presenting these examples is to illustrate how companies

in different sectors have chosen to identify and evaluate their environmental aspects
and impacts. These procedures are not intended as templates. Any organization that
implements ISO 14001 must develop its own procedure to reflect internal processes
and activities.
 Sample Procedures 41

BOC Gases Americas

Murray Hill, New Jersey

BOC Gases is a worldwide leader in the manufacture and supply of industrial gases
and gas handling technology. The company’s gas products are essential to almost all
modern industries, including chemicals, fabrication and welding, food, electronics,
glass, iron and steel, and medical. BOC Gases’ primary gas products include cryogenic
and non-cryogenic nitrogen and oxygen, as well as argon, carbon dioxide, helium,
hydrogen, and a variety of medical rare and special gases.
BOC Gases is the industrial gases business of The BOC Group, the worldwide indus-
trial gases, vacuum technologies, and distribution services company operating in more
than 60 countries with sales in excess of $7 billion.
The Kittery, Maine, site of BOC Gases Americas was registered to ISO 14001 in
July, 1997, by Lloyd’s Register Quality Assurance.
In addition to its environmental aspect identification and significance evaluation
procedure, BOC Gases has provided three tables of data.

e Section One, Table $1-3 presents the facility-wide environmental aspect inven-
tory with evaluation scores and designation of significance.
e Section A—Air Separation Plants presents impacts associated with the facility’s
air separation plants for which pollution prevention activities (best management
practices) have been identified.
e Section G—Truck Maintenance presents impacts associated with truck mainte-
nance for which pollution prevention activities (best management practices)
have been identified.
42 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

BOC Gases Americas

Murray Hill, New Jersey

This procedure was used for ISO 14001 registration at BOC’s Kittery, Maine site.

Environmental Aspect Identification

and Significance Evaluation Procedure

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS

Kittery will establish and maintain procedure(s) to identify the environmental aspects
of its activities, products, or services that it can control and over which it can be
expected to have an influence, in order to determine those which have or can have
significant impacts on the environment. The Kittery site will ensure that the aspects
related to these significant impacts are considered in setting our environmental objec-
tives. This information will be kept up to date.
Table $1-3 identifies Environmental Aspects related to facility activities and evalu-
ates the significance of those Environmental Aspects. Environmental Aspects are defined
as, An element of an organization’s (facility’s) activities, products, or services that can
interact with the environment.

1. Identification of Environmental Aspects

The methodology used to identify environmental aspects at this facility is provided below:

Step 1 The site Pollution Prevention Team will conduct a review of the Process
Flow Diagrams (See Tables $1-3, $1-4, and $1-5). These tables provide use-
ful pictorial flow diagrams for Air Separation Plants and Distribution
Operations to identify environmental aspects at this location. Best Envi-
ronmental Management Practice Tables (see EMS Manual Appendix 12A)
will also be reviewed to further identify applicable environmental aspects
for this facility.

Step 2 Site-specific environmental aspects (both direct and indirect) related to

site equipment and features, neighbors, environmentally sensitive areas,
 Sample Procedures 43

ecologically significant resources, and abnormal/emergency conditions will

be identified by the Pollution Prevention Team in a brainstorming session.

Step 3 Environmental Aspects, estimates of quantities generated/released (when

applicable), and potential environmental impacts will be listed in Table
S1-3 for this facility.

Step 4 Review/update the identified Environmental Aspects at least annually or

whenever there is a change in facility processes, surroundings, or applic-
able regulations.

2. Evaluation of the Significance of Identified Environmental Aspects

The methodology used to evaluate the significance of the identified Environmental
Aspects is provided below:

Step 1 The Pollution Prevention Team will use the following factors to evaluate
the significance of the Environmental Aspects. They include:

A. Toxicity/Hazard—the relative toxicity of the environmental aspect or

the relative impact (for example, ozone depletion) it may have on the
environment/community.

Quantity—Generally the amount of the environmental aspect (waste

quantity, kilowatts, and so on) produced/used per year. When the
environmental aspect is measured in other terms (such as, noise
decibels) the evaluation will be based on site-specific criteria.
Hazardous waste manifests, waste bills of lading, Form Rs, fuel usage
records, purchasing records, flow records, and so on, are used to
estimate these quantities.
Probability/Exposure—tThe likelihood of the environmental aspect
causing an exposure with significant environmental damage.
. Regulatory—The environmental aspect is regulated under a federal,
state, or local environmental requirement.
Liability/Cost—The potential estimated liability or costs for taking cor-
rective actions if the environmental aspect is not managed properly.
Stakeholder Concerns—lIdentifies whether the environmental aspect
has been a legitimate concern of any stakeholder.
44 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Step 2. Each factor is evaluated by the Pollution Prevention Team using the fol-
lowing criteria to determine the significance of each Environmental Aspect
and record the results in Table 1-3. A consensus can be obtained infor-
mally or can be accomplished through more formal (for example, nominal
group) techniques. As appropriate, a representative of the Corporate Envi-
ronmental Affairs Department may facilitate this evaluation. Note that
energy usage is considered a significant environmental aspect at all BOC
Gases ASUs.

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL

ASPECT SIGNIFICANCE

A. Toxicity/Hazard
1 = Process/Activity generates primarily municipal (garbage) and rel-
atively inert industrial waste, noncontact cooling water, compo-
nents of air, and inert compounds. Sound levels generated by
activity at property line are less than 50 decibels.
2 = Process/Activity generates special wastes such as petroleum prod-
uct wastes, criteria pollutants (such as products of combustion),
and conventional water pollutants (BOD, COD, suspended solids,
oil, and grease). Sound levels generated by activity at property line
are greater than 50 but less than 65 decibels.
3 = Process/Activity generates listed hazardous air pollutants, Toxic
Release Inventory chemicals, hazardous waste, PCBs, asbestos, pri-
ority water pollutants, ozone depleting substances, or other wastes
generally acknowledged to be toxic/hazardous to the environ-
ment. Sound levels generated by activity at property line are
greater than 65 decibels.

B. Quantity
1 = Process/Activity generates releases less than 1000 pounds/year.
Noise source(s) generates sound levels less than 50 decibels at
property line.
2 = Process/Activity generates releases greater than 1000 pounds but
less than 10,000 pounds per year. Noise source(s) generates sound
levels greater than 50 decibels but less than 65 decibels at prop-
erty line.
 Sample Procedures 45

3 = Process/Activity generates releases greater than 10,000 pounds per

year. Noise source(s) generates sound levels greater than 65
decibels at property line.

Probability/Exposure

1 = There is a low likelihood (0O—10%) that the activity/aspect will result

in an exposure over a 10-year period that causes significant envi-
ronmental damage or complaints.
2 = There is a moderate (11-30%) likelihood that the activity/aspect
will result in an exposure over a 10-year period that causes sig-
nificant environmental damage or complaints.
3 = There is a high (> 30%) likelihood that the activity/aspect will result
in an exposure over a 10-year period that causes significant envi-
ronmental damage or complaints.

Note: When the score for A. Toxicity x B. Quantity x C. Proba-

bility/Exposure is greater than 8, the environmental aspect
and associated potential environmental impacts are con-
sidered to be significant.

. Regulatory
Insignificant = Activity/aspect not regulated at federal, state, or local level.
Significant = Activity/aspect regulated at federal, state, or local level.

Potential Liability/Cost Impact

Insignificant = Cost liabilities associated with potential environmental
impacts from the activity/aspect are estimated to be less than $5,000.
Significant = Cost liabilities associated with potential environmental
impacts from the activity/aspect are estimated to be greater than $5,000.

Stakeholder Input
Insignificant = No legitimate concerns identified by stakeholders
related to environmental aspect.
Significant = Legitimate concerns identified by stakeholders related to
environmental aspect.
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 Sample Procedures 65

Consolidated Edison Company of New York

Transportation, Stores and Technical Services Group
Queens, New York

Consolidated Edison Company of New York (Con Edison) is one of the nation’s
largest utility companies, with more than $7 billion in annual revenues and approxi-
mately $14 billion in assets. Con Edison provides electric, gas, and steam service to
more than three million customers in New York City and Westchester County,
New York.
The Transportation and Stores operation consists of 650 employees. It is chiefly
responsible for the transportation and storage of all Con Edison materials, equipment,
and waste streams. Its environmental management system is applicable to warehous-
ing, waste management, fleet operations, rigging, fleet services, garage services, mate-
rials testing, and equipment/instrument calibration and repair.
Con Edison’s Transportation and Stores operation was registered to ISO 14001 in
April, 1998, by Lloyd’s Register Quality Assurance.
Con Edison’s environmental aspect evaluation procedure is accompanied by work-
sheets A and B. Worksheet A delineates the aspects and impacts associated with spe-
cific activities. Worksheet B presents the numerical scoring data for each aspect.
Worksheets A and B are provided for two functions: garages, fleet administration,
engineering; and stores.
66 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Consolidated Edison Company

Transportation and Stores Operation
Queens, New York

Environmental Aspect Evaluation

February 10, 1998 (ISO 4.3.1.0, Kev. 2)

1. Scope
Those environmental aspects that Consolidated Edison Company’s Transportation and
Stores Department can control or be expected to control.

2. Objective
To ensure that all activities carried out or controlled by Transportation and Stores (T&S)
are effectively reviewed and all significant environmental aspects are identified.

3. Responsibility

Operations Personnel

It is the responsibility of operations personnel (that is, Managers and Supervisors) to

inform Environmental Operations of any new work activities or unique conditions (that
is, a remediation project) in their work area. Operations Personnel will also assist Envi-
ronmental Operations as needed in the evaluation of significant aspects.

Environmental Operations
It is the responsibility of Environmental Operations to evaluate the significance of the
environmental aspects related to the activities performed by T&S and to monitor new
developments in law, procedures, technology, and so on, to ensure that the Environ-
mental Aspects Register is kept up to date.

4. Procedure

4.1 Environmental Operations will compile a listing of all activities performed

by T&S. All activities will then be broken down into discrete aspects, and
 Sample Procedures 67

the associated impacts for each aspect will be noted. This information will
be recorded in “Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A” of the T&S Environmen-
tal Aspects Register. Should Environmental Operations need assistance in
preparing Worksheet A, operations personnel will be consulted. The oper-
ations personnel consulted should be noted on the worksheet in these
cases.

4.2 Environmental Operations will then calculate the relative environmental

significance of each activity, based on the scoring criteria listed in Attach-
ment A. The relative significance of each activity will be reflected in the
Environmental Aspect Score. Information relative to the scoring of each
aspect will be recorded in “Aspect Evaluation Worksheet B” of the T&S
Environmental Aspects Register. Should Environmental Operations need
assistance in preparing Worksheet B, operations personnel will be con-
sulted. The operations personnel consulted should be noted on the work-
sheet in these cases.

4.3 Environmental Operations will then make a determination as to what

score will be used to separate significant environmental aspects from all
others. Once this score is determined, all items that scored at that level or
above will be considered to be “Significant Environmental Aspects” as
defined by ISO 14001, and will be listed in the “Significant Aspects Work-
sheet” of the Environmental Aspects Register.

4.4 Significant Environmental Aspects will be considered when addressing the

following:

e Objectives and Targets (see ISO 4.3.3.0)

e Training Requirements (see ISO 4.4.2.0)
¢ Communications with the Public (see ISO 4.4.3.2)
¢ Operational Controls (see ISO 4.4.6.0)
e Monitoring and Measurement (see ISO 4.5.1.0)

4.5 In light of legislative changes, audit findings, policy changes, and so on,
the list of aspects which T&S can control or can be expected to have a
significant influence on, and their associated significant environmental
effects, is kept up to date through periodic review of all activities performed
by T&S (approximately every 12 months). Should Environmental Opera-
tions be notified of a major change in operations or new project being
undertaken by T&S, they will review the activities associated with these
operations or project within three months of notification.
68 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

4.6 Should an operating unit be added to the T&S EMS, all activities associ-
ated with that operating unit will be reviewed for significance within three
months from the effective date that the operation has been determined to
fall within the scope of the T&S EMS. Results of these reviews will be main-
tained in a “Supplemental Environmental Aspects Register” that pertains
only to these new operations, projects, and/or operating units.

4.7 Should an operating unit be removed from the T&S EMS, all significant
aspects that were associated solely with that operating unit will be removed
from the T&S EMS. All related management system items, such as objec-
tives and targets, operational controls, monitoring and measuring, and so
on, will also be removed from the overall EMS.

4.8 Upon completion of any aspects review, Environmental Operations will

notify all applicable operating areas as to what their Significant Environ-
mental Aspects are, and provide each location with a listing of these
activities.

5. Reference Documents

Sil Attachment A—“Significant Environmental Aspects: Scoring Criteria.”

De2 Environmental Aspects Register (master copy maintained by the ISO 14001
Management Representative).
 Sample Procedures 69

ATTACHMENT A
Significant Environmental Aspects: Scoring Criteria
Environmental Effect Criteria

A Event Probability 1—Extremely low likelihood of event occurring

2—Low likelihood of event occurring
3—Moderate likelihood of event occurring
4—High likelihood of event occurring
5—Event guaranteed to occur

Bl Severity of Impact 1—Extremely low

B2 2—Low
3—Moderate
4—High
5—Critical

Cl Scale of Impact 1—Trivial

Kz 2—Small
3—Moderate
4—Large
5—Very large

Duration of 1—Impact likely to reverse itself naturally

Release 2—Impact reversible with minor effort
3—Impact reversible with moderate effort
4—I|mpact reversible with substantial effort
5—Impact irreversible

Legal and Public 1—Little to no interest, little reaction likely

Exposure 2—AMinor interest, little reaction likely
3—Normal interest, moderate reaction likely
4—High interest, moderate reaction likely
5—High interest, large reaction likely

Environmental Aspect Score = A’((2B1+B2)/3) ((2C1+C2)/3) D'E

70. Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Notes on Environmental Effect Criteria

Probability of Occurrence
This scoring criterion is fairly straightforward—it represents the relative likelihood that
an aspect is likely to cause its associated impact. An item with a probability of 1 is
very unlikely, such as the air emissions from a fire occurring, as fires in the T&S oper-
ation are extremely rare. Conversely, an item with a probability of 5 will occur, such
as emission to the air from the operation of a motor vehicle.

Severity of Impact
This scoring criterion has two components—B1 and B2. B1 is the most likely impact
and B2 is the worst case impact. In the scoring formula, B1 is assigned twice the rel-
ative weight of B2, since it is more likely to occur. In looking at the severity of the
impact, the primary considerations are the toxicity of releases or scarcity of resources
consumed.

For Releases:

1—Material is non-toxic and biodegradable (example = paper)

2—Material is basically non-toxic, but non-biodegradable (example = oil)
3—Material is normally non-toxic, but could be toxic under some instances
(example = Dielectric fluid, which usually does not have PCBs, but may
on occasion)

4—Material is toxic over an extended period of time (example = asbestos)

5—Material can be immediately toxic (example = hydrochloric acid)

For Resources:

1—Resource is easily renewed (example = grass)

2—Resource is moderately renewable (example = paper or metal parts)
3—Resource is depletable (example = oil)
4—Resource is already scarce (example = water in a drought period)

5—Resource is critically scarce (example = uranium)

 Sample Procedures 71

Scale of Impact
This criterion also has two components—C1 and C2. C1 is the most likely impact and
C2 is the worst case impact. In the scoring formula, C1 is assigned twice the relative
weight of C2, since it is more likely to occur. In looking at the scale of the impact, the
primary considerations are the size of releases or relative quantity of resources
consumed.

For Releases:

1—less than 1 gallon or pound released

2—1 to 5 gallons or pounds released
3—5 to 10 gallons or pounds released
4—10 to 100 gallons or pounds released
5—greater than 100 pounds or gallons released

For Resources:

All scoring for resources is relative, and considers the amount of the resource con-
sumed relative to the available quantity, as well as considering the impacts associated
with obtaining the resource. For example the depletion of resources needed to make
the automotive parts used would score relatively low, while the depletion of resources
needed to fuel the entire fleet would be relatively high.
1—High resource/usage ratio, little impact in obtaining resource
2—High resource/usage ratio, moderate impact in obtaining resource
3—Moderate resource/usage ratio, moderate impact in obtaining resource

4—Low resource/usage ratio, moderate impact in obtaining resource

5—Low resource/usage ratio, large impact in obtaining resource

Duration of Impact
This criterion focuses on how long the duration of any impacts associated with an activ-
ity are likely to last, and/or how difficult it would be to correct these impacts. The
scoring is self-explanatory.
72 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Legal and Public Exposure

This criterion focuses on the relative interest in the aspect or impacts that governing
agencies, the public, or other interested parties have shown, or are expected to show.
It also considers the expected outcome of any notice (positive or negative) that is
received by T&S from these entities. For example, an item that is non-regulated, and
which the public is not expected to care about how T&S is addressing, is likely to score
a 1. Conversely, items that are closely regulated and for which we know there is likely
to be a large governmental and/or public reaction to any action we take (for instance,
an asbestos release on the streets of Manhattan) would likely score a 5.

General

In some cases, the aspect being reviewed may not fit well into the categories discussed
up to this point (that is, releases or resources). In these cases, the evaluator should sim-
ply apply the relative scales for each scoring item to the aspect, using his/her best pro-
fessional judgment.
 Sample Procedures #3

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Garages, Fleet Admission, Engineering

Activity Aspect(s) Impact(s)

Perform emissions testing Air emissions from engines Contamination of air

Energy usage for equipment Depletion of natural resources

Operate vehicles Spillage/leakage from vehicles Contamination of soil or water

Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from engines Contamination of air

Fuel usage from vehicles Depletion of natural resources

t=
Noise from vehicles Disruption to fauna/humans

Air emissions due to fire Contamination of air

—

Perform vehicle painting Spillage/leakage of paints Contamination of soil or water

Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from spills Contamination of air

Damage to humans from toxic
materials

Air emissions from grinding/ Contamination of air

paints/solvents Damage to humans from toxic
materials

Paint/solvent usage in painting Depletion of natural resources

and cleanup

Incidental use of other materials Depletion of natural resources

while painting

Noise from painting operations Disruption to fauna/humans

Energy usage to operate painting Depletion of natural resources

equipment

Air emissions due to fire Contamination of air

(continued)
74 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Garages, Fleet Administration, Engineering (continued)

Supervise fuel deliveries Spillage/leakage during deliveries |Contamination of soil or water

Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emission due to fire Contamination of air

Store used vehicles/equipment for | Spillage/leakage from Contamination of soil or water

auction vehicles/equipment

Store/handle hazardous wastes Spillage/leakage from waste Contamination of soil or water

drums Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials
Air emissions from spills Contamination ofair
Damage to humans from toxic
materials

Management of wastes Contamination of soil/water/air

from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Air emission due to fire Contamination ofair

Operate/maintain garage Discharges from operation Contamination of water

oil/water separators
Use of energy to operate Depletion of natural resources

Maintain/manage fuel pumps Spillage/leakage from pump Contamination of soil or water

malfunction Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from fuel vapor Contamination of air

Oil/solvent/chemical usage from Depletion of natural resources

operations

Parts usage from operations Depletion of natural resources

(continued)
 Sample Procedures 75

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Garages, Fleet Administration, Engineering (continued)

Activity

Maintain/manage fuel pumps Energy required to operate Depletion of natural resources

(continued) pumps

Air emission due to fire Contamination of air

Maintain/manage USTs Leakage from tanks Contamination of soil or water

Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emission due to fire Contamination of air

Store and handle oils and Spillage/leakage from materials Contamination of soil or water
chemicals Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from spills Contamination of air

Damage to humans from toxic
materials

Air emission due to fire Contamination of air

Perform vehicle inspections Health/safety concerns reviewed Damage to humans/environment

during inspection prevented

Perform vehicle/equipment PMs Spillage/leakage of oils/chemicals Contamination of soil or water

from operations Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from spills Contamination of air

Damage to humans from toxic
materials

Air emissions from asbestos Contamination of air

containing materials (brakes/ Damage to humans from toxic
clutches) materials

Air emissions from air Contamination of air

conditioning systems

Oil/solvent/chemical usage from Depletion of natural resources

operations

(continued)
76 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Garages, Fleet Administration, Engineering (continued)

Activity

Perform vehicle/equipment PMs Reduction in future spills from Reduction of contamination to

(continued) proper maintenance soil/water/air

Noise from operations Disruption to fauna/humans

Energy required to perform PMs Depletion of natural resources

Parts/materials usage from Depletion of natural resources

operations

Perform vehicle/equipment Spillage/leakage of oils/chemicals | Contamination of soil or water

repairs from operations Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials
Air emissions from asbestos- Contamination of air
containing materials (brakes/ Damage to humans from toxic
clutches) materials

Air emissions from air Contamination of air

conditioning systems

Oil/solvent/chemical usage from Depletion of natural resources

Operations

Parts/materials usage from Depletion of natural resources

Operations

Noise from operations Disruption to fauna/humans

Energy required to perform Depletion of natural resources

repairs

Store/handle used oil Spillage/leakage from tanks Contamination of soil or water

Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials
(continued)
 Sample Procedures 77

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Garages, Fleet Administration, Engineering (continued)

Activity

Store/handle used oil (continued) Management of wastes Contamination of soil/water/air

from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Air emissions due to fire Contamination ofair

Vehicle engineering activities Choice of coatings to be used on Air emissions from

vehicles painting/repainting vehicles
Depletion of natural resources
based on durability of coatings
used

Expected life of vehicles Depletion of natural resources

when vehicles must be replaced

Specification of chemicals used in Contamination of soil/water/air

vehicles from ultimate use of vehicles
Depletion of natural resources
from chemicals used
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Containment/leak protection Prevention of

systems in oil/chemical hauling pollution/contamination
vehicles associated with vehicles

Determination of number of Reduced air emissions from

alternate fuel vehicles in Con Ed alternate fuel vehicles
fleet

Provide support for AFV programs Reduced air emissions from

to others in NYC area alternate fuel vehicles

(continued)
78 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Garages, Fleet Administration, Engineering (continued)

Activity

New vehicle storage and Spillage/leakage from equipment | Contamination of soil or water
commission Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Store/handle industrial debris Spillage/leakage from waste Contamination of soil or water

drums Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Management of wastes Contamination of soil/water/air

from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Air emission due to fire Contamination of air

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from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Administrative work from repairs Management of paper Contamination of soil/water/air

from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

(continued)
 Sample Procedures 79

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Garages, Fleet Administration, Engineering (continued)

Facilities usage Energy usage in occupying Depletion of natural resources

building

Incidental water usage Depletion of natural resources

Incidental water/sewage Contamination of water/soil

discharges

Spill response Spillage/leakage of materials from | Contamination of soil or water

improper/insufficient response Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Parts/materials usage from Depletion of natural resources

operations

Energy required to respond to Depletion of natural resources

spill

Supervise vehicle washing Discharges from operation Contamination of water

Water usage in washing Depletion of natural resources

Materials usage in washing Depletion of natural resources

Operate hydraulic lifts Leakage of oils from hydraulic lifts |Contamination of soil or water
Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials
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 Sample Procedures 87

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Stores

Operate vehicles Spillage/leakage from vehicles Contamination of soil or water

Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from engines Contamination of air

Fuel usage from vehicles Depletion of natural resources

Noise from vehicles Disruption to fauna/humans

Air emissions due to fire Contamination of air

Store and handle hazardous waste | Spillage/leakage from waste Contamination of soil or water
Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from spills Contamination of air

Damage to humans from toxic
materials

Management of wastes Contamination of soil/water/air

from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Air emissions due to fire Contamination of air

Store and handle used electrical Spillage/leakage from equipment | Contamination of soil or water
equipment Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials
Management of equipment Contamination of soil/water/air
from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling
(continued)
88 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Stores (continued)

Activity

Store and handle virgin oils and Spillage/leakage from materials Contamination of soil or water
chemicals Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from spills Contamination ofair

Damage to humans from toxic
materials

Air emissions due to fire Contamination of air

Store and handle new electrical Spillage/leakage from equipment Contamination of soil or water
equipment Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Store and handle industrial debris Spillage/leakage from waste Contamination of soil or water
drums Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Management of wastes Contamination of soil/water/air

from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill soace
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Air emissions due to fire Contamination of air

Store and handle universal waste | Spillage/leakage from waste Contamination of soil or water
drums Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from spills Contamination of air

Damage to humans from toxic
materials
(continued)
 Sample Procedures 89

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Stores (continued)

Activity Aspect(s) Impact(s)

Store and handle universal waste Management of wastes Contamination of soil/water/air

(continued) from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Air emissions due to fire Contamination of air

Clean network transformer pans Spillage/leakage from cleaning Contamination of soil or water
process Damage to flora/fauna/humans
|VeRa
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equipment Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

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containing materials Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Spillage/leakage from equipment Contamination of soil or water

Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions due to fire Contamination of air

Administrative work associated Management of paper Contamination of soil/water/air

with picking and shipping from improper disposal
materials Reduction of landfill soace
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Depletion of natural resources

(continued)
90 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Stores (continued)

Activity

Store/handle solid waste Management of wastes Contamination of soil/water/air

from improper disposal
Reduction of landfill space
needed from pollution prevention
Conservation of resources from
recycling

Store and handle asbestos Asbestos releases from waste Contamination of air
bags/drums Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Management of wastes Contamination of soil/water/air

from improper disposal

Repair capital tools Spillage/leakage of oils/chemicals Contamination of soil or water

from operations Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Air emissions from spills Contamination of air

Damage to humans from toxic
materials

Oil/solvent/chemical usage from Depletion of natural resources

operations

Parts/materials usage from Depletion of natural resources

Operations

Noise from operations Disruption to fauna/humans

Energy required to perform Depletion of natural resources

repairs

Facilities usage Energy usage in occupying Depletion of natural resources

building

Incidental water usage Depletion of natural resources

Incidental water/sewer discharges Contamination of water/soil

(continued)
 Sample Procedures 91

Aspect Evaluation Worksheet A

Stores (continued)

Activity Impact(s)

Spill response Spillage/leakage of materials from | Contamination of soil or water

improper/insufficient response Damage to flora/fauna/humans
from toxic materials

Parts/materials usage from Depletion of natural resources

operations

Energy required to respond to Depletion of natural resources

spill
 92 Identifyi ing Environmental Aspects and Impacts

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 Sample Procedures 97

First Environment
Riverdale, New Jersey

First Environment provides strategic management and environmental engineering ser-

vices. Services include risk-based remediation, expert testimony, environmental litiga-
tion support, and environmental management system development and training.
Environmental engineering services include Phase | and Phase II site investigations,
soil and groundwater remediation, and air-source testing.
First Environment was the first strategic management and environmental engineer-
ing organization in the United States to attain ISO 14001 certification. The company
received a German DAT/TGA certificate issued by TUV Rheinland of North America,
in November 1997.
Two procedures are presented. The first addresses identification of environmental
aspects. The most significant impact, taken from the list of significant impacts refer-
enced in Section V of this procedure, also is included. The second procedure describes
how significance is determined. The actual rating matrix for First Environment's most
significant impact illustrates how the procedure is applied.
98 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

First Environment
Riverdale, New Jersey
Identification of Environmental Aspects and Impacts
October 17, 1997 (EM4314.DOC, Kev 1)

1. Purpose
To identify the environmental aspects of First Environment's activities, products, and
services that we can control or over which we can be expected to have an influence,
in order to determine those which may have a significant impact on the environment.

2. Scope
This procedure is used to identify all of First Environment's activities, products, and ser-
vices that we can control or over which we can be expected to have an influence. For
purposes of evaluation, activities, products, and services with similar characteristics will
be grouped. Significant environmental impacts identified through this process are con-
sidered in the setting of environmental objectives and targets.

3. Responsibilities

a It is the responsibility of the ISO 14000 Steering Committee to provide

overall direction and support and to act as a resource for Function Area
Representatives (FARs).

a2 It is the responsibility of the ISO 14000 Steering Committee to engage FARs

in the identification of aspects and impacts associated with the activities,
products, and services of First Environment.

eho It is the responsibility of the ISO 14000 Steering Committee to review and
provide final revisions to the aspects and impacts identified by the FARs.

3.4 It is the responsibility of the FARs to identify environmental aspects asso-

ciated with new equipment or changes within the respective function area
which is not related to specific project work.

peo It is the responsibility of the Project Managers to identify environmental

aspects associated with new projects at kick-off and existing projects at
changes to the scope of work.
 Sample Procedures 99

4. Procedure

4.1 The ISO 14000 Steering Committee, a cross-functional team, has been
assembled by senior management and has been assigned the responsibil-
ity for performing the evaluation. The ISO 14000 Steering Committee des-
ignates the FARs. The ISO 14000 Steering Committee may call upon other
individuals in the organization, as necessary.

4.2 The activities, products and services of First Environment are broadly cat-
egorized into function areas as follows:

e Office functions, including administrative duties and report preparation,

accounting, marketing, and human resources
e Remediation
e Field work (health & safety)
e Laboratory
e Project execution/technical
¢ Building & equipment maintenance/housekeeping

Each function area is evaluated in terms of aspects and potential impacts.

Aspects are identified by evaluating (1) inputs associated with the func-
tional area that have an environmental component; and (2) outputs that
have potential environmental consequences. FARs meet with individuals
familiar with each of the functional areas to ascertain information, as nec-
essary.

4.3 The FARs ensure that the findings of their respective function areas are
documented in a form such that the ISO 14000 Steering Committee can
review them.

4.4 The ISO 14000 Steering Committee reviews the findings of the function
areas and if they determine that additional information is needed to eval-
uate a specific functional area, the ISO Management Representative assigns
the responsibility for collecting that information to an appropriate team
member and/or the function area representative.

4.5 The Steering Committee defines impacts associated with each aspect.
These include both positive and negative potential impacts. The impacts
are documented.

5. References/Related Documentation
100 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

¢ Product/services/activities and associated aspects and impacts (master list)

e Process flow chart
e Significance procedure
e Function area assignments (structure & responsibility)

¢ Significant impacts
e Project startup guidelines
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 Sample Procedures 103

First Environment
Riverdale, New Jersey

Significance
October 17, 1997 (EM4315.DOC, Kev 1)

1. Purpose

To determine the most significant environmental impacts and their associated envi-
ronmental aspects, activities, products, and services.

2. Scope

This procedure is used to evaluate the environmental aspects and impacts for signifi-
cance and determines which are most significant to First Environment. The significant
environmental impacts identified through this process are considered in the setting of
environmental objectives and targets.

3. Responsibilities
It is the responsibility of the ISO 14000 Steering Committee to define and implement
the significance criteria.

4. Procedure

4.1 The Steering Committee developed Significance Criteria (see Table 1) and
ran each of the potential impacts through the criteria to assign numerical
ranking. The Steering Committee determined the total number of impacts
to be defined as significant and designated the highest ranked as significant.

4.2 Significant environmental impacts identified are considered in setting

objectives and targets for the organization.

4.3 The results of the most recent environmental aspect/impact identification are
found on the List of Significant Impacts. The Steering Committee is respon-
sible for ensuring that the significant aspects and impacts are reviewed as
104 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

part of the Management Review Process (see Management Review Proce-

dure). Based on this review, First Environment’s management determines the
need to update the environmental impact evaluation. Factors such as major
changes to the organization’s mission, activities, products, or services are
considered in determining the need to update the assessment.

5. References/Related Documentation

e Identification of environmental aspects and impacts

e Significant aspects & impacts process flow chart
e Significant impacts
e Significance criteria
e Significance matrix
e Objectives and targets
e Management review
 Sample Procedures 105

Table 1. Significance Criteria

(Excerpt from 5/14/97 Meeting Minutes)

Based on discussions between committee members and the potential impacts to First
Environment, the surrounding environment and the extent to which First Environment
can control these influences, the following criteria were used to assess significance:

Client interest—How our clients would view the various impacts.

Ecological factors—How the impact would affect the surrounding ecology (flora
and fauna) either positively or negatively.
Resource conservation—How the impact would affect natural resources, either
enrichment or depletion.
Low cost of implementation—Potential cost to First Environment associated with
each impact and inversely scored (a low cost to First Environment was ranked
high and a potential high cost for First Environment was ranked low).
Potential costs—Potential cost to First Environment should the impact occur
(e.g., what would be the potential cost for First Environment should there be
degradation of the surface water quality?). The potential cost could be high; there-
fore, this criterion was given a high rank.
Concerns of interested parties—How interested parties (e.g., Sierra Club, Green-
peace, and so on) would view the impact.
Risk of regulatory exposure—First Environment’s potential to receive fines and
negative public relations based on regulatory exposure resulting from the impact.

The criteria were then weighted, based on the potential impact to First Environ-
ment either operational or capital. The criteria were weighted as follows:

Client interest (2x)

Ecological factors (1x)
Resource conservation (1X)

Low cost of implementation (2x)

Potential costs (2x)
Concerns of interested parties (1x)
Risk of regulatory exposure (1x)
106 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Each impact was then individually ranked either high (3 points), medium (2 points),
or low (1 point) against the criteria using a matrix format. The resulting point totals
were used to determine significance to First Environment.
Attached is a copy of the results of the significance analysis based on the weigh-
ing of the individual criteria and the ranking of the individual impacts against those
criteria.

Significance Matrix

Rank No. 1 Low

Impact: Degradation of Groundwater oy

Client Interest (2x)

Ecological (x)

Resource Conservation (x)

Low Cost of Implementation (2x) N aeN eeI| aS

Potential Cost (2x) pesJ \|II

PSe ~~
~~
OV
OV

Concerns of Interested Parties (x)

Risk of Regulatory Exposure (x) Ww

N

TOTAL POINTS = 28
 Sample Procedures 107

Matsushita Kotobuki Electronics Industries of America

Vancouver, Washington

Matsushita Kotobuki Electronics Industries of America (MKA) is a wholly owned sub-

sidiary of Matsushita Electronic Industrial Company of Japan.
MKA is located near the Columbia River in Vancouver, Washington and is a ten-
ant of the Port of Vancouver. It employs more than 500 people.
MKA is a manufacturer of combination television/VCRs. Processes at the facility
include injection molding, painting, cabinet assembly, and electrical assembly/
completion.
MKA obtained ISO 14001 registration from Underwriters Laboratories in February,
te be
MKA’s environmental aspects procedure is accompanied by aspect identification/
evaluation charts for nine departments: molding; painting; cabinet assembly; final
assembly/technical support; warehouse/customer service; product renewal; facilities
engineering; quality assurance/quality control; and administration/purchasing/
janitorial.
108 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Matsushita Kotobuki Electronics Industries of America

Vancouver, Washington

Environmental Aspects Identification

October 1, 1998 (EMS-PR-001, Rev. 3)

1. Purpose/Scope

ial Purpose: To identify the environmental aspects of MKA’s activities, prod-

ucts, and services.

To determine which aspects will be considered significant by MKA

management.

2 Scope: The identified environmental aspects will be limited to those activ-

ities, products, and services that MKA can control and over which it can
have an influence.

This procedure is written to address the criteria established by Section 4.3.1

of ANSI/ISO 14001-1996, and section 3 of MKA’s EMS Manual.

2. Related Procedures and Reference Documents

Procedure No. Title

EMS-PR-012 Environmental Records Procedure

Documents
Aspect Identification/Evaluation Worksheet (Appendix EMS-AP-001-01)
Significance Evaluation Worksheet (Appendix EMS-AP-001-02)
Management Review Committee (Appendix EMS-AP-01 4-01)
 Sample Procedures 109

3. Procedure

ol The ISO Representative will establish an Environmental Aspect Team (EAT)

for each department/group.

Each EAT will review all activities, services, and processes related to its
department/group. Each EAT team must also consider aspects it can con-
trol related to product.

SRS. Each EAT will complete the Aspect and Impact sections of the appropri-
ate Aspect Identification/Evaluation Worksheet.

3.4 The ISO Representative and the respective Management Review Commit-
tee members will review the worksheets.

Sip The Management Review Committee will determine the significance of

each aspect and assign a rating accordingly. Regulatory requirements and
scale of impact will be considered in order to determine the significance
of the environmental aspect. Scoring is done on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5
meaning highest, and 1 the lowest.

310 The Management Review Committee will determine the control that MKA
has over each aspect, and assign a rating accordingly.

ae Once the Significance and Control ratings have been assigned, the ISO
Representative will plot the ratings on the Significance Evaluation Work-
sheet. The aspects for which the product of (significance x control) that
exceeds a threshold specified by the Management Review Committee will
be considered significant.

320 The Management Review Committee may determine at its discretion

whether additional aspects are significant.

5.9 The Aspect Identification/Evaluation Worksheet will be reviewed and

updated at least annually by the appropriate Environmental Aspects Team
and Management Review Committee in order to keep the information up-
to-date.
110 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

3.10 The aspects identified as significant will serve as a basis for establishing
MKA’s environmental objectives and targets. Environmental aspects which
have or can have a significant impact on the environment will be con-
sidered first in setting environmental objectives and targets.

4. Responsibilities

4.1 Environmental Aspect Team

4.1.1 Meet at least annually to identify and review environ-
mental aspects for their department/group.

4.2 ISO Representative

4.2.1 Establish Environmental Aspect Teams.

4.2.2 Review and approve the significant environmental aspects.
4.2.3 Provide instructions and/or training to the Environmental
Aspect Teams for completing the Aspect Identification/Eval-
uation Worksheets.
4.2.4 Maintain file of completed Aspect Identification/Evaluation
Worksheets and Significance Evaluation Worksheets. These
completed worksheets will be filed and maintained in
accordance to the Environmental Records Procedure (EMS-
PR-O1 2).

4.2.5 Review Aspect Identification/Evaluation Worksheets.

4.2.6 Complete Significance Evaluation Worksheets.

4.3 Management Review Committee

4.3.1 Review Aspect Identification/Evaluation Worksheets and

determine the Significance and Control ratings.
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‘sanunosal
[DIMIDU aAJaSUOD PUD AWINIOA |[4 PUB] a2npay SPJOW ajDADay
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SUDD |OSOLAD ||YPUDT
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JOJ [D/JUAJOd PUD $ADINOSAJ ALUNIOA |/PU] asba1IU|

‘SaDINOSaL
dom yojadas af2A2ey
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einjeu aAJasuOD PUe dwn ypue| eanpey
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sjaulqed ajsem aj2Ad0y
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einjyeu dAJISUOD PUR QUIN ypue| eanpey

(S-L) }2eduy yo ajeIS

(S-L) Asojejnbay
(uins) a.uedyiub
JO43UO> x aduedyIUB

134dSV
BIIAIIS
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eee "SADINOSAI eINJEU JO UOIJINAISEP PUe SWINIOA |jyPUe] aseasdU} sued Juled |jypue)
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‘SADINOSAL [DINJOUJO UONDNASAP PUD ALWINIOA |/YPUD] aeSdeI20Q dom Yr}a/s ajDAIaY
'SaDUNOSAI |OINIOU JO UOJINIJSAP PUD ALUNIOA |/YPUD] asbasIu| JINS DANA} |/YPUOT
‘SADNOSAL [DINJOUJO UO!INISAP PUD ALUNIOA |/YPUD] eSDaJDU] sanojb Xa}D| [ju]
‘SaDINOSAI JOINJOU JO UOIJINASAP PUD ALUNIOA |/YPUD] asDa19Eq [2MO} Wgd} JO asp
‘SADINOSAI |DINJOU JO UOJINAYSAP PUD ALUNIOA |/YPUD] asoasIaq Jadod ajakxay
SaDINOSAI |DINIOU JO UOIJINAYSAP PUD ALUNIOA ||YPUD| asoa19aq subd |/OWWS aj2/2ay
‘SADINOSAI |EINJEU JO UO!JINIISAP PUL SLUNIOA ||yPUe| Vsea!DU| slay pasn |jypuey
"UOIEUILULUOD IIIS 104 2UdIOg ‘BLUNIOA ||yYPUe| aseasdU| abpnys juied jjypueq jesodsip ajsen\
‘Ayyenb se sanpey J9ZIPIXO YONOJY Passed0id SUOISSILUA es
‘Ayenb se sanpay SUOISSILUA JIE SAINHN4 SUOISSIWA JINY
‘QDINOSAI JeuNjeu JO UOIWdWUNSUOD syjoog juled Ul UOe/Y Ja1e/\/\, UONAWNSUOD J31e/\\

jenjen
Peseb
‘QDINOSe Jeune JO UOIWdWUNSUOD
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ea OF BN wi 2
= = = —
3/2/35
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a o a ° 9 SdIAIIS
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3
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8 3 |=|\~

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aj>AdayayseM SJOUIGeD

||S SWO}OQ |eI1UaIOg

10} |}IGS "UONEUILUEUOD

asnayUe ||ypue] SaAo|6 aseasDU|||YPUe] SWWINIOA

PUe UONDNASap
JO JeINJeU
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saynqujuod
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Jo snopyezey aysem/sjeuaeww
| jeNUaIOg
JO} |jIds “UONUILURIUOD
STWIIWSHD 28)
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aye ‘Ajenb
eee
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LO ‘WE

jONUaIOg
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ely
saIe/M\ UoNelY av»oway ajejNdWed
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se ‘s}UeN||Od
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|edILWaUDabeiOjsSeale za
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JO} ||IS "UONPUILUE}UOD
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Sample Procedures

‘UONDUILUD}UOD |IIds JOJ |OQUaIOg bulpjing abo10}s Juiod Wo YOAdSUDI) 0D bE as

"JUBLUUOIIAUS ©} asea}a! aUedOJd 10}
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SS

wv>
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NOILONNA

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eoNpay |jyPUe] SLUNIOA

PUL SAJBSUOD|EINJEU “S9DINOSAI

asoa/DU| |/lPUD] ALUNIOA

PUD UOIIINIISAP
JO |DINIOU ‘SADINOSAJ

asba!2eq||LPUD] ALUNIOA
PUD UOLJINIISAP
JO /DINIDU ‘SADUNOSAI

jjypueq Jaded S[@Mo} aseaiuypue| aun Pue UONDNJISep

JO jeanjyeu
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AIdWwWI jedIWWAYyD/aUUIYI/HU!
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PUL UONINIISAP
JO JEANIEU

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asnay peogpied
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PU UOEAJBSUOD
JO
|eINeU SQDINOSAI

aseaioU |jUUe] SLUNIOA

PU UONSNAISAP
JO JeINJEU
*SODINOSAI

9[DAD3YBISeM SJOUIGED SdINPey ||YPUe| SLUNIOA

PUL AAJBSUODJEINIEU SQIINOSAI

asnay Gey SJOEMO} UseEApue asnai

O} adNpa ||YPUe] SWINIOA
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|WWE}UOD |! 1]Ua}Oq WOO |J9s/UOe|NuuNdd.e syjje1es | LZVD Foes

a6elo1s
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ajD/day IIIsojd
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(wins) s.uesyiub

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Sample Procedures
tie
 120 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

JOajuo> x aduedyIUuB

(S-L) J043U05

(wins) aduesyiub
suio2uU0
(s- L) }2edwy] yo aje25

(S-L) Asojejnbay
jeqo|B

jeqo| 0} UOIINGUUOD ‘sadINOsaJ jeiNjeU yO UOAdWNsUOD 0}

jeInyeu JO UOdUUNSUOD PUL SLUNIOA |jYPUe| aseasdU|

‘SPINY

[oInyou JO UONAWINSUOD PUD aLUNJOA |/YPUD] asbaJDU|

UOIINUJUOD
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JO
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‘seduNOseal
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jenUSIOg
LOOVL

jeINJeU
Lovdwi

jeINJEU JO uonduinsuo>)

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Sample Procedures
121
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quawjiedag
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eo

aja{xayaysom bul6oyD0d asba13aq|/YPUD] ALUINIOA

PUD AAJASUOD [OINJDU ‘SADNOSAL
fees

ajD>Ad94
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PUL BAJBSUOD[EINJEU ‘S9DINOSAJ
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uoneuodsuel
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“UOIJeUILUe}UOD

‘UO/JDUILUD]UOD Ja}OMpUNoIb JOY jOI1Ua}O0d

123

‘SADINOSAI [DINJOU AAJASUOD PUD AWINIOA |/PUD] eanpay juawabbouoyy A]SDM O} aSDaIl5)
Ges en
Sample Procedures

||Is 10} JeIUSIOY ‘saduNOsal jeINJeU BAJaSUOD [lO aysem ajaAd0y

DI|GNd JaMAS O}
UONNGUIJUOD ‘SBDINOSAIISCIJIDU| JO |eINJEU
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fiaaa
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124

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 Sample Procedures 129

Panasonic
Matsushita Communication Industrial Corporation of U.S.A.
Peachtree City, Georgia

Matsushita Electric Corporation of America, a principal North American subsidiary of

Matsushita Electric Industrial Company of Osaka, Japan, introduced the Panasonic
name to the U.S. market in 1961. Today, there are 150 business locations and 23 man-
ufacturing sites in North America, each with its own objectives and responsibilities.
Matsushita Communication Industrial Corporation of America manufactures auto-
motive electronics and telecommunication products. It was awarded ISO 14001 reg-
istration by KPMG in November 1998.
Three documents are presented:

e The procedure for identification and evaluation of environmental aspects and

impacts

e Aspect identification/impact rating worksheet, referenced in step 5.4 of the

procedure
¢ Definition chart for ratings

Actual aspects and impacts are not provided.

130 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Panasonic
Matsushita Communication Industrial Corporation of U.S.A.
Peachtree City, Georgia

Identification & Evaluation of Environmental

Aspects & Impacts
October 23, 1998 (E4.03.01.RKO2)

1. General Provisions

i] Purpose: To identify the environmental aspects of MCUSA’s activities,

products, and services. Also, to determine impacts these aspects have or
can have on the environment.

12 Scope: Identified environmental aspects will be limited to those activities,

products, and services that MCUSA can control and over which it can have
an influence.

2. Authority
This procedure is proposed by the EMS Adminstrator and is authorized by the Vice-
President and Personnel Manager.

3. Responsibility
The EMS Administrator is responsible for executing this procedure.

4. Revision/Abolishment

This procedure may be revised or abolished by EMS Administrator in compliance with

document control procedures and with the approval of the MCUSA Vice-President and
Personnel Manager.
 Sample Procedures 131

5. Procedure

Del The EMS Administrator and a selected cross-functional team meet at least
annually to identify and review environmental aspects and impacts of
MCUSA activities, products, services, and operations. This cross-functional
team is made up of employee representatives from various disciplines,
organizational levels, and areas of responsibilities throughout the plant.

es The EMS Administrator provides instruction and/or training to needed per-

sonnel for the aspect identification and significance determination process,
coordinates the related activities, and records and retains results. The Sig-
nificance Rating Matrix for Aspect Identification/Impact Rating Form
(R14003) is used as a tool for training.

se, The EMS Administrator directs the team in the effort to compile and review
a list of process, product, service, and related activities with known or
potential environmental interaction, and may include both positive and
negative aspects. Information for this listing is obtained from the cross-
functional team to insure correctness and completeness. The methods
used to identify aspects may include, but are not limited to, process flow,
bill of materials, fixed asset lists, and facility/site maps.

5.4 The aspect identification and impact rating worksheet (F14001) is used to
compile the aspects and impacts.

ae Upon completion of the list, a selected cross-functional team reviews and

assigns rating values for frequency, severity, regulation, controllability, and
likelihood (see R14003—Significance Rating Matrix for Aspect Identifica-
tion Rating) to each aspect/impact. A total score for each aspect and
impact is calculated and then the spreadsheet is sorted in ascending order
by total score. A cross-functional team then determines “significant” aspects
and impacts of MCUSA activities, products, services, and related activi-
ties (R14005—Significant Aspect and Impact List). Those aspects with
scores falling within the top 10 percent of the highest actual total in nor-
mal conditions are determined to be significant.

5.6 The aspects identified as “significant” serve as a basis for establishing tar-
gets and objectives (E4.03.03). Environmental aspects that have or can have
a significant impact on the environment are considered first in setting envi-
ronmental targets and objectives. The EMS Administrator directs efforts to
improve significant aspects. The significant aspects with negative impacts
132 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

are presented to Management Review. The management then determines

and approves which aspects will have targets and objectives. The approval
is documented in the form of meeting minutes (E4.03.03). The EMSA then
assigns ETAP (Environmental Target Action Plan) task teams, using the
Objectives and Targets Action Plan form (F14006).

Sik The EMS Administrator ensures that all controllable significant aspects and
impacts are addressed in the relevant functions (that is, work instructions,
procedures, training, and so on).

6. Revision History
RO1 9/22/98—clarified cross-functional team (5.1). Added related documents to text body,
indicated positive and negative aspects and impacts (5.3), clarified cross-functional
team’s role and significant aspect criteria (5.5), linked significant aspects with objective
and targets (5.6). RO2—Revised Significant Aspect List (R14005.RO1).

7. Records

Records are retained as stated in P4.16.1.

8. Related Documents

See body text.

9. Attachments

None.
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 Sample Procedures 135

Purolator/Arvin Industries
Fayetteville, North Carolina

Arvin Industries is a leading worldwide manufacturer and supplier of vehicle exhaust

systems and ride control products for both the original equipment and replacement
markets. With over $2.2 billion in sales, Arvin has approximately 14,000 employees
at 60 facilities in 16 countries. The company sells its exhaust systems and ride con-
trol products in more than 65 countries around the world.
Arvin’s Purolator facility in Fayetteville, North Carolina, manufactures a complete
line of automotive oil, air, and fuel filters and filter housings for use in virtually all
automobiles and light-duty trucks currently operating in North America.
The Fayetteville plant, which has earned quality awards such as Chrysler’s Gold
Pentastar Award for supply excellence, AutoAlliance’s Supplier Recognition Award,
Ford Q1, Mazda Zero Defect, Navistar Preferred Supplier, and the Department of
Defense Supplier Quality Award, achieved ISO 14001 registration from BVQI in May,
1999.
Purolator’s procedure for identifying environmental aspects and impacts is accom-
panied by a rating form template and a checklist for proposed objectives and targets.
Actual aspects and impacts identified by the procedure are not included.
136 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Purolator/Arvin Industries
Fayetteville, North Carolina

Environmental, Health and Safety (EH&S) Planning

December 3, 1998 (OPP-02-001)

1. Purpose

ied To describe the process used to establish and maintain EH&S aspects and
impacts, legal and other requirements, objectives and targets, and programs
for achieving the objectives and targets.

2. Scope

2a Purolator Products, Fayetteville, NC

3. Definitions

34 Prevention of Pollution Team—Cross-functional team operating under the

guidance of the Environmental Manager. The activities typically repre-
sented on the team include manufacturing, maintenance, and quality. The
membership and activities represented can vary dependent upon the
area/aspects under consideration.

Be Safety Team—Cross-functional team operating under the guidance of the

Health & Safety Manager. The activities typically represented on the team
include manufacturing, maintenance, and quality. The membership and
activities represented can vary dependent upon the area/aspects under
consideration.

4. Responsibility

4.1 As defined in the text of this procedure.

 Sampie Procedures 137

5. Related Procedures

Dad Business Plan: BUP-01-001.

Dien Request for Quote (RFQ) and Quality Planning: BUP-02-002.

a. Business Plan: OPP-01-003.

5.4 Document and Data Control: OPP-05-001.

as Control of Management System: QSP-16-001.

6. Applicable Forms and Exhibits

6.1 ISO 14001 Planning: Exhibit I—Process flow diagram.

b.2 Aspects and Impacts Form: QSF-98-004.

6.3 Objectives and Targets Form: QSF-98-005.

Te Procedure

Tél EH&S aspects and impacts are identified by the Prevention of Pollution
and Safety Teams. The aspects and their potential impacts are identified
based upon inputs considerations listed in the following table.

The list of aspects and impacts is maintained per QSP-16-001.

The aspects and impacts are kept up-to-date by the following means:

e Annual Prevention of Pollution and Safety Team meetings

e BUP-02-002, including the Team Feasibility Commitment and Capital

Appropriation approval processes

e MEP-09-004, including the Chemical Approval process

138 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

xX X Legal & other requirements (e.g., environmental, health,

nes Cr
io safety, and community issues)

Ca NS Cot
a a ea
Sane
Use of raw materials and natural resources

Job safety analysis

Significant aspects and the associated significant impacts are determined

by the Prevention of Pollution and Safety Teams. The criteria for the deter-
mination of significance are given on the Aspects and Impacts form (QSF-
98-004). The aspects/impacts with the highest risk impact rating are
considered significant.

The Environmental Manager will review the identified aspects and impacts
as presented by the Prevention of Pollution and Safety Teams for viability
by utilizing his experience, training, and education prior to submission of
consideration for significance.

Ti EH&S legal and/or other requirements are identified:

¢ By the manager(s) of environmental, health, and safety activities

¢ Based upon inputs from applicable CFRs, state codes, OSHA standards,
industry codes of practice, agreements with public authorities, non-
regulatory guidelines, and Arvin programs and directives

Access to these requirements can be by hard copy or electronic media,

and currentness of the information is maintained per OPP-05-001 Docu-
ment and Data Control Procedure.
 Sampie Procedures 139

Aa EH&S objectives and targets are considered and established as part of the
Business Planning process (BUP-01-001 and OPP-01-003). When setting
objectives and targets consideration is given, but not limited, to the sig-
nificant aspects and impacts. The Prevention of Pollution and Safety Teams
can recommend objectives and targets to the Business Planning staff.

The Objectives and Targets form (QSF-98-005) is initiated and disposi-

tioned (by all listed on the form) to ensure the objectives and targets are
consistent with the EH&S policy, the commitment to prevention of pollu-
tion, and the other considerations required by ISO 14001. After consider-
ation of the feasibility inputs, final disposition of the proposal is made by
the Operations Director or Manager. These objectives and targets become
part of the business plan.

7.4 As part of the Business Planning process, management assures designation

of responsibility, allocation of resources, deployment of time-based action
plans, and progress monitoring in support of the established objectives and
targets.

iD Maintenance of EH&S planning activities is assured as listed in 7.1 when-

ever the following occur:

e¢ New or changed products or processes

e Introduction of new or modified materials or services (for example,
contractors)
140 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

Identification of Aspects and Impacts (QSF-98-004, Rev. 1)

1 = Low Impact—Impacts that are manageable and operations are easily within the scope of permits. Minor
health and safety risks.
2 = Moderate Impact—Moderate risks for potential compliance issues. Moderate health and safety risks.
3 = High Impact—Higher probability for compliance issues, notices of violation, mitigation, increased liabilities.
Higher level of health and safety risks.

Job
Title/JSA | Aspect
 Purolator Environmental, Health & Safety Objectives and Targets (QSF-98-005, Rev. 1)

Proposed Objective:

Proposed Target:

Consideration has been given to the factors below in order to determine the feasibility of the proposed objective
and target. All responses should include some explanation.

Ss
Applicability |Consideration Explanation

Does inaction pose a risk in satisfying legal or other requirements?

Does this objective affect a significant environmental, health, or

safety aspect/impact? If yes, then list or reference aspect & impact in
“explanation” column.
re Is the technology available to address this objective?

Does this objective fit our business directives and operational

requirements?

Are the views of other interested parties affected by this objective?

Is this objective consistent with our EH&S policy?

fr Does this objective support our commitment to prevention of

pollution?

Does this objective support our strategy for clean: process, product,
plant, planet, & profit?

Estimated Cost of Proposal:

Definitions: Feasible Objective and target accepted as submitted

Conditional Objective and target accepted with modifications, as explained below
Not Feasible Objective and target not accepted at this time, as explained below
Sign-Off:

1. Manufacturing or Area Manager & Date Not Feasible

Explanation:

2. Environmental Manager & Date Not Feasible

Explanation:

3. Occupational Health & Safety Manager & Date Not Feasible

Explanation:

4, Operations Director or Manager & Date Conditional Not Feasible

Explanation:

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 INDEX

abnormal operating conditions, 22, 25 emergency situations, xill, 15

actual impact, 19, 22 emissions to air, 13
acute impact, 26 environmental aspect, xiii, 1-9, 98, 102, 130
aspect evaluation, 73-95 categories, 3-4
worksheet, 87-95 defined, 1
aspect identification, 108, 110-128 evaluation, 65-66, 129
forms, 31 identification, 5, 7, 12, 41-42, 97, 108,
associated impact, 70 129-135
impacts, xiv
best management practices, 53-63 environmental aspect team (EAT), 109-110
BOC Gases Americas, xiv, 39, 41 environmental aspects procedure, 107
boundaries scale, 24 environmental effect criteria, 70
environmental health and safety (EH&S),
chronic impact, 26-27 136-139
conditions for significance, 35 objectives, 140
Consolidated Edison Company, xiv, 39, 65 environmental impact, xiii, 3, 5, 20, 35
contamination of land, 13 assessing, 19-32
controllability, 24, 131, 133-134 categories, 20
scale, 25 defined, 2
cross-functional team, 8, 98, 131, 132, 136 evaluation, 29, 130-134
customers, 8, 26 identification, 9, 21, 130-134
impacts, 37
depletion of natural resources, 13 ratings, 28
determining impacts, 2 environmental management system (EMS),
duration, 29-31 Kill, X1Vs3, 42,0 93105s097, tO Ose
duration of impact, 26, 71 environmental operations, 66-67
duration scale, 27 Environmental Target Action Plan (ETAP), 132

143
 144 Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts

evaluating significance, 2 operational definition, 27

evaluation, 3, 108, 110-128 operational environmental aspects
evaluation criteria, 22-29, 34 identification, 14
evaluation forms, 31 operational impacts, 20
outputs, 2
First Environment, xiv, 39, 97, 102
five-point scale, 23, 33-34 Panasonic, xiv, 129-130
four-point scale, 23 Panasonic-Matsushita Communication
frequency, 23, 29=31, 131, 133-134 Industrial Corporation of U.S.A., 39
frequency scale, 24, 27 percentile ranking, 34
function area representatives (FARs), 98-99 policy, xiii
funnel effect, 2 pollution, xiii, 2, 17, 37, 41-44, 136-139
positive aspects
high impact, 140 identification, 17
potential impact, 19-20, 22, 45-53, 99, 137
identification, 3 potential liability/cost impact, 44-52
identifying aspects, 2 probability/exposure, 43-52
impact evaluation, 31, 33 process flow approach, 37
impact identification, 31, 102 process flow charts, 99
impact rating form, 131 process flow diagram, 8-9, 11-12, 31, 42
impact rating worksheet, 129 process flow method, 8-13
impact sources, 53-63 process inputs, 11-12
impacts, 135 process outputs, 11-12
inputs, 137, 139 product aspects, 3-4
ISO 14000, 98-99, 102 product environmental aspects
ISO 14001, xu, xiv, 2-3, 5, 7=8,.13, 15, identification, 16
17, 20, 24-26, 33, 39-42, 68, 107, product impact, 20
111-129, 137 Purolator, xiv
Purolator/Arvin Industries, 39, 135-136
liability/cost, 43
likelihood, 23, 29-31, 33-34, 131, 133-134 quantity, 43-52
likelihood scale, 23 questionnaire, 17
list of significant impacts, 102
low impact, 140 rating scales, 29
reevaluation, 5
maintenance, xiii, 3, 10, 41, 98, 136 regulation, 131, 133-134
management review committee, 109-110 regulatory, 43-52
management review process, 103 regulatory compliance method, 8
materials identification method, 7 regulatory status, 25, 34
Matsushita Kotobuki Electronics Industries, regulatory status scale, 25
107-108 release to water, 13
media, 20 remediation, 27, 97-98
MKA-Matsushita Kotobuki Electronics reportability scale, 26
Industries of America, xiv, 39 responsibility, 98, 130, 136
moderate impact, 140
monitoring, xiv, 67 scale of impact, 69, 71
screening process, 37
nonoperational activities, 17 selection criteria, 37
normal operating conditions, 15, 22 service aspects, 3-4
service environmental aspects
operational area, 20 identification, 15
operational aspects, 3-4, 17 service impacts, 20
operational control, 13 severity, 23, 29-31, 33-34, 131, 133-134
 Index 145

severity of impact, 69-70 significant matrix, 103

severity rating, 29 stakeholder concerns, 26, 43
severity scale, 23 stakeholder concerns scale, 26
significance, 30-31 stakeholder input, 44-52
significance criteria, 102, 104 stakeholder interest, 34
significance evaluation procedure, 42 supplemental environmental aspects register, 68
significance matrix, 105
significance procedure, 99 targets, xill, 2, 17, 27,67, 132, 135=156.
significance rating matrix, 131 139-140
significant aspect criteria, 132 templates, xiv, 20, 40, 135
significant aspects, 12, 131, 138 three-point scale, 22
defined, 2 toxicity/hazard, 43-52
evaluation, 66 training, i677 7 0loe
significant environmental aspects, 66-67
scoring criteria, 69 value chain method, 7
significant environmental impacts, 102
significant impact, xiii, 19, 31, 97, 99, Webster’s Third New International
100-101,
103, 138 Dictionary, 33
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 IDENTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS
ano IMPACTS
MARILYN R. BLOCK
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Implementation of an environmental management system (EMS) is intended to result in improved environmental

performance. Because a company’s environmental performance is directly related to the effect that its activities have on
the surroundings in which it operates, the efficacy of an EMS hinges on a thorough understanding of activities that could
significantly affect the environment. “
The single most important element in developing this EMS involves the identification of environmental aspects and
impacts. Despite its importance, this activity is poorly understood, and most organizations going through the ISO14001
implementation process indicate that they need help with this requirement. /dentifying Environmental Aspects and
/mpacts provides this needed guidance.
Block has written this book as a step-by-step approach that can be utilized by organizations that need to identify :
environmental aspects and impacts in order to conform to the requirement imposed by an EMS standard or by an industry |:
code of practice. The book will also prove invaluable to the company that needs a better understanding of the effect that
its activities have on the environment.
The transition from theory to practice is assisted by examples of how companies have elected to identify and evaluate
their own aspects and impacts, and six 1S014001 registered companies share their procedures and experiences.

Pr ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Marilyn R. Block is President of MRB Associates. A RAB-certified EMS lead auditor, Block is a US delegate to ISO/TC 207
(Subcommittee 1) on environmental management principles, systems, and supporting techniques. In addition to
consulting and conducting EARA-approved and RAB-accredited ISO 14001 Lead Auditor training, she authored the book
— Implementing ISO 14001 (Quality Press, 1997), and co-authored the book, /ntegrating [SO 14001 into a Quality
a Management System (Quality Press, 1999) with |. Robert Marash. Block has a Ph.D. from the University of Maryland,
College Park, and is a member of the US Technical Advisory Group to ISO/TC 207, the Environmental Auditing Roundtable,
the National Association of Environmental Professionals, and ASQ.

American Society for Quality

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Quality Press
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