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Discrete Mathematics Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on Discrete Mathematics for BCA, covering foundational topics such as propositional logic, predicates, and quantifiers, as well as basic structures including sets, functions, sequences, and matrices. Key concepts include logical connectives, rules of inference, and operations on sets and matrices. The notes serve as a study guide for understanding essential mathematical principles relevant to computer applications.

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229 views2 pages

Discrete Mathematics Notes

The document provides comprehensive notes on Discrete Mathematics for BCA, covering foundational topics such as propositional logic, predicates, and quantifiers, as well as basic structures including sets, functions, sequences, and matrices. Key concepts include logical connectives, rules of inference, and operations on sets and matrices. The notes serve as a study guide for understanding essential mathematical principles relevant to computer applications.

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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Discrete Mathematics Notes for BCA

# Discrete Mathematics Notes for BCA

## Unit 1: The Foundations: Logic and Proofs

### 1.1 Propositional Logic


- Proposition: A declarative statement that is either true (T) or false (F).
- Logical Connectives:
- AND: True if both statements are true.
- OR: True if at least one statement is true.
- NOT: Negation of a proposition.
- IMPLIES: Conditional statement "if P then Q".
- BICONDITIONAL: "P if and only if Q".

### 1.2 Applications of Propositional Logic


- Used in circuit design, programming logic, and database queries.
- Helps in automated reasoning and algorithm verification.

### 1.3 Propositional Equivalences


- Tautology: A proposition that is always true.
- Contradiction: A proposition that is always false.
- De Morgan's Laws:
- NOT (P OR Q) = (NOT P) AND (NOT Q)
- NOT (P AND Q) = (NOT P) OR (NOT Q)

### 1.4 Predicates and Quantifiers


- Predicate: A function returning true or false based on input values.
- Quantifiers:
- Universal (For all): Applies to every element.
- Existential (There exists): Applies to at least one element.

### 1.5 Rules of Inference


- Modus Ponens: If P -> Q and P is true, then Q is true.
- Modus Tollens: If P -> Q and Q is false, then P is false.
- Hypothetical Syllogism: If P -> Q and Q -> R, then P -> R.

## Unit 2: Basic Structures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums, Matrices

### 2.1 Sets


- A collection of distinct objects.
- Operations:
- Union: Elements in A or B or both.
- Intersection: Elements common to A and B.
- Difference: Elements in A but not in B.

### 2.2 Functions


- Mapping from one set to another where each input has a unique output.
- Types:
- One-to-One: Different inputs have different outputs.
- Onto: Every element in the output set has a preimage.
- Bijective: Both one-to-one and onto.

### 2.3 Sequences and Sums


- Arithmetic Sequence: an = a1 + (n - 1)d
- Geometric Sequence: an = a1 * r^(n-1)
- Summation: Sum of sequences using sigma notation.

### 2.4 Matrices


- A rectangular array of numbers in rows and columns.
- Types:
- Square Matrix: Rows = Columns.
- Identity Matrix: Diagonal elements are 1.
- Operations:
- Addition, Multiplication, Transpose.
- Determinant: Used in solving linear equations.

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These notes cover logic, proofs, and mathematical structures for BCA Disc

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