MODULE 4.

STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE (FOR LECTURE USE ONLY) 2024-2025

MODULE 4. STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE 1-2: Compression

COVERAGE: 2-3: Condensation
4.1 The Four Processes 3-4: Expansion
4.2 Analysis of Vapor Compression Cycle 4-1: Evaporation
4.3 Subcooling and Superheating
4.4 Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger

OUTCOMES:
At the end of the module, the student will be able to:
1. Identify the four main processes of the vapor
compression refrigeration cycle.
2. Solve problems involving the vapor compression
refrigeration cycle.
3. Solve problems involving subcooling and
superheating in the vapor compression
refrigeration cycle.
4. Solve problems involving liquid-suction heat
exchanger in the vapor compression refrigeration
cycle.

CONCEPTS
4.0. Definition of Terms
Figure 1. Vapor compression Refrigeration cycle.
1. Refrigeration is the process of removing heat
from a space or substance to lower its
4.1 The Four Main Processes
temperature and/or maintain that temperature
1. Evaporation Process
below the ambient level.
Location: Evaporator
2. A refrigerant is a substance used in refrigeration
Process: The refrigerant absorbs heat from the
systems to absorb and release heat. It undergoes
surroundings, causing it to evaporate and change
phase changes to facilitate the transfer of heat.
from a liquid to a vapor.
3. The standard vapor compression cycle is a
Purpose: This process cools the surroundings by
fundamental thermodynamic cycle used in most
absorbing heat.
refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
2. Compression Process
Here is a breakdown of its key components
Location: Compressor
and steps:
Process: The vaporized refrigerant is compressed,
1. Evaporator: Absorbs heat from the
which increases its pressure and temperature.
refrigerated space, causing the refrigerant to
Purpose: This process prepares the refrigerant to
evaporate.
release heat in the condenser.
2. Compressor: Compresses the refrigerant
3. Condensation Process
vapor, increasing its pressure and
Location: Condenser
temperature.
Process: The high-pressure/temperature vapor
3. Condenser: Releases absorbed heat to the
releases heat and condenses back into a liquid.
surroundings, condensing the refrigerant
Purpose: This process expels the absorbed heat
vapor into a liquid.
from the system.
4. Expansion Valve: Reduces the pressure of the
4. Expansion Process
liquid refrigerant, causing it to cool before
Location: Expansion valve or throttling device
entering the evaporator.
Process: The high-pressure liquid refrigerant
5. Thermodynamic Diagram
passes through an expansion valve, dropping in
In the Pressure-Enthalpy (P-h) diagram, we can
pressure and temperature.
visualize the processes and different state
Purpose: This process prepares the refrigerant to
points in a theoretical cycle:
absorb heat again in the evaporator.
 MODULE 4. STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE (FOR LECTURE USE ONLY) 2024-2025

2. Discharge Line: The pipeline carrying high-

pressure vapor from the compressor to the
condenser.
3. Condenser: Where the high-pressure vapor
releases heat and condenses into a high-pressure
liquid.
4. Liquid Line: The pipeline carrying high-pressure
liquid from the condenser to the expansion valve.

4.3 Analysis of Vapor Compression Cycle

1. Compressor
Work of compression = 𝑤 = ℎ2 − ℎ1
Theoretical power = 𝑊 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
Volume flow rate = 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣1
2. Condenser
Heat rejected = 𝑞𝑐 = ℎ2 − ℎ3
Total heat rejected = 𝑄𝑐 = 𝑚(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )
Figure 2. P-h diagram of a vapor compression system. 3. Expansion valve
Change in enthalpy = ℎ3 − ℎ4 = 0
4.2 DIVISION OF THE SYSTEM 4. Evaporator
In a refrigeration system, the division between the low- Refrigerating effect = ℎ1 − ℎ4
pressure side and the high-pressure side is crucial for Refrigerating capacity = 𝑚(ℎ1 − ℎ4 )
understanding how the system operates and maintains Where:
cooling efficiency. ℎ1 = enthalpy entering the compressor, kJ/kg
ℎ2 = enthalpy leaving the compressor, kJ/kg
Low-Pressure Side Components (blue): ℎ3 = enthalpy leaving the condenser, kJ/kg
1. Evaporator: Where the refrigerant absorbs heat ℎ4 = enthalpy entering the evaporator, kJ/kg
and evaporates. 𝑚 = mass flow rate of refrigerant, kg/s
2. Suction Line: The pipeline carrying low-pressure 𝑣1 = specific volume of vapor, m3/kg or L/kg
vapor from the evaporator to the compressor.
3. Expansion Valve: The device that drops the 5. Coefficient of Performance, COP
pressure of the liquid refrigerant before it enters Refrigerating effect
the evaporator. 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
Work of compression
ℎ1 − ℎ4
𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
ℎ2 − ℎ1
NOTE: The COP reflects the efficiency of the
refrigeration system. Higher COP values mean better
efficiency, indicating more cooling effect for the same
power consumption.

6. Volumetric displacement
The volumetric displacement of a reciprocating
compressor is given by
Figure 3. Low-side and high-side components. 𝜋
𝑉 𝐷 = 𝐿𝐴𝑁 = 𝐿 · 𝐷 2 · 𝑁
4
High-Pressure Side Components (red): Where:
1. Compressor: Compresses the low-pressure vapor 𝑉𝐷 = volumetric displacement, in3/sec
into high-pressure vapor. 𝐿 = length of stroke, in
𝐷 = bore diameter, in
𝑛 = compressor rotational speed
 MODULE 4. STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE (FOR LECTURE USE ONLY) 2024-2025

𝑁 = 2n for double acting compressor without heat exchange between the system and
𝑁 = n for single acting compressor its surroundings.
isentropic work of compression
𝜂𝑐 =
7. Actual volumetric efficiency actual work of compression
Actual volumetric efficiency (𝜂𝑣) is defined as the 𝑃1 𝑉1 − 𝑃2 𝑉2
𝜂𝑐 =
ratio of the actual volume of vapor intake to the 𝑘−1
theoretical displacement volume. Where:
actual volume of vapor intake 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 are the initial and final pressures,
𝜂𝑣𝑎 = × 100%. respectively.
volumetric displacement
𝑣1 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 are the initial and final volumes,
𝜂𝑣𝑎 = × 100%.
𝑉𝐷 respectively.
k is the specific heat ratio (Cp/Cv) of the gas.
8. Clearance volume efficiency
The volumetric efficiency of a compressor is NOTE: All isentropic processes are adiabatic, but
defined as the ratio of actual volume sucked by the not all adiabatic processes are isentropic.
compressor at the inlet to the swept volume. 1. For a process to be isentropic, it must be both
adiabatic (no heat exchange) and reversible
V𝐶 𝑃2 1/𝑘 (no entropy change).
𝜂𝑣𝑐 = 1 − (( ) − 1) 2. An adiabatic process can be irreversible, in
𝑉𝐷 𝑃1
which case it is not isentropic.
𝑃2 1/𝑘
𝜂𝑣𝑐 = 1 − 𝑐 (( ) − 1)
𝑃1 10. Mechanical efficiency
𝑣2 Mechanical efficiency of a compressor takes into
𝜂𝑣𝑐 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 ( ).
𝑣1 account the losses due to friction and other
Where: mechanical inefficiencies within the compressor
𝜂𝑣𝑐 = clearance volume efficiency components.
𝑣2 = specific volume of vapor after isentropic IP 𝑤𝑖 indicated work
𝜂𝑚 = = =
compression, m3/kg or L/kg BP 𝑤𝑏 brake work
𝑣1 = specific volume of vapor entering the Where:
compressor, m3/kg or L/kg 𝜂𝑚 = Mechanical efficiency
𝑐 = percent clearance volume IP = Indicated power (the power developed by
= 5% to 15% for reciprocating compressors the compressor cylinders)
= 1% to 5% for rotary compressors BP = Brake power (the actual power delivered
to the compressor shaft)
< 1% for centrifugal compressors
𝑃1 = evaporator pressure, kPa
Here are the typical ranges of mechanical efficiency
𝑃2 = condenser pressure, kPa
for different types of compressors:
𝑘 = specific heat ratio or adiabatic index
1. Reciprocating Compressors:
1. R-12 (Dichlorodifluoromethane): 𝑘 ≈ 1.13.
High-Speed: 72% - 85%
2. R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane): 𝑘 ≈ 1.162.
Low-Speed: 75% - 90%
3. R-134a (Tetrafluoroethane): 𝑘 ≈ 1.2.
2. Rotary Screw Compressors: 65% - 75%
4. R-410A (Puron): 𝑘 ≈ 1.15.
3. Scroll Compressors: 90%
5. R-404A (Zeotropic blend): 𝑘 ≈ 1.15.
4. Centrifugal Compressors: 70% - 85%
6. R-1234yf: 𝑘 ≈ 1.2.
7. R-717 (Ammonia, NH₃): 𝑘 ≈ 1.31.
4.4 Subcooling and Superheating
8. R-744 (Carbon Dioxide, CO₂), 𝑘 ≈ 1.29.
Subcooling occurs when the refrigerant is cooled
below its condensation temperature after leaving the
9. Adiabatic compression efficiency
condenser and before entering the expansion valve.
Adiabatic compression efficiency is a measure of
Purpose:
how effectively a compression process occurs
 MODULE 4. STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE (FOR LECTURE USE ONLY) 2024-2025

1. Ensures that only liquid refrigerant enters the ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

expansion valve. EXERCISES
2. Increases the system's overall efficiency by OUTCOME #1.
maximizing the refrigeration effect. 1. Which of the following is the first process in the vapor
Superheating occurs when the refrigerant is heated compression refrigeration cycle?
above its evaporation temperature after leaving the A. Compression
evaporator and before entering the compressor. B. Condensation
Purpose: C. Evaporation*
1. Ensures that only vapor refrigerant enters the D. Expansion
compressor, preventing potential damage from 2. In the vapor compression cycle, the refrigerant is
liquid refrigerant. compressed in which component?
2. Helps in detecting low refrigerant charge and A. Compressor*
identifying potential issues in the system. B. Condenser
C. Evaporator
4.5 Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger D. Expansion valve
3. What happens during the compression process of the
vapor compression cycle?
A. The refrigerant absorbs heat
B. The refrigerant expands and cools
C. The refrigerant increases in pressure and
temperature*
D. The refrigerant releases heat
4. Which of the following statements is true during the
condensation process of the vapor compression cycle?
A. The refrigerant changes from a liquid to a gas
B. The refrigerant changes from a gas to a liquid*
C. The refrigerant temperature increases
D. The refrigerant absorbs heat
5. What is the primary function of the expansion valve in
Figure 4. Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger the vapor compression cycle?
A. To compress the refrigerant
A liquid-suction heat exchanger (LSHX) is a device used B. To decrease the refrigerant temperature and
in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems to pressure*
exchange heat between the liquid line and the suction C. To increase the refrigerant pressure
line. D. To remove heat from the refrigerant
Functionality: The LSHX subcools the liquid refrigerant 6. In the evaporator, the refrigerant typically:
before it enters the expansion device and superheats A. Gains heat from the surroundings*
the refrigerant vapor before it enters the compressor. B. Loses heat to the surroundings
Benefits: C. Undergoes condensation
1. Enhanced Efficiency: The heat exchanger can D. Is in a superheated state
increase the system's coefficient of performance 7. Which of the following statements is correct regarding
(COP) by reducing the work required by the the refrigeration cycle?
compressor. A. The refrigerant is always in a gaseous state during
2. Protection: By ensuring that only vapor (and no compression
liquid) enters the compressor, the LSHX helps in B. The evaporator absorbs heat from the refrigerant
protecting the compressor from potential C. The condenser releases heat to the surroundings*
damage. D. The compressor decreases the temperature of the
3. Stability: It can contribute to increased system refrigerant
stability by preventing flash gas formation at the 8. During the expansion process in the vapor
expansion valve. compression cycle, the refrigerant:
 MODULE 4. STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE (FOR LECTURE USE ONLY) 2024-2025

A. Expands, causing a drop in both pressure and D. High subcooling temperature

temperature* 16. In which of the following situations does subcooling
B. Increases in temperature and pressure primarily help?
C. Is completely vaporized A. To avoid compressor damage due to liquid
D. Releases heat refrigerant*
9. What is the purpose of the evaporator in the vapor B. To improve the performance of the expansion
compression cycle? valve
A. To increase the pressure of the refrigerant C. To increase the amount of heat removed from the
B. To absorb heat from the medium to be cooled* evaporator
C. To expel heat to the surroundings D. To prevent overheating of the refrigerant in the
D. To convert liquid refrigerant to gas condenser
10. In the vapor compression cycle, which process 17. If the refrigerant is superheated too much, what could
involves the refrigerant releasing heat to the occur?
surroundings? A. The compressor could become damaged by liquid
A. Evaporation refrigerant
B. Compression B. The evaporator will not fully utilize the refrigerant
C. Condensation* C. The refrigerant will not condense properly in the
D. Expansion condenser
11. What is the main purpose of subcooling in the vapor D. The system will operate with excessive energy
compression cycle? consumption*
A. To decrease the evaporator temperature 18. Subcooling helps in improving the efficiency of the
B. To increase the compressor’s work system by:
C. To increase the refrigerant’s heat absorption A. Ensuring more refrigerant enters the evaporator
capacity as a liquid*
D. To prevent the liquid refrigerant from entering the B. Increasing the refrigerant’s pressure in the
compressor* evaporator
12. Where does superheating typically occur in the vapor C. Preventing the refrigerant from vaporizing in the
compression cycle? condenser
A. In the compressor D. Reducing the compressor’s power requirement
B. In the condenser 19. Which of the following is a potential consequence of
C. In the evaporator* insufficient superheating?
D. In the expansion valve A. Overheating of the compressor
13. What does subcooling do to the refrigerant in the B. Liquid refrigerant entering the compressor*
condenser? C. Increased energy consumption by the evaporator
A. It increases the refrigerant’s temperature D. Reduced efficiency in the expansion valve
B. It reduces the refrigerant’s pressure 20. In the context of superheating and subcooling, what is
C. It lowers the refrigerant’s temperature below the the ideal scenario for a vapor compression
saturation point* refrigeration cycle?
D. It converts the refrigerant from a gas to a liquid A. High superheating and no subcooling
14. Superheating in the vapor compression cycle is B. Low superheating and no subcooling
beneficial because it: C. Moderate superheating & moderate subcooling*
A. Ensures the refrigerant is fully vaporized before D. No superheating and high subcooling
entering the compressor* 21. Which of the following components is located on the
B. Increases the efficiency of the condenser high-pressure side of the vapor compression cycle?
C. Increases the refrigerant's pressure A. Compressor
D. Reduces the refrigerant's flow rate B. Condenser*
15. Which of the following conditions would most likely C. Evaporator
indicate the presence of excessive superheating? D. Expansion valve
A. Low compressor discharge temperature 22. Where does the refrigerant undergo an increase in
B. Low evaporator pressure pressure and temperature in the vapor compression
C. High compressor suction temperature* cycle?
 MODULE 4. STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE (FOR LECTURE USE ONLY) 2024-2025

A. Evaporator C. It prevents the refrigerant from becoming too

B. Expansion valve superheated
C. Compressor* D. It reduces the likelihood of liquid refrigerant
D. Condenser entering the compressor*
23. In the vapor compression cycle, the refrigerant on the 30. What happens to the efficiency of a refrigeration
high-pressure side is typically in which phase? system when a Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger is used?
A. Saturated liquid A. The efficiency decreases because of added
B. Saturated vapor complexity
C. Supercooled liquid B. The efficiency increases due to better subcooling
D. Superheated vapor* and reduced compressor load*
24. In the vapor compression cycle, the refrigerant's C. The system operates at lower temperatures
pressure is lowest at which point? D. The system's efficiency remains unaffected
A. After compression
B. After expansion* OUTCOME #2.
C. Before condensation 31. An ammonia vapor refrigeration cycle operates at an
D. Before evaporation evaporator temperature of –15°C and a condensing
25. What is the key characteristic of the low-pressure side temperature of 35°C. Determine the coefficient of
of the vapor compression cycle? performance:
A. High-temperature, high-pressure refrigerant a) For an ideal saturation cycle,
B. Low-temperature, low-pressure refrigerant* b) For wet compression with saturated vapor leaving
C. Saturated liquid refrigerant only the compressor, and
D. Superheated refrigerant only c) If the vapor at suction to the compressor is
26. What is the primary purpose of a Liquid-Suction Heat superheated 5°.
Exchanger (LSHX) in refrigeration systems? 32. A standard vapor compression system produces 20
A. To cool the refrigerant before it enters the tons of refrigeration using R-12 as a refrigerant while
compressor operating between a condenser temperature of 45°C
B. To exchange heat between the liquid line and and an evaporator temperature of –30°C. Determine
suction line* the following:
C. To increase the pressure of the refrigerant a) The refrigerating effect in kJ/kg,
D. To sub-cool the refrigerant after it leaves the b) The circulating rate in kg/s,
condenser c) The power supplied,
27. What is the effect of a Liquid-Suction Heat Exchanger d) The COP,
on the refrigerant in the liquid line? e) The heat rejected in kw, and
A. It decreases the temperature of the liquid f) The volume flow rate in L/s.
refrigerant before it enters the expansion valve*
B. It increases the temperature of the liquid 33. A manufacturing company is intending to use its water-
refrigerant cooled condenser for its proposed cold storage room.
C. It reduces the pressure of the refrigerant The name plate of the condenser gives the following
D. It vaporizes the liquid refrigerant specifications:
28. What happens to the refrigerant vapor in the suction Refrigerant NH3
line when passing through a Liquid-Suction Heat Condenser water inlet 30°C
Exchanger? Condenser water outlet 40°C
A. It absorbs heat from the liquid refrigerant and Condensing temperature 35°C
becomes more superheated* Refrigerant flow 4.0 kg/min
B. It changes from a gas to a liquid Circulating water flow 125 kg/min
C. It cools down and condenses If the company decided to purchase a new
D. It loses pressure compressor and evaporator,
29. Which of the following is a benefit of using a Liquid- a) Find the tonnage of the system and the
Suction Heat Exchanger in a refrigeration system? temperature in the evaporato.,
A. It decreases the subcooling of the refrigerant b) What is the COP?
B. It increases the compressor's energy consumption
 MODULE 4. STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE (FOR LECTURE USE ONLY) 2024-2025

c) Find the theoretical hp required. d. Volume flowrate.

38. An industrial plant has available a 4-cylinder, 75-mm
34. A standard ammonia vapor-compression cycle bore by 100-mm stroke, 900 rpm, single-acting
developing 20 tons of refrigeration operates with a compressor for use with R-12. Proposed operating
condensing temperature of 30°C and an evaporating conditions for the compressor are 40°C condensing
temperature of –15°C. Calculate the following: temperature and 5℃ evaporating temperatures. It is
a. Refrigerating effect, estimated that the refrigerant will enter the expansion
b. Circulating rate of refrigerant, valve as a saturated liquid, that the vapor will leave the
c. Theoretical power, evaporator at a temperature of 8℃, and will enter the
d. COP, compressor at a temperature of 12℃. Assume a
e. Volume flow rate of cooling water (gpm) in the compressor volumetric efficiency of 75%. Assume that
condenser, if ΔT is 8°C, and 1 gallon contains 8.34 there is a frictionless flow. Calculate the refrigerating
lb of water, capacity in kW for a system equipped with this
f. Quality of the refrigerant entering the evaporator, compressor.
and
g. Temperature of the refrigerant leaving the 39. A refrigerant 12 refrigeration system requires a load of
compressor. 54 kW at an evaporator pressure of 260.96 kPa and a
condenser pressure of 1008.8 kPa. The refrigerant is
35. A single-acting, twin-cylinder 15.25-cm × 15.25-cm subcooled 10 degrees before entering the expansion
compressor receives saturated ammonia vapor at –6°C valve and vapor is superheated 14 degrees before
and discharges it at 1500 kPa. The system is used to entering the compressor. A twin-cylinder compressor
produce ice at a final temperature of –10°C from water with stroke equal to 1.25 times the bore is to be used
at 30°C. The compressor runs at 480 rpm with an actual at a speed of 30 rev/s. The volumetric efficiency is 85
volumetric efficiency of 80%. Assume compression and per cent. Determine (a) the quantity of cooling water
mechanical efficiencies to be 80% and 85%, in the condenser for an 11°C increase in temperature,
respectively. Calculate the following: (b) the bore and stroke, and (c) the compressor power.
a. Capacity of the system in tons of refrigeration,
b. Brake hp required by the compressor, 40. A refrigerant 22 refrigeration system carries a load of
c. Tons of ice produced per day if compressor runs 82 kW at an evaporator pressure of 354.3 kPa and a
only 21 hours a day. Assume losses to be 10% of condenser pressure of 1533.5 kPa. The liquid
the refrigeration required to produce the ice, refrigerant is subcooled by 5°C before entering the
d. Ideal COP, and expansion valve and the vapor is superheated by 5°C
e. Actual COP. before entering the compressor. The compressor
operates at 30 rev/s. The stroke-to-bore ratio of the
36. A R-12 standard refrigeration cycle operates at an twin-cylinder compressor is 1.20 and the actual
evaporating pressure of 308.61 kPa and a condensing volumetric efficiency is 82 per cent. Determine:
pressure of 960.65 kPa. Show the effects of decreasing a. Mass flow rate of refrigerant,
the vaporizing pressure to 100.41 kPa on the following: b. Mass flow rate of cooling water in the condenser
For a unit mass, for an 8-degree change in temperature, and
a. Refrigerating effect, c. The bore and stroke.
b. COP,
c. Work 41. A refrigerant 22 refrigerating system is operating with
a condenser temperature of 42°C and an evaporating
37. A R-12 standard refrigeration cycle operates at an temperature of 0°C. (a) If the liquid line from the
evaporating pressure of 308.61 kPa and a condensing condenser is soldered to the suction line from the
pressure of 960.65 kPa. Show the effects of decreasing evaporator to form a simple heat exchanger and if as a
the vaporizing pressure to 100.41 kPa on the following: result of this the saturated vapor leaving the
For a refrigerating capacity of 1 kW, evaporator is superheated 10°C, how many degrees
a. Power, will the saturates liquid leaving the condenser be
b. Mass flow rate, subcooled? Determine (b) the volume flow rate, and (c)
c. Heat rejected, and the compressor work.
 MODULE 4. STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE (FOR LECTURE USE ONLY) 2024-2025

335 kJ/kg. Assuming losses to be 20 per cent of the

42. In a conventional refrigeration cycle, which uses Freon- heat to be absorbed from the water; determine the
12 as the refrigerant, the temperature of the following:
evaporating fluid is –20C. It leaves the evaporator as a. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant,
saturated vapor at –20°C and enters the compressor. b. The heat rejected at the condenser, and
The pressure in the condenser is 1.30 MPa. The liquid c. The power required by the compressor.
leaves the condenser and enters the expansion valve at
40°C. It is proposed to modify this cycle by adding a
heat exchanger that would superheat the suction vapor
to 25°C. Compare the coefficient of performance of
these two cycles. What is the temperature of the
refrigerant entering the expansion valve with the heat
exchanger? For a load of 50 kW, determine the volume
flow rate for both cycles.

43. A refrigerating plant circulates 23 lb Freon-12 per

minute and is assumed to operate on a cycle similar to
that of the figure 1. The pressure in the evaporator coil
is 50 psia, the temperature of the Freon-12 entering
the compressor is 50°F, the pressure in the condenser
is 120 psia and the temperature of the liquid refrigerant
entering the expansion valve is 86°F. Calculate or
determine the condensation temperature, °F; (use R-
12 table)
A. 93.4 C. 97.5
B. 95.8 D. 99.3

44. A refrigeration system produces 348.9 kJ/kg of cooling.

In order to have a rating of 1 ton of refrigeration, what
must be the mass flow rate of the vapor? (1 ton of
refrigeration = 12.66 MJ/hr, approximately the rate
required to freeze 2,000 lbm of ice in a day.)
A. 36.29 kg/hr
B. 33.33 kg/hr
C. 28.54 kg/hr
D. 24.67 kg/hr
45. An air conditioning system of a high-rise building has a
capacity of 350 kW of refrigeration, uses R-12. The
evaporating and condensing temperatures are 0°C and
4°C, respectively. Determine the following: (a) Mass of
flash gas per kg of refrigerant circulated, (b) Mass of
R-12 circulated per second, (c) Volumetric rate of flow
under suction condition, (d) Work of compression in
kW, (e) the quantity of cooling water in the condenser
for an increase in temperature of 7.5°C, and (f) COP.
46. An ammonia simple saturation cycle operates between
evaporator and condenser temperatures of –0°C and
35°C, respectively. The system produced 4,000 kg of ice
at –12°C from water at 30°C in 24 hours. The specific
heat of ice is 2.094 kJ/kg-°C and the heat of fusion is