Department of BES-II

Digital Design and Computer Architecture

23EC1202
Topic:
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SYSTEMS
LOGIC GATES & NUMBER SYSTEMS

Session No: 01
 AIM OF THE SESSION
To familiarize students with the basic concept of Logic gates & Number Systems

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
This Session is designed to:
1. Master the concepts of binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal number systems, and gain proficiency in
converting between different bases.
2. Understand the fundamental principles of logic gates, including their types, truth tables, and applications, to
design and analyze digital circuits.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
1. Students will demonstrate proficiency in converting numbers between different bases (binary, decimal, octal,
and hexadecimal), showcasing an understanding of the interrelationships between various number systems.
2. Students will be able to apply their knowledge of logic gates to design, construct, and analyze digital circuits,
demonstrating proficiency in implementing logical operations.
 Course Title: DIGITAL DESIGN AND COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Course Code: 23EC1202, L-T-P-S Structure: 3-0-2-0, Credits: 4
Course Coordinator: APPIKATLA PHANI KUMAR
SYLLABUS
CO 1: Combinational Digital Logic Circuits
Boolean Algebra, Digital Logic SOP/POS representation and optimization techniques. Adders, Subtractors, Multiplexers, De-
Multiplexers, Decoder, Encoder, Concept of Reversible Gates. Programmable Logic Devices: PROM, PAL, and PLA design.
Implementation of CPLD (Macro cells) and FPGA (CLB/LUT) based digital logic modules and their applications.
CO-2: Design of Sequential and Memory Circuits
Latches and Flip-Flops, Modeling of memory, Registers and Shift registers, Timing and sequence control modules using
Asynchronous/Synchronous counters, Ring and Johnson counter as timing and control units. Random Access Memory (RAM)
and Memory decoding.
CO-3: Basic Computer Architecture and Instructions
Features of Micro Computer, Operands, Addressing modes, Instruction formats, Machine cycle, Instruction sets, subroutine call
and return mechanisms. Instruction set architectures - CISC and RISC architectures. Hardwired realization vs micro-
programmed realization, multi-cycle implementation, Instruction level parallelism, instruction pipelining and pipeline hazards.
CO-4: Memory Architecture and I/O Organization Storage systems, introduction to memory hierarchy
Importance of temporal and spatial locality; main memory organization, cache memory: address mapping, block size, replacement,
and store policies. Virtual Memory System: page table and TLB. External storage; IO fundamentals: handshaking, buffering,
programmed IO, interrupt driven IO.
Course Title: DIGITAL DESIGN AND COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Course Code: 23EC1202, L-T-P-S Structure: 3-0-2-0, Credits: 4
Course Coordinator: APPIKATLA PHANI KUMAR
EVALUATION PLAN
 ANALOG Vs DIGTIAL

Analog

Digital
 ANALOG Vs DIGTIAL (Cont…)

Analog Signals Digital Signals

Continuous signals Discrete signals

Represented by sine waves Represented by square waves

Human voice, natural sound, analog Computers, optical drives, and other
electronic devices are a few examples electronic devices

Continuous range of values Discontinuous values

Records sound waves as they are Converts into a binary waveform

Only used in analog devices Suited for digital electronics like

computers, mobiles and more
IMPORTANCE OF ANALOG TO DIGTIAL CONVERSION

Analog to
Digital
converter
(ADC)
IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION

Digital to
Analog
converter
(DAC)
 TYPES OF NUMBER SYSTEMS

- Base: 2
Binary - Digits: 0 and 1

- Base: 8
Octal - Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Number
Systems
- Base: 10
Decimal - Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9

Hexa - Base: 16
Decimal - Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F

Importance of number system in digital system: The modern number system is the basis for digital technology and
computing systems. Binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems, which are widely used in computer science and digital
electronics, are derived from the decimal system.
 DIGITAL DATA REPRESENTATION

Decimal Hexa Decimal Hexa

Binary Octal Binary Octal
Digit Decimal Digit Decimal
00 0000 00 0 10 1010 12 A
01 0001 01 1 11 1011 13 B
02 0010 02 2 12 1100 14 C

03 0011 03 3 13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
04 0100 04 4
15 1111 17 F
05 0101 05 5
16 10000 20 10
06 0110 06 6
17 10001 21 11
07 0111 07 7
18 10010 22 12
08 1000 10 8 19 10011 23 13
09 1001 11 9 20 10100 24 14
 LOGIC GATES

AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate

O/P= X*Y O/P= X+Y O/P= X

NAND Gate NOR Gate XOR Gate

O/P= X*Y O/P= X+Y O/P= X + Y

APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS
 TERMINAL QUESTIONS

1. Explain the basic operations of the AND, OR, and NOT gates in Boolean algebra.

2. How to convert a decimal number to binary number?

3. List the number system representations for decimal numbers 0 to15

 REFERENCES FOR FURTHER LEARNING OF THE SESSION

Reference Books:
1. Computer System Architecture by M. Moris Mano
2. Fundamentals of Digital Logic with Verilog HDL by Stephen Brown and Zvonko Vranesic
 THANK YOU

Team – Digital Design & Computer Architecture