Quiz: Electrical System Design and Philippine Electrical Code  B) Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT)

 C) Rigid Non-metallic conduit (PVC)

1. What is the primary purpose of Electrical System Design?
 A) To create aesthetic electrical layouts  D) Flexible Metal Conduit
Answer: C) Rigid Non-metallic conduit (PVC)
 B) To provide a plan for the distribution of electrical energy
9. What is the first step in the process of setting up an electrical system?
 C) To reduce the cost of electrical materials  A) Implementation
 D) To ensure all electrical devices are the same brand  B) Testing & Commissioning
Answer: B) To provide a plan for the distribution of electrical energy
 C) Design
2. Which of the following is NOT a property of design requirements for
electrical systems?  D) Customer
 A) Flexible Answer: D) Customer

 B) Accessible 10. Which body is responsible for authorizing the use of the PEC?
 A) Department of Education
 C) Expensive
 B) Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE)
 D) Reliable
Answer: C) Expensive  C) Department of Health

3. What does the Philippine Electrical Code (PEC) aim to safeguard?  D) Department of Transportation
 A) The aesthetic value of buildings Answer: B) Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE)

 B) Persons and properties from hazards arising from the use of electricity 11. What is the purpose of having spare capacity in an electrical
system?
 C) The cost of electrical installations  A) To reduce installation costs
 D) The variety of electrical appliances  B) To accommodate anticipated increases in load
Answer: B) Persons and properties from hazards arising from the use of
electricity  C) To limit the number of devices connected

4. Which of the following is a mandatory rule in the PEC?  D) To ensure all devices are of the same type
 A) The use of the word "SHOULD" Answer: B) To accommodate anticipated increases in
load
 B) The use of the word "MAY"
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of a reliable electrical
 C) The use of the word "SHALL" system?
 D) The use of the word "COULD"  A) It has a high initial cost
Answer: C) The use of the word "SHALL"
 B) It has continuity of electrical power supply
5. What is the maximum allowable voltage drop from service entrance to
 C) It requires frequent maintenance
utilization point according to the PEC?
 A) 10%  D) It uses only one type of equipment
Answer: B) It has continuity of electrical power supply
 B) 7%
13. What is the significance of the term "mandatory rules" in the
 C) 5%
PEC?
 D) 3%  A) They are optional guidelines for electrical
Answer: C) 5% installations

6. Which of the following is NOT covered by the PEC?  B) They are rules that must be followed, indicated by
 A) Public and private buildings the word "SHALL"

 B) Electrical generating plants  C) They are suggestions for best practices

 C) Railway rolling stock  D) They are rules that can be ignored if not convenient
Answer: B) They are rules that must be followed,
 D) Temporary substations indicated by the word "SHALL"
Answer: C) Railway rolling stock
14. Which of the following is a type of raceway?
7. What is the role of an electrical meter?  A) Bare conductor
 A) To measure the voltage of electrical systems
 B) Insulated conductor
 B) To measure the amount of electrical energy supplied or produced
 C) Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC)
 C) To regulate the flow of electricity
 D) Electrical meter
 D) To provide backup power Answer: C) Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC)
Answer: B) To measure the amount of electrical energy supplied or
produced 15. What is the primary focus of the Philippine Electrical Code
(PEC)?
8. Which type of conduit is known for being waterproof and rust-proof?
 A) To promote the use of renewable energy
 A) Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC)
  B) To ensure the aesthetic design of electrical systems 23. Electrical System Design: The choice of electrical systems,
including planning and detailing of requirements for protection,
 C) To provide minimum safety requirements for control, monitoring, coordination, and interlocking of electrical
electrical installations systems.
 D) To standardize electrical equipment brands 24. Service Entrance: The supply conductors that extend from the
street main duct or transformer to the service or switchboard of
Answer: C) To provide minimum safety requirements
the building supply.
for electrical installations
25. Electrical Meter: A device that measures the amount of electrical
16. What is the role of the "Title block" in electrical plans? energy supplied to or produced by a residence, business, or
 A) To provide a decorative element to the plans machine, usually measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
26. Voltage Drop: The reduction in voltage in the electrical circuit
 B) To contain essential information about the project between the source and the load, with a maximum allowable
drop of 5% from service entrance to utilization point.
 C) To indicate the scale of the drawings 27. Bare Conductor: A conductor without insulation, usually used as
 D) To list all electrical components used ground wires or bus bars in switchboards.
Answer: B) To contain essential information about 28. Insulated Conductor: A conductor encased within a material (e.g.,
the project rubber, thermoplastic) to provide electrical insulation.
29. Covered Conductor: An insulated conductor that has an
17. Which of the following is a type of electrical load that must be additional jacket for added mechanical, fire, or water protection.
calculated in the design analysis? 30. Raceway: An enclosed channel designed to hold conductors.
 A) Lighting and receptacle loads 31. Rigid Metal Conduit (RMC): A heavyweight, thick-walled metal
conduit that provides maximum strength and protection for
 B) Aesthetic loads conductors.
32. Intermediate Metal Conduit (IMC): A thinner-walled and lighter-
 C) Decorative loads
weight metal conduit that can be installed in all atmospheric
 D) Non-electrical loads conditions.
Answer: A) Lighting and receptacle loads 33. Electrical Metallic Tubing (EMT): A lightweight metal conduit that
cannot be installed in locations where it will be subjected to
18. What is the purpose of the "Schedule of Loads" in electrical severe physical damage.
plans? 34. Flexible Metal Conduit: Also known as greenfield, it may be used
 A) To list the costs of materials anywhere except for wet locations.
35. Liquid-tight Flexible Metal Conduit: A flexible metal conduit with
 B) To tabulate electrical loads and sizes of wires and an outer plastic jacket that is impervious to liquid, grease, oil, and
conduits chemicals.
 C) To provide a timeline for installation 36. Rigid Non-metallic Conduit (PVC): A waterproof and rust-proof
conduit that is not applicable in locations subject to physical
 D) To indicate the location of all electrical outlets damage.
Answer: B) To tabulate electrical loads and sizes of 37. Mandatory Rules: Rules characterized by the use of the word
wires and conduits "SHALL," which must be followed.
38. Advisory Rules: Rules characterized by the use of the word
19. What is the maximum torque decrease in electric motors due to "SHOULD," which are recommendations but not required.
voltage drop? 39. Philippine Electrical Code (PEC): A set of rules intended to make
 A) It remains the same the use of electricity safe for persons and property, consisting of
mandatory and advisory rules.
 B) It increases significantly
40. Practical Safeguarding: The purpose of the PEC to protect persons
 C) It decreases as the voltage drops and properties from hazards arising from the use of electricity.
41. Adequacy: The minimum requirements necessary for safety as
 D) It is not affected by voltage drop outlined in the PEC.
Answer: C) It decreases as the voltage drops 42. Electrical Plans: Detailed drawings that include the layout of
electrical systems, specifications, and calculations necessary for
20. Which of the following is a requirement for obtaining an
installation.
electrical permit? 43. Design Analysis: The process of calculating branch circuits, sub-
 A) Any person can apply for a permit feeders, feeders, busways, and service entrance, including
overload protective devices and voltage drops.
 B) Only a licensed electrical engineer or master
44. Schedule of Loads: A tabulated formulation of electrical loads,
electrician can obtain a permit
size of wire, and conduit per circuit up to service.
 C) No fees are required for the permit 45. Title Block: A standard strip at the bottom of electrical plans
containing essential information about the project, including the
 D) The permit is not necessary for residential name and location of the installation.
installations 46. Safety: A critical factor in electrical system design, emphasizing
Answer: B) Only a licensed electrical engineer or that safety must be designed into the system.
master electrician can obtain a permit 47. Standardization of Equipment: The aim for maximum
standardization of equipment type and rating in electrical design.
21. Electrical System: A system where conductors and equipment are 48. Maintainability: The ease with which an electrical system can be
interconnected to sources of potential difference for the maintained, repaired, or modified.
distribution and/or utilization of electrical energy. 49. Spare Inventory: The minimum level of spare parts and
22. Electrical Design: The development of a plan or method to equipment that should be kept on hand for maintenance and
provide for the distribution of electrical energy from the electrical repairs.
service entrance to the points of utilization in a building or 50. Reliability: The degree to which an electrical system can provide
structure. continuous power supply, which may involve backup systems like
standby generators.
 Types of Discharge Lamps  More than 90% of light falls on the working plane.

 Commonly used but can cause glare and hard shadows.

1. Types of Discharge Lamps

2. Semi-Direct Lighting:
 Type 1: Lamps where the color of light is the same as produced by the
discharge through the gas or vapor.  60% to 90% of light falls downwards; remaining light illuminates ceilings and
walls.
 Examples:
 Best for high-ceiling rooms.
 Mercury vapor lamp (bluish light)

 Sodium vapor lamp (yellow-orange light) 3. Semi-Indirect Lighting:

 Neon gas lamp (orange-red light)  Similar to semi-direct but primarily for indoor decoration.

 Type 2: Lamps that use fluorescence; these are known as fluorescent lamps. 4. Indirect Lighting:

 Mechanism: Discharge through the vapor produces ultraviolet waves that  More than 90% of light is directed upwards to the ceiling for diffuse
cause fluorescence in phosphor materials coated inside the lamp. reflection.

 Examples:  Reduces glare and provides shadowless illumination.

 Mercury vapor tube

5. General Diffusing Lighting:
 Fluorescent lamp
 Uses diffusing glass lamps for uniform illumination in all directions.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Discharge Lamps

Design of Lighting Scheme
 Advantages:
 Characteristics of a good lighting scheme:
 Superior to metal filament lamps in terms of efficiency.
1. Adequate illumination
 Disadvantages:
2. Uniform light distribution
 High initial cost 3. Minimal glare and hard shadows
 Poor power factor 4. Suitable color of light
 Difficult starting (requires starters or transformers)

 Time needed to reach full brightness Factors for Designing Lighting Schemes

 Negative resistance characteristics necessitate ballasts to stabilize the arc 1. Intensity of Illumination: Varies by type of work (e.g., factories, offices,
schools).
 Flicker effect (stroboscopic effect)
2. Selection of Luminaires:
 Suitable only for specific positions
 Luminaire: Apparatus that distributes, filters, or transforms light.

 Choice depends on the size of the premises and type of illumination

Lighting Schemes required.

3. Size of the Room:

Diffusing and Reflecting Surfaces
 Utilization factor accounts for lumen output loss due to fittings and
 Specular Reflection: Light reflects off polished metallic or silvered surfaces, reflections.
maintaining an image of the source.
4. Mounting Height and Spacing of Fittings:
 Diffuse Reflection: Light scatters in all directions when incident on coarse
surfaces (e.g., paper, frosted glass), resulting in no image of the source.  General lighting should ensure overlapping illumination from fittings.

5. Conditions of Use:
Requirements of Good Lighting  Regular cleaning and maintenance factors affect lamp efficiency.

 Provides visual comfort and enhances work efficiency.

 Factors to consider: Methods of Lighting Calculations

 Minimum glare
1. Watt per Square Meter Method:
 Brightness contrast
 Rough calculation based on watts per square meter of area.
 Proper shielding of light sources

2. Lumen or Light Flux Method:

Types of Lighting Schemes
 Applicable for uniform illumination cases.

1. Direct Lighting:
3. Point-to-Point or Inverse Square Law Method:  The unit of luminous flux; the amount of light emitted in a unit solid angle by
a point source of light with a luminous intensity of one candela.
 Used for calculating illumination from specific light sources.

Luminous Flux of Various Types of Lamps (Continued) 5. Candle Power (CP):

 The luminous intensity of a light source in a specific direction, measured in

 Incandescent Lamp (continued): candelas.
 75W: 1100 lumens
6. Mean Spherical Candle Power (M.S.C.P):
 100W: 1600 lumens
 The average luminous intensity of a light source in all directions.
 150W: 2600 lumens

7. Mean Horizontal Candle Power (M.H.C.P):

 LED Lamp:
 The average luminous intensity of a light source in all directions in the
 10W: 800 lumens horizontal plane.
 15W: 1100 lumens
8. Utilization Factor (UF):
 20W: 1600 lumens
 The ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane to the total lumens
 30W: 2400 lumens emitted by the lamp.

Calculation of Illumination 9. Maintenance Factor (MF):

 Formula: [ N = \frac{E \times A}{O \times UF \times MF} ] Where:  The ratio of illumination under normal working conditions to the illumination
when the surfaces are perfectly clean.
 (N) = Number of fittings needed

 (E) = Required illumination (lux) 10. Depreciation Factor:

 (A) = Working area (square meters)  The ratio of initial meter-candles to the ultimate maintained meter-candles
on the working plane.
 (O) = Luminous flux produced per lamp (lumens)

 (UF) = Utilization Factor 11. Waste Light Factor:

 (MF) = Maintenance Factor  A factor accounting for light lost due to overlapping and light falling outside
the edges of the illuminated surface.

Luminous Flux of Various Types of Lamps 12. Absorption Factor:

 Fluorescent Lamp:  The ratio of total lumens available after absorption to the total lumens
emitted by the source of light.
 80W – 5ft warm white: 4640 lumens

 40W – 4ft warm white: 2400 lumens 13. Reflection Factor:

 20W – 2ft warm white: 920 lumens  The ratio of the incident light to the reflected light from a surface.

 Incandescent Lamp:
14. Glare:
 40W: 400 lumens
 The discomfort or interference with vision caused by excessive brightness in
 60W the field of view.

15. Solid Angle (ω):

Key Terms and Definitions
 The angle subtended at a point by a surface, measured in steradians.
1. Illumination:
16. Brightness (or Luminance):
 The luminous flux received by a surface per unit area, measured in lux
(lumens per square meter).  The luminous intensity per unit projected area of a surface in a given
direction, measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m²).
2. Luminous Flux (Φ):
17. Specific Consumption:
 The total quantity of light emitted by a source per unit time, measured in
lumens (lm).  The ratio of power input to the average power output, expressed in watts per
candle.
3. Luminous Intensity (I):
18. Space-Height Ratio:
 The luminous flux emitted by a source in a particular direction per unit solid
angle, measured in candelas (cd).  The ratio of the horizontal distance between adjacent lamps to the height of
their mountings.
4. Lumen (lm):
19. Reduction Factor: 5. Maintenance and Efficiency:

 The ratio of mean spherical candle power to mean horizontal candle power.  Regular maintenance of lighting fixtures is essential to maintain efficiency
and illumination levels. Understanding the maintenance factor and
depreciation factor helps in planning for long-term lighting performance.
20. Lamp Efficiency:

 The ratio of luminous flux to the power input, expressed in lumens per watt. 6. Regulatory Standards:

 Familiarity with local and international lighting standards and regulations is

Laws of Illumination important for compliance and ensuring safety in lighting design.

1. Inverse Square Law: 7. Technological Advancements:

 The illumination (E) of a surface is inversely proportional to the square of the  The lighting industry is continuously evolving with advancements in
distance (d) from the light source: [ E \propto \frac{1}{d^2} ] technology, such as smart lighting systems and energy-efficient solutions.
Staying updated with these trends can lead to better design practices and
energy savings.
2. Lambert’s Cosine Law:

 The illumination on a surface is directly proportional to the cosine of the

angle (θ) between the normal to the surface and the direction of the incident Additional Key Terms and Concepts
light: [ E = E_0 \cdot \cos(θ) ]
21. Color Temperature:

 Measured in Kelvin (K), it describes the color appearance of the light emitted
Practical Applications by a source. Lower values (e.g., 2700K) indicate warm light, while higher
values (e.g., 5000K) indicate cool light.
1. Lighting Design in Interior Spaces: 22. Color Rendering Index (CRI):
 Consideration of the type of activities performed in the space (e.g., reading,  A measure of how accurately a light source displays colors in comparison to
working) to determine appropriate illumination levels. natural light. A higher CRI (close to 100) indicates better color rendering.
 Use of different lighting schemes (direct, indirect, semi-direct) to achieve 23. Photometry:
desired aesthetics and functionality.
 The science of measuring visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to
2. Outdoor Lighting: the human eye.

24. Luminous Efficacy:

 Ensuring adequate illumination for safety and visibility on roads and
pathways.  The ratio of luminous flux (in lumens) to power (in watts) consumed,
indicating how efficiently a light source converts electrical energy into visible
 Use of glare-free fixtures to enhance comfort for pedestrians and drivers.
light.

3. Industrial Lighting: 25. Light Distribution:

 High illumination levels to ensure safety and productivity in work  Refers to how light is spread across a surface. Different luminaire designs can
environments. create various light distribution patterns (e.g., narrow beam, wide beam).

 Consideration of maintenance factors due to dust and grime in industrial 26. Task Lighting:
settings.  Lighting specifically designed to illuminate a particular task or activity, such
as reading or cooking, providing focused illumination where needed.
1. Importance of Proper Illumination:
27. Ambient Lighting:
 Adequate lighting enhances productivity, safety, and comfort in various
environments. It is essential for reducing accidents and improving the overall
 General lighting that provides overall illumination to a space, ensuring that
areas are adequately lit without harsh shadows.
well-being of occupants.
28. Accent Lighting:
2. Selection of Light Sources:
 Lighting used to highlight specific features or objects within a space, such as
 The choice of light sources (incandescent, fluorescent, LED, etc.) should be artwork or architectural details.
based on efficiency, color temperature, and application requirements. Each 29. Daylight Harvesting:
type of lamp has its advantages and disadvantages that must be considered.
 The practice of using natural daylight to supplement artificial lighting,
3. Lighting Calculations: reducing energy consumption and enhancing the quality of light in a space.

 Accurate calculations of illumination levels are necessary to ensure that 30. Lighting Control Systems:
spaces are adequately lit. Utilizing methods such as the watt per square  Technologies that allow for the adjustment of lighting levels and schedules,
meter method, lumen method, and point-to-point method can help achieve including dimmers, timers, and smart controls, to enhance energy efficiency
desired lighting outcomes. and user comfort.

4. Design Considerations:
Final Thoughts
 Factors such as room size, ceiling height, and the purpose of the space should
guide the design of lighting schemes. The arrangement of fixtures, their
The study of illumination encompasses a wide range of concepts, from the
spacing, and mounting heights are critical for achieving uniform illumination.
physics of light to practical applications in design. A thorough understanding
 of these principles is essential for anyone involved in lighting design,  B) To distribute and filter light
architecture, or interior design. By applying the knowledge gained from this
review, professionals can create spaces that are not only functional but also  C) To absorb light
aesthetically pleasing and conducive to the well-being of their occupants.
 D) To reflect light

 Answer: B) To distribute and filter light

Recommended Further Reading

 "Lighting Design Basics" by Mark Karlen and James Benya 7. What does the utilization factor (UF) represent?

 "The Lighting Handbook" by the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES)  A) Ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane

 "Fundamentals of Lighting" by Robert E. H. Smith  B) Ratio of initial to maintained illumination

 C) Ratio of light absorbed by surfaces

 D) Ratio of power input to output

1. What type of light does a mercury vapor lamp produce?
 Answer: A) Ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane
 A) Yellow-orange

 B) Orange-red 8. What is the recommended illumination level for fine work in factories?

 C) Bluish  A) 150 lux

 D) White  B) 300 lux

 Answer: C) Bluish  C) 700 lux

 D) 1500 lux
2. Which type of lamp uses fluorescence?
 Answer: C) 700 lux
 A) Incandescent lamp

 B) Mercury vapor lamp 9. Which type of lighting scheme provides shadowless illumination?

 C) Fluorescent lamp  A) Direct lighting

 D) Sodium vapor lamp  B) Semi-direct lighting

 Answer: C) Fluorescent lamp  C) Indirect lighting

 D) General diffusing lighting

3. What is a disadvantage of discharge lamps?
 Answer: C) Indirect lighting
 A) Low initial cost

 B) High power factor 10. What is the flicker effect caused by?

 C) Difficult starting  A) High initial cost

 D) Instant brightness  B) Poor power factor

 Answer: C) Difficult starting  C) Fluctuation of light output

 D) Negative resistance characteristics

4. What is the primary characteristic of specular reflection?
 Answer: C) Fluctuation of light output
 A) Light scatters in all directions

 B) Maintains an image of the source 11. What is the main advantage of indirect lighting?

 C) Absorbs most of the light  A) High glare

 D) Diffuses light uniformly  B) Shadow casting

 Answer: B) Maintains an image of the source  C) Reduced glare

 D) Direct illumination
5. Which lighting scheme is most commonly used?
 Answer: C) Reduced glare
 A) Indirect lighting

 B) Semi-direct lighting 12. What is the purpose of a ballast in discharge lamps?

 C) Direct lighting  A) To increase brightness

 D) General diffusing lighting  B) To stabilize the arc

 Answer: C) Direct lighting  C) To reduce power consumption

 D) To enhance color rendering

6. What is the main purpose of a luminaire?
 Answer: B) To stabilize the arc
 A) To produce light
13. What is the term for the ratio of reflected light energy to incident light  D) To increase illumination levels
energy?
 Answer: C) To reduce discomfort and eye fatigue
 A) Maintenance factor

 B) Reflection factor 20. What is the term for the amount of light emitted by a lamp in all
directions?
 C) Utilization factor
 A) Luminous intensity
 D) Depreciation factor
 B) Luminous flux
 Answer: B) Reflection factor
 C) Brightness

14. Which type of lighting is best suited for high ceilings?  D) Candle power

 A) Direct lighting  Answer: B) Luminous flux

 B) Semi-direct lighting
21. Which of the following is a characteristic of LED lamps?
 C) Indirect lighting
 A) High heat generation
 D) General diffusing lighting
 B) Low energy efficiency
 Answer: B) Semi-direct lighting
 C) Long lifespan

15. What is the main characteristic of diffuse reflection?  D) High initial cost

 A) Light reflects back with an image  Answer: C) Long lifespan

 B) Light scatters in all directions

22. What is the main advantage of using fluorescent lamps?
 C) Light is absorbed completely
 A) Instant brightness
 D) Light is focused in one direction
 B) High luminous efficacy
 Answer: B) Light scatters in all directions
 C) Low initial cost

16. What is the recommended illumination level for classrooms?  D) Warm color temperature

 A) 150 lux  Answer: B) High luminous efficacy

 B) 300 lux
23. What is the purpose of a reflector in lighting design?
 C) 400 lux
 A) To absorb light
 D) 700 lux
 B) To diffuse light
 Answer: B) 300 lux
 C) To direct and enhance light output

17. What does the term "maintenance factor" refer to?  D) To reduce glare

 A) Ratio of light absorbed by surfaces  Answer: C) To direct and enhance light output
 B) Ratio of initial illumination to maintained illumination
24. What is the recommended illumination level for hospital operating rooms?
 C) Ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane
 A) 150 lux
 D) Ratio of luminous flux to power input
 B) 300 lux
 Answer: B) Ratio of initial illumination to maintained illumination
 C) 500 lux

18. Which type of lamp is known for having a high luminous efficacy?  D) Special lighting

 A) Incandescent lamp  Answer: D) Special lighting

 B) Fluorescent lamp
25. Which type of lighting is best for highlighting artwork?
 C) Halogen lamp
 A) Ambient lighting
 D) Mercury vapor lamp
 B) Task lighting
 Answer: B) Fluorescent lamp
 C) Accent lighting

19. What is the primary purpose of glare control in lighting design?  D) General diffusing lighting

 A) To enhance brightness  Answer: C) Accent lighting

 B) To improve color rendering

26. What is the term for the light output of a lamp measured in lumens per
 C) To reduce discomfort and eye fatigue watt?
 A) Luminous intensity  Answer: A) Flicker

 B) Luminous efficacy 33. What is the recommended illumination level for reading areas in homes?

 C) Luminous flux  A) 150 lux

 D) Candle power  B) 300 lux

 Answer: B) Luminous efficacy  C) 500 lux

 D) 700 lux
27. What is the main disadvantage of incandescent lamps?
 Answer: B) 300 lux
 A) High luminous efficacy
34. Which type of lighting scheme is characterized by more than 90% of light
 B) Short lifespan falling directly on the working plane?
 C) Low initial cost  A) Indirect lighting
 D) Instant brightness  B) Semi-direct lighting
 Answer: B) Short lifespan  C) Direct lighting

 D) General diffusing lighting

28. What is the purpose of daylight harvesting in lighting design?
 Answer: C) Direct lighting
 A) To reduce glare
35. What is the main purpose of using diffusing globes in lighting fixtures?
 B) To increase energy consumption
 A) To increase glare
 C) To utilize natural light to reduce artificial lighting needs
 B) To improve brightness towards eye level
 D) To enhance color rendering
 C) To absorb light
 Answer: C) To utilize natural light to reduce artificial lighting needs
 D) To focus light
29. What is the term for the angle at which light strikes a surface?  Answer: B) To improve brightness towards eye level
 A) Angle of incidence 36. What is the term for the ratio of the total lumens emitted by a lamp to the
 B) Angle of reflection total lumens reaching the working plane?

 C) Solid angle  A) Maintenance factor

 D) Luminous angle  B) Utilization factor

 Answer: A) Angle of incidence  C) Depreciation factor

 D) Absorption factor
30. Which of the following is a common application for sodium vapor lamps?
 Answer: B) Utilization factor
 A) Indoor lighting
37. Which of the following is a characteristic of high-intensity discharge (HID)
 B) Street lighting lamps?

 C) Office lighting  A) Low initial cost

 D) Decorative lighting  B) Instant start

 Answer: B) Street lighting  C) High luminous efficacy

 D) Short lifespan
31. What is the primary function of a dimmer switch?
 Answer: C) High luminous efficacy
 A) To increase brightness
38. What is the primary benefit of using LED lighting?
 B) To control the color temperature
 A) High heat output
 C) To adjust the light output
 B) Low energy efficiency
 D) To change the type of lamp used
 C) Long lifespan and low energy consumption
 Answer: C) To adjust the light output
 D) High initial cost

32. What is the term for the phenomenon where light output fluctuates at  Answer: C) Long lifespan and low energy consumption
twice the supply frequency?
39. What is the recommended illumination level for conference rooms?
 A) Flicker
 A) 150 lux
 B) Glare
 B) 300 lux
 C) Stroboscopic effect
 C) 400 lux
 D) Reflection
 D) 700 lux  Answer: B) Poor color rendering

 Answer: B) 300 lux 47. What is the term for the light output of a lamp measured in lumens?

40. What is the term for the light intensity per unit area of a surface?  A) Luminous intensity

 A) Luminous flux  B) Luminous flux

 B) Illuminance  C) Illuminance

 C) Luminance  D) Candle power

 D) Candle power  Answer: B) Luminous flux

 Answer: B) Illuminance 48. What is the purpose of using a maintenance factor in lighting design?

41. Which type of lighting is primarily used for safety and security?  A) To calculate the initial cost of lighting

 A) Ambient lighting  B) To estimate the reduction in illumination over time

 B) Task lighting  C) To determine the color temperature of lamps

 C) Accent lighting  D) To assess the efficiency of the lamp

 D) Flood lighting  Answer: B) To estimate the reduction in illumination over time

 Answer: D) Flood lighting 49. Which type of lighting is most effective for creating a warm and inviting
atmosphere in homes?
42. What is the main characteristic of a fluorescent lamp?
 A) Fluorescent lighting
 A) Produces light through incandescence
 B) Incandescent lighting
 B) Uses gas discharge to produce light
 C) LED lighting
 C) Emits light in a narrow beam
 D) High-intensity discharge lighting
 D) Has a very short lifespan
 Answer: B) Incandescent lighting
 Answer: B) Uses gas discharge to produce light
50. What is the primary function of a diffuser in lighting design?
43. What is the purpose of using a color rendering index (CRI)?
 A) To focus light into a beam
 A) To measure the brightness of a light source
 B) To scatter light evenly in all directions
 B) To determine the efficiency of a lamp
 C) To absorb excess light
 C) To evaluate how accurately a light source displays colors
 D) To increase the intensity of light
 D) To assess the lifespan of a lamp
 Answer: B) To scatter light evenly in all directions
 Answer: C) To evaluate how accurately a light source displays colors

44. What is the recommended illumination level for sports stadiums?

Key Definitions and Terms
 A) 150 lux

 B) 300 lux
1. Electrical Energy:
 C) 400 lux
 The energy derived from electric potential energy or kinetic energy of
 D) 1000 lux charged particles.

 Answer: D) 1000 lux

2. Angle of Inclination (( \theta )):
45. Which type of lighting is best for detailed work such as drafting or sewing?
 The angle between an inclined surface and the horizontal plane.
 A) Ambient lighting

 B) Task lighting 3. Angle of Friction (( \phi )):

 C) Accent lighting  The angle at which an object begins to slide on a surface due to friction,
related to the coefficient of static friction.
 D) General diffusing lighting

 Answer: B) Task lighting 4. Static Friction:

46. What is the main disadvantage of using sodium vapor lamps?  The frictional force that prevents two surfaces from sliding past each other. It
acts when an object is at rest.
 A) High initial cost

 B) Poor color rendering 5. Kinetic Friction:

 C) Short lifespan  The frictional force acting between moving surfaces. It is generally less than
static friction.
 D) High energy consumption
6. Coefficient of Friction (( \mu )): 20. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI):

 A dimensionless scalar value that represents the frictional force between two  A device that cuts off electrical power when it detects a ground fault,
bodies. It varies for static (( \mu_s )) and kinetic (( \mu_k )) friction. protecting against electric shock.

7. Normal Force (( N )): 21. Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI):

 The force exerted by a surface perpendicular to the object resting on it. It  A device designed to prevent electrical fires by detecting arcing conditions in
counteracts the weight of the object. electrical circuits.

8. Gravitational Force: 22. Photocell:

 The force acting on an object due to gravity, calculated as ( F_g = mg ), where  A light-sensitive device that automatically controls lighting based on ambient
( m ) is mass and ( g ) is the acceleration due to gravity. light levels.

9. Overcurrent Protection Devices (OCP): 23. Timer Control:

 Devices designed to protect electrical circuits from excessive current,  A device that automatically turns electrical devices on or off after a set
including fuses and circuit breakers. period.

10. Circuit Breaker: 24. LED (Light Emitting Diode):

 An automatic switch that interrupts the flow of current in a circuit when it  A semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes
detects an overload or short circuit. through it, commonly used in lighting applications.

11. Fuse: 25. Conduit:

 A safety device that melts and breaks the circuit when the current exceeds a  A protective tube or channel for electrical wiring, which can be metallic or
certain level, preventing damage to the circuit. non-metallic, used to safeguard wires from damage.

12. Safety Switch:

 A device that disconnects electrical circuits to prevent accidents and ensure

safety during maintenance or emergencies.

13. Busbar:

 A conductive material used to distribute electrical power to various circuits

within a system. It provides a common connection point for multiple
electrical circuits.
Study Tips
14. Transformer:  Flashcards: Create flashcards for each term to test your memory and
understanding.
 An electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction, typically used to change voltage  Diagrams: Draw diagrams to visualize components like circuit breakers,
levels. transformers, and busbars.

15. Service Entrance:

 Group Study: Discuss these terms with peers to enhance comprehension and
retention.
 The point where electrical power enters a building or facility, including the
service entrance conductors and equipment.  Practical Applications: Relate definitions to real-world electrical systems and
components to better understand their functions.

16. Switchboard:

 A panel or assembly of panels that houses electrical switches, fuses, and

circuit breakers for controlling and distributing electrical power.

17. Panelboard:

 A component of an electrical distribution system that houses circuit breakers

or fuses for controlling electrical circuits.

18. Outlet: By reviewing these definitions and terms, you will strengthen your
understanding of electrical engineering concepts. Good luck with your
 A point in the electrical system where electrical devices can be connected to studies! If you have any questions or need further clarification, feel free to
the power supply, typically found in walls. ask!
You
19. Receptacle:

 A contact device installed at an outlet to allow the connection of electrical

equipment.
 continue 37. Short Circuit:
BLACKBOXAI
 An unintended path in a circuit that allows current to flow with little or no
resistance, potentially causing excessive current flow and damage.

38. Overload:
Additional Definitions and Terms in Electrical Engineering
 A condition in which a circuit carries more current than it is rated for, which
can lead to overheating and failure of electrical components.
26. Voltage (V):

 The electric potential difference between two points in a circuit, measured in 39. Surge Protector:
volts (V). It represents the energy per unit charge available to drive current
through a circuit.
 A device designed to protect electrical devices from voltage spikes by
diverting excess voltage away from the equipment.

27. Current (I):

40. Grounding:
 The flow of electric charge in a circuit, measured in amperes (A). It indicates
how much charge is flowing through a conductor over time.
 The process of connecting electrical systems to the earth to ensure safety
and prevent electrical shock. It provides a path for fault currents to flow
safely to the ground.
28. Resistance (R):

 The opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit, measured in ohms 41. Neutral Wire:
(Ω). It determines how much current will flow for a given voltage.
 A wire in an electrical system that carries current away from the load back to
the power source, typically at ground potential.
29. Ohm's Law:

 A fundamental principle in electrical engineering that states the relationship 42. Hot Wire:
between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit: [ V = I \times R ]
 A wire that carries current to the load in an electrical circuit, typically at a
 Where ( V ) is voltage, ( I ) is current, and ( R ) is resistance. higher voltage than the neutral wire.

30. Power (P): 43. Circuit Configuration:

 The rate at which electrical energy is consumed or produced in a circuit,  The arrangement of electrical components in a circuit, which can be in series,
measured in watts (W). It can be calculated using the formula: [ P = V \times I parallel, or a combination of both.
]
44. Busbar Trunking:
31. Alternating Current (AC):
 A system of busbars enclosed in a protective casing, used for distributing
 An electric current that reverses direction periodically, commonly used in electrical power in large buildings or industrial applications.
power distribution systems. AC voltage is typically represented as a sine
wave. 45. Electrical Panel:

32. Direct Current (DC):

 A metal box that houses circuit breakers or fuses, providing a central point
for electrical distribution and protection in a building.
 An electric current that flows in one direction only, commonly used in
46. Electrical Load:
batteries and electronic devices.
 The amount of electrical power consumed by devices
or systems, typically measured in watts (W) or
33. Transformer Types: kilowatts (kW). Loads can be classified as resistive,
inductive, or capacitive.
 Step-Up Transformer: Increases voltage from primary to secondary winding.
47. Resistive Load:
 Step-Down Transformer: Decreases voltage from primary to secondary
winding.
 A type of electrical load that consumes power in the
form of heat, such as incandescent light bulbs and
 Isolation Transformer: Provides electrical isolation between circuits for electric heaters. The current and voltage are in phase.
safety.
48. Inductive Load:
 A load that causes the current to lag behind the
34. Generator Set (Genset): voltage due to the presence of inductance, such as
motors and transformers. This type of load can create
 A combination of an engine and a generator that produces electrical power,
reactive power in the system.
often used as a backup power source.
49. Capacitive Load:
35. Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS):  A load that causes the current to lead the voltage due
to the presence of capacitance, such as capacitor
 A device that automatically switches the power supply from the primary banks. Capacitive loads can also create reactive power.
source to a backup source (like a generator) during a power outage.
50. Reactive Power (Q):
36. Load:
 The power that oscillates between the source and the
load in an AC circuit, measured in volt-amperes
 Any device or component that consumes electrical power in a circuit, such as reactive (VAR). It is associated with inductive and
lights, appliances, or machinery. capacitive loads.
51. Real Power (P): 65. Energy Audit:
 The actual power consumed by electrical devices to  A systematic assessment of energy use in a building or
perform work, measured in watts (W). It is the power facility to identify opportunities for energy savings and
that results in energy consumption. efficiency improvements.

52. Apparent Power (S): 66. ircuit Breaker:

 The total power in an AC circuit, measured in volt-  An automatic device that interrupts the flow of current
amperes (VA), which is the combination of real power in a circuit when it detects an overload or short circuit,
and reactive power: [ S = \sqrt{P^2 + Q^2} ] protecting the electrical system from damage.

53. Voltage Regulation: 67. Fuse:

 The ability of a power system to maintain a constant  A safety device that protects electrical circuits by
voltage level despite variations in load conditions. It is melting and breaking the circuit when excessive
crucial for the stability and reliability of electrical current flows, preventing damage to equipment.
systems.
68. Switch:
54. Frequency (f):  A device used to open or close an electrical circuit,
 The number of cycles per second of an alternating allowing or interrupting the flow of current.
current, measured in hertz (Hz). In most countries, the
standard frequency for AC power is either 50 Hz or 60 69. Relay:
Hz.  An electromechanical switch that uses an
electromagnetic coil to open or close contacts in a
55. Phase Angle: circuit, often used for automation and control.
 The angle that represents the difference in phase
between the voltage and current waveforms in an AC 70. Contactor:
circuit, affecting the power factor.  A type of relay designed to switch electrical loads on
and off, typically used in motor control applications.
56. Load Curve:
 A graphical representation of the variation in electrical 71. Power Supply:
load over a specific period, used for planning and  A device that provides electrical energy to a circuit or
managing power generation and distribution. load, converting one form of energy (like AC or DC)
into another.
57. Transformer Efficiency:
 The ratio of the output power to the input power of a 72. Inverter:
transformer, expressed as a percentage. It indicates  An electronic device that converts direct current (DC)
how effectively a transformer converts electrical into alternating current (AC), commonly used in
energy. renewable energy systems and uninterruptible power
supplies (UPS).
58. Electrical Fault:
 An abnormal condition in an electrical circuit that can 73. Rectifier:
cause excessive current flow, leading to equipment  A device that converts alternating current (AC) into
damage or safety hazards. Common types include direct current (DC), often used in power supplies and
short circuits, ground faults, and open circuits. battery chargers.

59. Ground Fault: 74. Transformer Tap:

 A type of electrical fault that occurs when current  A connection point on a transformer winding that
flows through an unintended path to the ground, allows for voltage adjustment, enabling the
which can pose a serious shock hazard. transformer to adapt to varying load conditions.

60. Open Circuit:

 A condition in which the electrical path is broken, 75. Busbar: - A conductive material that serves as a common
preventing current from flowing. This can occur due to connection point for multiple circuits, allowing for the distribution
a switch being open or a broken wire. of electrical power within a system.

61. Short Circuit:

76. Grounding Electrode: - A conductive element, such as a rod or
 A fault condition where current bypasses the intended plate, that is buried in the ground to provide a path for fault
load, often resulting in excessive current flow and currents to safely dissipate into the earth.
potential damage to the circuit.

62. Electrical Code: 77. Surge Suppressor: - A device that protects electrical equipment
 A set of regulations and standards governing electrical from voltage spikes by diverting excess voltage away from
installations and safety practices, such as the National sensitive components.
Electrical Code (NEC) in the United States.

63. Load Testing: 78. Voltage Regulator: - A device that maintains a constant output
 The process of applying a known load to a power voltage despite variations in input voltage or load conditions,
source or electrical system to evaluate its performance ensuring stable power supply to connected devices.
and ensure it can handle the expected demand.

64. Thermal Runaway: 79. Phase Sequence: - The order in which the phases of a three-phase
system reach their maximum voltage, which is critical for the
 A condition in which an increase in temperature causes
proper operation of three-phase motors and equipment.
further increases in temperature, potentially leading to
failure in electrical components, particularly in
batteries and semiconductors.
80. Load Bank: - A device used to simulate electrical loads for testing 96. Substation: - A facility in the electrical distribution system where
and maintaining generators and power systems, ensuring they voltage is transformed from high to low (or vice versa) and where
operate correctly under various load conditions. power is distributed to various feeders.
97. Feeder: - A power line that carries electricity from a substation to
distribution transformers or directly to consumers, typically
81. Harmonic Distortion: - The presence of frequencies in a power
serving a specific area.
system that are multiples of the fundamental frequency, which
98. Distribution Transformer: - A transformer that steps down
can lead to inefficiencies and overheating in electrical equipment.
voltage from the distribution level to a lower voltage suitable for
consumer use, typically located near residential or commercial
82. Transient Voltage: - A temporary voltage spike that can occur in areas.
electrical systems due to sudden changes in load or faults, 99. Smart Grid Technology: - Advanced technologies that enhance
potentially damaging equipment. the reliability, efficiency, and sustainability of the electrical grid
through automation, communication, and data analytics.
100. Energy Management System (EMS): - A system that monitors,
83. Electrical Insulation: - Materials that prevent the flow of electric
controls, and optimizes the performance of energy generation
current, used to protect conductors and ensure safety in electrical
and consumption, often used in industrial and commercial
systems.
settings.
101. Photovoltaic (PV) Array: - A collection of multiple solar panels
84. Thermal Imaging: - A technique used to detect heat patterns in connected together to generate electricity from sunlight, often
electrical systems, often employed for preventive maintenance to used in solar power systems.
identify overheating components. 102. Battery Management System (BMS): - An electronic system that
manages a rechargeable battery, ensuring safe operation,
monitoring state of charge, and optimizing performance.
85. Smart Meter: - An advanced metering device that records energy 103. Load Shedding: - The intentional reduction of electrical load to
consumption in real-time and communicates data to utilities for prevent system overloads or maintain stability in the power grid,
monitoring and billing purposes. often implemented during peak demand periods.
104. Power Factor Correction: - The process of improving the power
86. Microgrid: - A localized energy system that can operate factor of a system, often through the addition of capacitors or
independently or in conjunction with the main power grid, often inductors, to reduce energy losses and improve efficiency.
incorporating renewable energy sources and energy storage. 105. Electrical Arc: - A discharge of electricity that occurs when current
flows through the air between two conductors, often resulting in
high temperatures and potential damage.
87. Energy Storage System: - A technology that stores energy for 106. Insulation Resistance: - The resistance of insulating materials to
later use, such as batteries or pumped hydro storage, enabling the flow of electric current, an important measure for ensuring
better management of energy supply and demand. the safety and reliability of electrical systems.
107. Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI): - A device that protects
88. Load Forecasting: - The process of predicting future electrical load against electrical shock by interrupting the circuit when it detects
requirements based on historical data, trends, and other factors, an imbalance between incoming and outgoing current.
essential for planning and managing power generation. 108. Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI): - A device designed to detect
arc faults in electrical circuits and disconnect the power to
prevent electrical fires.
89. Demand Response: - A strategy that encourages consumers to 109. Surge Current: - A sudden increase in electrical current that can
reduce or shift their electricity usage during peak demand occur during events such as lightning strikes or equipment
periods, helping to balance supply and demand on the grid. malfunctions, potentially damaging electrical devices.
110. Electrical Load Profile: - A graphical representation of the
90. Voltage Flicker: - A rapid and repeated variation in voltage levels variation in electrical load over time, used for analyzing
that can cause noticeable fluctuations in lighting and affect consumption patterns and planning energy supply.
sensitive equipment. 111. Voltage Divider: - A simple circuit that produces a lower voltage
output from a higher voltage input, typically using resistors to
divide the voltage.
91. Electrical Safety Audit: - A systematic evaluation of electrical 112. Current Transformer (CT): - A type of transformer used to
systems and practices to identify potential hazards and ensure measure alternating current (AC) by producing a reduced current
compliance with safety standards. proportional to the current in the primary circuit.
113. Potential Transformer (PT): - A transformer used to measure
92. Load Flow Analysis: - A method used to determine the voltage, voltage in high-voltage circuits by producing a lower voltage that
current, and power flow in an electrical network under steady- can be safely measured.
state conditions, essential for system planning and operation. 114. Electrical Code Compliance: - Adherence to established electrical
codes and standards that govern the design, installation, and
maintenance of electrical systems to ensure safety and reliability.
93. Circuit Simulation: - The use of software tools to model and 115. Load Balancing: - The practice of distributing electrical loads
analyze the behavior of electrical circuits, allowing engineers to evenly across multiple circuits or phases to prevent overloads and
test designs before physical implementation. ensure efficient operation.
116. Transient Response: - The behavior of an electrical circuit when it
94. Power Quality: - The measure of the electrical supply's ability to is subjected to a sudden change in input, such as a switch being
provide stable voltage and current without disturbances, ensuring turned on or off, affecting voltage and current levels.
the reliable operation of electrical equipment. 117. Signal Conditioning: - The process of manipulating a signal to
prepare it for further processing, often involving amplification,
filtering, or conversion.
95. Electrical Distribution System: - The network of electrical 118. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): - Disturbances in electrical
components that deliver electricity from the transmission system signals caused by external electromagnetic fields, which can affect
to end users the performance of electronic devices.
119. Power Distribution Unit (PDU): - A device that distributes
electrical power to multiple devices, often used in data centers
and server rooms to manage power supply.
120. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): - A backup power system
that provides emergency power to connected devices during a
power outage, ensuring continuous operation.
121. Energy Star Rating: - A certification indicating that a product
meets energy efficiency guidelines set by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy.
122. Thermal Imaging Camera: - A device that detects infrared
radiation and creates images based on temperature differences,
commonly used for electrical inspections and maintenance.
123. Electrical Safety Lockout/Tagout (LOTO): - A safety procedure
used to ensure that electrical equipment is properly shut off and
not able to be started up again before maintenance or servicing is
completed.