Chapter 2: Force and

Moment
Presented by : Ekarin S.
ekarins2002@[Link]
Contents

1. Force
2. 2D Force System
1. Rectangular Components
2. Moment
3. Couple
4. Resultants
3. 3D Force System
1. Rectangular Components
2. Moment and Couple
3. Resultants
4. Example
Force

A Force is a VECTOR QUATITY, because its effect depends

on the direction as well as on the magnitude of the action.
Force Classification
Contact Force = External Force at the physical contacts.
Body Force = Internal Force generated by its body.
Action and Reaction
According the the Newton's third law, the action of a force
is always accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction.
Resultants (R)
The sum of system forces. (Vector Addition between two or
more vector in the system)
F1 R=F1+F2
F2
2D Force System

Rectangular components
The most common two dimensional resolution of a force vector is
into rectangular components.
y

Fy F

x
Fx

F  ( Fx , Fy )  Fxi  Fy j
Fx  F cos  ; Fy  F sin  ;
 Fy 
  tan  ; F  Fx 2  Fy 2
1

 Fx 
Example 1
F2=500N
The force F1,F2,F3 , all of which act on F1=600N
3 A
point A of the bracket, are specified in 4
35o

0.1 m
3 different ways, Determine the x and
y scalar components of each of the 0.2m
three forces. 0.3m
F3=800N

0.4m
B
The 500 N force is applied to the
vertical pole as shown,
Determine Fx x

30o
F = 500N
Moment

In addition to the tendency to move a body in the direction of

its application, a force cal also tend to rotate a body about an
axis.
M=rxF
From Cross Product definition
M  F r sin 

V= a x b
i j k
b
a  b  a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
a
Example

Calculate the magnitude of the moment about the base point O of the
600N force.
2m
Soln A
60o
M  rF 4m

r  2,4,0
600 N

F  [600 cos 60,600 sin 60,0] O

i j k
M 2 4 0
600Cos 60  600 Sin60 0
M  2610 k
Couple

The moment produced by 2 equal, opposite, and noncollinear

forces is called a couple.

r Consider the action of 2 equal forces F

a and –F a distance apart d. These 2 force
d F
-F cannot be combined into a single force
because their sum in every direction is 0.
This only effect to rotation.
M = F(a+d)-F(a)
F = Fd

A
rA
rA/B= rA-rB
O rA/B M=rA/B x F
rB
B
-F
Example
180 N
1. Compute the combined
240mm
moment of two 180-N forces A
about Point O and Point A 240mm

120mm O
180N

400 N
30o

350 mm
2. A 400 N force is applied to A B
the welded slender bar at an
angle 30o. Determine the
equivalent force couple 600 mm

system acting on the weld at

(a) point A and (b) point B O
Resultants

The group or system force can be described as Resultant action.

F2
     n 
F3 R  F1  F2  F3    Fn   Fi  ( Rx , Ry )
F1 i 1

 n
R=F1+ F2+ F3
Magnitude of R ( R )   Fi
i 1

 Ry 
  tan  
1

 Rx 

For the summarized of moments is following

R  F
Mo   M   (r  F )
Example

Determine the resultant of the four forces and one couple

which act on the plate shown

y
2m 5m

60 N 50 N

45o
B 140 Nm
2m D
C 80 N
2m
O
40 N A 30o x
1m
Example

Replace the three forces acting

160N
on the bent pipe by a single C 200N
equivalent force R. specify the
250mm
distance x from point O to the A B
point on the x-axis through O +
which the line of action of R 250mm 250mm

passes. 125mm +
240N

Replace the three forces which 1.2m 10kN

act on the bent bar by a force- 4.8kN
couple system at the support A B
30o
C
point A. the determine the x- D E
0.6m
intercept of the line of action 3.2kN
0.6m
0.9m
of the standalone resultant
force R
3D Force System
Many problems in mechanics require analysis in 3D. The force at
reference point has 3 regular component as which, Fx,Fy,Fz
z

F=(Fx,Fy,Fz) Fxy  F cos 


Fz  F sin 
y

Fxy
Fx  Fxy cos   F cos  cos 
x Fy  Fxy sin   F cos  sin 

 F
From Unit Vector Concept F1Unit  
F
Dot Product

We can express the regular components of a force F with the

aid of the vector operation h=known as the dot or scalar
product.

P  Q  P Q  cos 
P
 
P  Px , Py , Pz
 Q  Q , Q , Q 
x y z
Q
P  Q  PX QX  PY QY  PZ QZ
F
Px Qx  Py Qy  Pz Qz
Fn= (F*n)n cos  
PQ
Solution Steps

1. Define reference axis. And reference original coordinates

(x,y,z) = (0,0,0)
2. Mark the position into x,y,z coordinate
3. Line vector = (x2-x1,y2-y1,z2-z1)
4. Unit vector = Line Vector/|Line vector|
5. Calculate actual force = tension at considered line * Unit
Vector
EXAMPLE
The rigid pole and cross-arm
assembly is supported by the three
cables shown. A turnbuckle at D is
tighten until it induces a tension T
in CD of 1.2 kN. Express T as a
vector. Does it make any difference
12kN
in the result which coordinate
system is used?

The 70 m microwave
transmission tower is steadied
by three guy cables as shown.
Cable AB carries a tension of 12
kN. Express the corresponding
force on point A as a vector.
Example
The turnbuckle T is tightened until the
tension in cable OA is 5 kN. Express
the force F acting on point O as a
vector. Determine the projection of F
onto the y axis and onto the line OB.
Note that line OB and OC lie in the x-
y plane.

The cable BC carries a tension of

750N. Write this tension as a force T
acting on point B in terms of the unit
vectors I,j,k. the elbow at A forms a
right angle
TBC750N
3D Moment & Couple
Mo
F
A vector approach of cross
product multiplication must be
established for the 3D Moment r
determination.
by the illustrated figure, the
Moment direction is
perpendicular to rxF direction
which can be expressed by ,
Mo= r x F
(Note that , F x r = -Mo )
Cross Product

M o  rF
M= r x F

M o  r F sin  F


i j k r

r  F  rx ry rz
Fx Fy Fz
i  j  k , j  k  i, k  i  j
i  i  k , k  j  i, i  k   j
Cross Product

Don’t forget that r = vector and F = vector,

Therefore, rf = r1 + r2 + …+rn
And F = F1+F2 + F3 +… +Fn
Then couple in 3D can be determined as
Mo
M= rf x F
d
-F
F
B rf A
rf = rA-rB
rB
rA

O
Solution Steps

1. Define reference axis. And reference original coordinates

(x,y,z) = (0,0,0)
2. Mark the position into x,y,z coordinate
3. Line vector (r) = (x2-x1,y2-y1,z2-z1)
4. Unit vector = Line Vector/|Line vector|
5. Calculate actual force (F) = tension at considered line *
Unit Vector
6. Calculate moment (M) = r x F
Example

The structure shown is constructed of B

A
circular rod which has a mass of 7
kg per meter of length. Determine
the moment Mo about O caused by
the weight of the structure, find the
magnitude of Mo

The turnbuckle is tightened until the

tension in cable AB is 1.2 kN.
Calculate the magnitude of the
moment about point O of the force
acting on point A.
3D Resultants

Now we combine all force and moment acting on system. So that the
concurrent forces may then be added vectorially to produce a
resultant force (R) and resultant couple (M) .
     n  F1
R  F1  F2  F3    Fn   F
i 1
F2
 
     n
 
M  M1  M 2  M 3    M n   r  F
O

i 1
F3
M2 F1
M3
Rx   Fx , R y   Fy , Rz   Fz M1
F2
R  Rx2  R y2  Rz2 O

F3
M x   r  F x , M y   r  F y , M z   r  F z M
R
M  M x2  M y2  M z2 M O
Example
Replace the two forces and the
C
negative wrench by a single force
R applied at A C
and the
corresponding couple M

D
D
O
Example
B

The pulley and gear are subjected

to the loads shown. For there
forces, determine the equivalent A C
force-couple system at point O.

Determine the wrench resultant of

z 80mm
the three forces acting on the A
bracket. Calculate the 40N 60mm

coordinates of the point P in the y F

x-y plane through which the 100mm
x
resultant force of the wrench P C
20N B y
acts. Also find the magnitude of
the couple M of the wrench M x 40N
Home work submit