‫العلوم التطبيقية و الطبية‬ ‫ز‬

:‫اإلنجليية لطلبة‬ ‫منهج اللغة‬

2006 ‫دفعة‬

EL 011

Sheet no.8
Unit (8): cities of the world

‫ حـــاتــــم مـــاهـــر‬:‫للمهندس‬

:‫يحتوي الشيت على دروس الوحدة الثامنة وهي‬

-writing skills: ‫قواعد مهارات الكتابة‬
- comparative and superlatives
- linking ideas " which, where"
- writing about cities

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- Reading skills: ‫قواعد القراءة‬
- Looking at data , Getting facts from text
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- vocabulary development: ‫تطوير المفردات‬
Word – attack skills / Decoding words

Facebook: ‫قروب المهندس حاتم ماهر‬

Tel: 092 - 3049749

 Lesson (1): The world's best city (reading 1) ------------------------------------

• Every year, the Economist Intelligence Unit uses factors such as climate, transport, education, safety,
and recreational facilities for around 127 world cities.
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• They give scores for each, and then rank the cities in order - from the 'best' to the 'worst'.
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• This year all of the top ten cities came from either Canada, Australia, or Western Europe.
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• Vancouver (Canada) had the highest score, which means it is the most 'livable' city.
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• Two other Canadian cities, Toronto (9th place) and Calgary (10th), were also in the top ten.
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• In second place was Melbourne, )Australia( followed by Vienna (Austria), Geneva (Switzerland), and
Perth (Australia).
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• At the bottom of the list were the cities with the most difficult or dangerous living conditions.
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• The city with the lowest score was Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea in 127th place.
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• Just above were Karachi, )Pakistan(, and Dhaka, )Bangladesh(. Some African cities, such as Lagos,
)Nigeria( also did badly.
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• This could be because of climate, or the political situation in these countries.
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• In the middle of the list came big cosmopolitan cities with their transport and crime problems.
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• These included Paris (32nd), London (44th), and New York (52nd).
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• The Japanese cities of Osaka and Tokyo did better, however. These cities (both 21st) also had the
biggest scores in Asia.
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❖ Reading skills:

❖ Rule (1): looking at data: ----------------------------

• We often show data or statistics in:

1- Tables ---------------------- 2- Pie or bar charts -----------------------------

2- Graphs ---------------------------------

❖ Study the information in visuals to help you understand a text.

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1 page
 ❖ Welcome to Vancouver, Canada's coolest city. (Reading 2)
❖ Location: ------------------
• Vancouver is located in the south-west corner of Canada, just to the north of the border with the
United States.
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• Vancouver is a busy port and tourist center.
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• Vancouver is situated on a peninsula and is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean on three sides. *
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• On the other side of the city are mountains, which rise to over 1500 meters.
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❖ Population: ---------------
• according to the 2001 census, the population of Vancouver City is about 540,000.
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• there are more than two million people living in the region.
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• The population is ethnically very mixed. The largest ethnic group is Chinese *
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• although there are many Indians, Vietnamese, and Filipinos.
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• Nearly a quarter of the population say that Chinese is their mother tongue.
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• Only about half of the population speak English as their mother tongue.
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❖ History: ------------------------------

• Vancouver was founded as a small settlement called Granville in the 1870s.

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• It was a small trading port for wood. -----------------------------------------------
• In 1886 the city was renamed after a British naval captain, George Vancouver.
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❖ Climate: -------------------------------------
• Vancouver has one of the mildest climates in Canada. *
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• The summers are usually sunny and dry. The hottest months are July and August.
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• However, the temperature rarely goes above 22°C.
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• The winter is mild. It is also the wettest season.
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• There is some snow in the winter, but usually just on the mountains near the city.
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2 page
 ❖ Things to see in Vancouver -------------------------

• Vancouver is famous for its scenery.

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• It has more than 180 parks, including the famous Stanley Park.
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• Near the city are forests and snow-capped mountains.

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• Sports include skiing, hiking, cycling, and boating.

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• The most interesting sights include Gastown (the historic area of Vancouver), Chinatown, English
Bay.
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• Vancouver Harbor, and Robson Street, which is the main shopping street for high fashion.
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• You can also take a trip to Granville Island, where you can buy paintings from artists' studios.
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• To get a great panoramic view of Vancouver, visitors should go to the Lookout - a viewing
platform at the top of the Harbor Centre Tower.
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❖ Reading skills:
▪ Rule (2): getting facts from a text: ----------------------------
• Use headings in a text and the titles of visuals
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• They help you find the information you want quickly.
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▪ Rule (3): finding facts and figures: ----------------------------

• Make a note of good sources of facts and figures.
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3 page
 Lesson (2): comparing data (Writing skills) -------------------

❖ Rule (1): comparative and superlative: -----------------------------

• Comparative "r, er, ier" -----------------------------

‫القاعدة‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫مثال علي الصفة‬

e ‫إذا كانت الصفة منتهة ب‬ Nice= nicer Ahmed is nicer than Ali

‫في نهاية الصفة‬r ‫نضع‬

‫إذا كانت الصفة منتهية بمقطع صوتي واحد‬ Short Ahmed is shorter than Ali
Tall
"er" ‫نضع في نهاية الصفة‬ Long
high
‫إذا كانت الصفة منتهية بحرف ساكن وما قبله‬ Big = bigger Ahmed is bigger than Ali
‫ نضعف الحرف األخير قبل‬،‫حرف متحرك‬ hot = hotter
‫إضافة‬ wet = wetter
"er"
‫وما قبلها‬y ‫إذا كانت الصفة منتهية بحرف‬ Busy = busier Ahmed is busier than Ali
‫ ونضع‬y ‫ نحذف‬،‫حرف ساكن‬ Dry = drier
Pretty = prettier
"ier"
‫إذا كانت الصفة متكونة من أكثر من مقطع‬ expensive= more expensive Tokyo is more expensive than
‫صوتي واحد‬ friendly = more friendly Paris.
Beautiful = more beautiful
‫"قبل الصفة‬more" ‫نضع‬
‫هناك بعض الصفات الشاذة والتي يتغير‬ Good = better Ahmed is better than Ali
‫تصريفها عند استعمالها للمقارنة‬ Bad = worse
Far = further

• Superlative: ----------------------------------
‫القاعدة‬ ‫الصفة‬
:‫ نضع في نهايتها‬،‫إذا كانت الصفة منتظمة‬ Cold = the coldest
"est" Hot = the hottest
Pretty = the prettiest
Relaxed = the most relaxed
:‫إذا كانت الصفة تنتهي بأكثر من مقطع صوتي‬ Beautiful = the most beautiful
Expensive = the most expensive
" the most" ‫نضع قبلها‬

‫إذا كانت الصفة غير منتظمة‬ Good = the best

Bad = the worst
‫فإن شكلها يتغير‬ Far = the furthest

4 page
 Exercise (P.48)

Q: write the comparative and superlative from the adjectives in the

box:
Adjective Comparative form Superlative form
Wet Wetter The Wettest
Nice Nicer The Nicest
Dry Drier The Driest
Cold Colder The Coldest
Hot Hotter The Hottest
Mild Milder The Mildest
Cool Cooler The Coolest
Big Bigger The Biggest
Low Lower The Lowest
Popular More popular The Most popular
Difficult More difficult The Most difficult
Beautiful More beautiful The Most beautiful
Friendly More friendly The Most friendly

Exercise (P.48)

The table shows population statistics for three Asian countries: Japan,
China, and South Korea.
China has the biggest over 1.3 billion people. Japan's population is about
127 million population, this is less than South population which is just
under 49 million. South Korea has the smallest population of these three
countries. The country with the highest birth rate is China. There are
13.25 per million population. Japan has the lowest birth rate 9.37 births
per 1000. South Korea's birth rate is a little higher than Japan's, but
lower than China.

5 page
 ❖ Rule (2): which / where (linking ideas) -----------------

• We use "which (----------) to talk about things / places ------------------------

Ex:
- Melbourne, which is one of the largest cities in Australia, is beautiful.
- On the other side of the city, there's mountains, which rise to 1500 meters.

• We use " where" (------------) to talk about place -----------------------

Ex:
- Chinatown, where there are many good restaurants, is located near the center of
the city.

❖ Where is usually followed by a noun or a pronoun.

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❖ We put comma (,) before which or where.

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Exercise (P.49)
Q: complete the paragraph about Mumbai:

Mumbai, which is also known as Bombay lies on the west coast of India. The
best time to visit is during the months of December, January, and February. The
spring is very hot and the summers are wet because this is the monsoon season.
The city has a population of 18 million people. It is famous for its very
successful film industry and its port. It is also an important commercial center.
The city was founded in 1668 by the British East India Company. There are
many sights to see in Mumbai, including the Mani Bhavan Museum and the
famous Chowpatty beach.

6 page
 Lesson (3): vocabulary development --------------------

❖ Rule (1): word – attack skills -----------------------------

• Sometimes the different parts of a word can help you guess the meaning of the word.
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Word Decoding Meaning of the word

Livable Live - able You can live there
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Renamed Re – name - d Given a new or different
------------------------------ name
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Uncountable Un-count-able Nouns we can't count
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Retake Re – take To take again
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Disorganized Dis-organize – d Not organized
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Rebuilt Re- built Built again
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Unrecognizable Un-recognize-able Things we can't recognize
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Examples:
• Many nouns such as time, air, rain, and information are uncountable.
• If you fail the exam, you will have to retake it next semester.
• Belal is a very disorganized person. He is too late for his lessons and always
forgets his books.
• After the fire, they rebuilt the school.
• The city was unrecognizable, it has changed so much.

7 page
 Review questions (p.51)

Q: match the sentences using which:

1- New York, which is located on Manhattan Island, is the best-known city in North
America.
2- Port Moresby, which is the capital of Papua New Guinea, has a very high crime rate.
3- In Vancouver you can go skiing in the mountains, which surround the city and are
covered in snow in the winter.
4- Robson Street, which is the main shopping street for fashion, is well worth a visit.
5- London, is famous for its beautiful parks, which are located near the center of the city.

.‫ بالتوفيق‬... ‫نهاية الوحدة الثامنة‬

8 page