Movement of substances

Objective Questions

A. Multiple choice questions.

1. b 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. c

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. xylem 2. phloem 3. excretion 4. four 5. Ventricles 6. pump 7. haemoglobin 8. Capillaries

9. sweat 10. ureters

C. Give one word answer.

1. Arteries 2. veins 3. pulmonary artery 4. pulmonary vein 5. Involuntary 6. diastole 7. Dialysis

8. Urinary bladder 9. Nephron

Theoretical Questions

A. Short answer type questions.

1. a. The cells in the conducting tissues are joined lengthwise end-to-end (one over the other) forming
a continuous passage for water and food.

b. The ventricles have to pump and transport blood from the heart to all the different body parts.
Hence they have thick muscular and stronger walls.

c. Arteries don’t require valves because pressure from the heart is so strong that blood is able to flow
in one direction only. Also there is no back-flow possible in arteries.

d. veins are not thicker like arteries, also they have lower pressure so they have valves to ensure there
is no back-flow of blood.

e. Kidneys are the organs associated with excretion. They have nephrons, which act as filters that
separate out urine from the blood. Urine and other waste products are usually toxic (poisonous) and if
they are not removed from time to time they may result in some disorder in the body or may prove to
be fatal.

f. Some urea, salts and water is pushed out of the body as sweat from the sweat glands present in the
skin. Sweating keeps the body cool and free from unwanted toxic materials.

2. a. Kidneys help remove urine from the body.

b. Lungs help us to exhale carbon dioxide

c. skin releases some urea, salts and water out of the body in the form of sweat.

d. Food canal helps remove undigested left out waste from the body.

3. Main transport system in almost all animal bodies is the blood circulatory system. The transport
system for oxygen, water and food within our body is also the blood circulatory system.
4. The function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen from the lungs and supply it to different organs of
the body. In exchange, red blood cells collect carbon dioxide from body cells and transfer it to the
lungs.

5. The contraction of the heart is called systole (pumping) and the relaxation is called diastole
(filling).

6. Pulse rate that we can felt by placing our index finger and middle finger tips on the wrist below the
thumb is called pulse beat.

7. Donating blood may help in improving cardiovascular health and reducing obesity. It helps in
reducing the risk of damage to liver and pancreas. Donated blood is soon replaced with fresh blood
keeping the body active.

B. Long answer type questions.

1. The heart is a four-chambered organ separated into two upper chambers called the auricles or atria
(singular: auricle or atrium) and two lower chambers called ventricles. Left and right portion of the
heart is separated by a thick muscular wall called septum. On the right side of the heart are the right
auricle and right ventricle. On the left side of the heart are the left auricle and left ventricle. Right
Auricle receives carbon rich blood from the body and push this blood into the right ventricle. Right
ventricle pushes the blood to the lungs through pulmonary artery. Simultaneously, left auricle receives
oxygenated blood from the lungs which is pushed into the left ventricle. Left ventricle pushes the
oxygen rich blood out of the heart to all the body parts through aorta. Since auricles have to exert
lesser force than ventricles, the cardiac muscles of their walls are thinner and less strong than that of
the ventricles.

2. The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the body
of a plant is called transpiration. It mainly occurs through the
stomata present on the underside of the leaves. Transpiration
takes place through the general surface of the plant body at all
times, throughout day and night. The loss of water by a plant
in a unit time (per minute or per hour) is called rate of
transpiration. Rate of transpiration is more from the leaves
during the daytime when the stomata are open and the air
around is windy, warm and dry. Rate of transpiration also
depends upon the number of stomata (excess of stomata, more
is transpiration), texture of the leaf and size of leaves (larger
FIG: - Human Heart (Q-B.1.)
the size, more is transpiration), weather and speed of wind..

Transpiration creates a pull force (suction), called transpiration

pull on the water column below resulting in the formation of
an unbroken chain of water, pulling water from the root to the
top of the plant.
 3. Plants in their central core (stele) in root and stem include two types of special tubular tissues
which run from roots to the tip of plant. The cells in these tissues are joined lengthwise end-to-end
(one over the other) forming a continuous passage for water and food and hence are called conducting
tissues. The conducting tissues in plants are of two types: xylem and phloem. They are also called
vascular tissues (vascular means any vessels or cells which carry fluid - water, blood or liquid food).

Xylem is the hollow thick-walled woody tubular tissue including cells with porous walls. It is
concerned with the transportation of water through the length of the plant and also distributing water
to the lateral parts of the plant body.

Phloem is a thin-walled tubular tissue including cells filled with cytoplasm and has porous wall (like
that of a sieve) in between the two cells joining together to enable the liquid food to pass through the
cells. Phloem is concerned with the conduction of food materials (in the form of solution, the cell sap)
from the leaf to the storage organs and the growing points.

5. a. Differentiate between arteries and veins

Arteries Veins
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the Veins carry blood from the tissues of the body
tissues of the body. back to the heart.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood expect Veins carry deoxygenated blood except
pulmonary artery. pulmonary vein.
Arteries have thick elastic muscular walls. Veins have thin non elastic less muscular walls.
Arteries are usually positioned deeper within the Veins are usually positioned closer beneath the
body. surface of the skin.

b. Differentiate between xylem and phloem

Xylem Phloem
Conduct water from soil. Translocate food to different parts of plant from
leaves.
It gives mechanical support to the plant. It doesn’t give mechanical strength.
Xylem occupies the central part of vascular It occurs on the outer side of the vascular bundle.
bundle.
Having hard walled cells. Have soft walled cells.

6. Organs concerned with the separation and removal of urine from the blood constitute the urinary
system. The organs concerned with the urinary system are:

1. A pair of kidneys: Each kidney is made up of thousands of small funnel-like units called nephrons.
Nephrons are the structural and functional units of kidneys. These are covered with fine (thin) skinny
membrane. Nephrons along with membranes act as filters that separate out urine from the blood.

2. A pair of ureters: Tubes running from kidney to the urinary bladder.

3. Urinary bladder: A kind of bag which stores urine till it is pushed out.

4. Urethra: The muscular exit end through which urine is passed out from time to time.

Competency-based Questions
Case Based Questions
Questions Based on Assertion-Reason
1. c 2. a 3. b
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A