M.E.
SINDIANSCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR
Notes 2024-2025
Section :BOYS’& GIRLS’ Date:01/04/2024
Class & Div. :XI(ALLDIVISIONS) Subject: IP
Lesson/Topic: DATABASE CONCEPTS & SQL
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RELATIONAL DATABASE
INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE
A database is a collection of DATA/INFORMATION that is organized so that it
can be easily accessed, managed and updated
In Database, Data is organized into rows, columns and tables, and it works like
a container which contains the various objects like Tables, Queries, and Reports
etc. in organized way.
WHY DO WE NEED DATABASE
To manage large chunks of data: Database can manage large amount of data
Accuracy: Through validation rule in database, data accuracy can be maintained.
Ease of updating data: With the database, we can flexibly update the data
according to our convenience.
Security of data: With databases we have security groups and privileges to
restrict access.
Data integrity: In databases, we can be assured of accuracy and consistency of
data due to the built in integrity checks and access controls.
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
A DBMS refers to software that is responsible for storing, maintaining and utilizing
database in an efficient way.
A Database along with DBMS software is called Database System.
Examples of DBMS software are Oracle, MSSQL Server, MS
Access, Paradox, DB2 and MySQL etc.
MySQL is open source and freeware DBMS.
Advantages of Database System
o Database reduces Redundancy
o Database controls Inconsistency:
o Databases facilitate Sharing of Data
o Database ensures Security.
o Database maintains Integrity
MYSQL
MySQL is currently the most popular open source database software.
It is a multi-user, multi threaded database management system.
MySQL is especially popular on the web.
It is one of the parts of the very popular LAMP platform.
Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP or WIMP platform Windows Apache, MySQL and
PHP.
MySQL Features
o Open Source & Free of Cost: It is Open Source and available at free of cost.
o Portability: Small enough in size to install and run it on any types of
Hardware and OS like Linux, MS Windows or Mac etc.
o Security: Its Databases are secured & protected with password.
o Connectivity: Various APIs are developed to connect it with many
programming languages.
o Query Language: It supports SQL (Structured Query Language) for
handling database.
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RELATIONAL DATABASE
A relational database is a collective set of multiple data sets organized by tables,
records and columns.
A Relational database use Structured Query Language (SQL), which is a standard
user application that provides an easy programming interface for database interaction.
Relation
A Relation or Table is Matrix like structure arranged in Rows and Columns. It has
the following properties:
Atomicity: Each column assigned a unique name and must have atomic value.
Noduplicity: No two rows of relation will be identical i.e. in any two rows
value in at least one column must be different.
All items in a column are homogeneous i.e. same data type.
Ordering of rows and column is immaterial.
Relational Database terminology
Domain: It is collection of values from which the value is derived for a column.
Tuple/Entity/Record: Rows of a table is called Tuple or Record.
Attribute/Field: Column of a table is called Attribute or Field.
Degree: Number of columns (attributes) in a table.
Cardinality: Number of rows (Records) in a table.
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