MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD

BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2005 Certified)

Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 1 of 18

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word
word word as given in the model
answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess
the understanding
anding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
value
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers,
pers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 2 of 18

1 (A) Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

1 (A) a) Draw neat labeled layout of traction substation.

1 (A) a) Ans: Fully

Labeled 4
Layout of Traction Substation.
marks,
partially 3 to
2 marks,

Unlabeled 1
mark

1 (A) b) State miscellaneous equipment at control post or switching substations and their use.

1 (A) b) Miscellaneous equipment at control post or switching substations & functions: ½ mark for
1. Lightening arrestor: protection
tection against over voltage./
voltage. voltage surges name max. 2
2. Auxiliary transformer: provides 230 V 50 Hz, supply to operate battery charger, marks,
remote control equipment, signally and lighting. ½ mark for
3. PT: provides continuous indication regarding the condition of supply. functions
4. Battery : for
or operation of RC equipment and interrupter. max. 2 marks
5. Battery charging equipment: charge batteries at the control post.

1 (A) c) Explain with neat sketch the three aspect colour light signaling.

1 (A) c) Ans:
For color light Signals:-
In three aspect signal; (R → Red, Y → Yellow and G → Green) 1 mark
i) Red light on indicates – STOP, 1 mark
ii) Yellow or amber light indicates PROCEED WITH CAUTION, 1 mark
iii) Green light ON indicates proceed.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2005 Certified)

Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 3 of 18

1 mark

Signal post

OR
For Semaphore signals:-
i) Horizontal arm- Red light – OFF - STOP, 1 mark
ii) Arm 450 above horizontal - Yellow light- PROCEED WITH CAUTION, 1 mark
iii)Arm vertical up - Green light – ON- Proceed. 1 mark

Any suitable fig. showing these actions

Green 1 mark
Yellow
450
Red

1 (A) d) Give purpose and location of un-insulated

un and insulated overlap.

1 (A) d) Ans:
Purpose and location of insulated & un-insulated
un overlap:
Insulated overlap:
- To isolate for operation and maintenance of OHE if two lengths of OHE 1 mark
belong to two elementary sections.
- Located at feeding posts, sub sectioning posts and booster sections. 1 mark
Un-insulated overlap:
- Two contact wires belonging to two adjacent sub-elementary
sub elementary sections are run
ru 1 mark
parallel to each other for at least one span and electrically connected to each
other by means of jumpers. 1 mark
- To rectify faults in one contact wire of two running in parallel without
affecting power to OHE.
- Located at each sub elementary section.

1 (B) Attempt any one of the following: 6 marks

1 (B) a) With neat sketches list the various types of construction of polygonal OHE and give
their scope of application.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 4 of 18

1 (B) a) Various types of construction of polygonal OHE and Scope of application (speed
ranges),
• Simple – for train speeds upto 120 kmph ½ mark each
• Compound - for train speeds between 190 to 225 kmph for name
• Stitched or modified Y simple - for train speeds upto 160 kmph ½ mark each
• Modified Y compoundound - for train speeds upto 220 kmph For speed

½ mark for
each fig.

1 (B) b) Define mimic diagram and explain how it enables TPC to visualize the whole of the
power supply system.

1 (B) b) Mimic diagram:

Definition: Depicts the

he power supply arrangement for the overhead 25 kV traction 1 marks
system in the remote control centre on a small scale in the traction power control
centre. Indication lamps are provided for each section of catenary , so when voltage
fails lamp in corresponding section lights up .Mimic diagram remains black under
normal condition.

• Mimic diagram is installed at each control centre to give actual visual position of
electric supply system. It describes diagrammatically overhead system as well as
various substations and control posts.
• Remote controlled equipments in the mimic diagram are represented by a control
discrepancy switch (DS). The tele-command
tele command for opening and closing of C.B. and 3 marks
interrupter is transmitted by actuating the DS.
• DS is in line with the busbar-
busbar closed position for C.B.,
DS right angle to busbar – open position for CB
• Glowing of built in lamp of DS-
DS discrepancy between position of DS and the
actual position of the apparatus.
• Non remote controlled apparatus like substation isolators are represented
represented by hand
operated dummy switches.
• Electrified tracks represented by milky white Perspex strips

The TPC gets a complete visual indication of the conditions of the various
components of the system with following alarm indicating and supervisory
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 5 of 18

facilities:

i) Milky white lamp lights up when alarm is received from any station in the panel. 2 marks
ii) Green lamp lights up whenever impulse train is being transmitted from or
received by remote control centre.
iii) Red lamp lights up when either send or receive channel fails.
iv) Annunciation
nunciation window indicates the nature of fault which is inscribed separately
on each window.

2 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

2 a) Explain the purpose of sectioning arrangements.

2 a) Purpose
pose of sectioning arrangements:
- Power to the consecutive substations is fed from different phases in rotation as 1 mark
shown in figure to balance the energy load on the three phases. Avoid phase shifts.
- Zones fed by adjacent substations are acting as a separate independent unit. 1 mark
- Neutral section is provided in between two adjacent substations.

Figure 2
marks

2 b) State any four advantages of automatic weight tensioning and temperature

compensation.

2 b) Ans:
Advantages of automatic
ic weight tensioning and temperature compensation:
• Sparkless current collection at higher speeds. 1 mark for
• OHE becomes more dynamically stable under all atmospheric conditions. each point,
• Reduction in wear of both contact wire and pantograph collecting strips. any 4 points.
• Creep of conductors
tors with passage of time is automatically taken up by the = 4 marks.
tensioning device.
• Only one critical velocity of propogation of waves in contact wire which is
greater than that of unregulated OHE.
• Because of fixed tension, fluctuations in the height are minimized.
minimiz
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Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 6 of 18

2 c) Explain the working of the single battery system. What are its disadvantages?

2 c) Single battery system:

Working (points to be covered)
• Above certain speed auto cut in switch operates and dynamo
dynamo supplies light
load and charges batteries through lamp resistance.
• At speed below cut out auto cut in switch disconnects dynamo and lamp
resistance is shorted; battery supply load directly. 1 mark
Disadvantages:
• Resistance switching during auto cut in results
resul in lamp flickering.
• Need of voltage regulators to control variations. 1 mark ( any
• Only one battery so total load on it. two )
• Continuous charging and discharging of battery.
Figure 2
marks

2 d) State function of relay

lay in electric locomotive. List different types of relays for the
same with purpose.

2 d) Ans:
Function of relay in locomotives:
Control sequences of operation of components in power circuit in conjunction with 1 mark
auxiliary contacts on power switches. It is remotely controlled and
electromagnetically operated .
½ mark each
1. Overload relays: type, ½ mark
- To sense overload and initiate action for protection as per setting. its purpose
2. Low or No voltage relays:
- To sense loss of supply or low voltage and initiate action for tripping of
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
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Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 7 of 18

relevant
ant circuits as of motors etc. and reset their starting circuits.
3. Current limiting relays:
- sense current values during the starting of motors and maintain them at limiting
values during automatic acceleration of motors.

2 e) Draw schematic diagram showing placement of main and traction overload relays.

2 e) Ans:
Placement of main and traction overload relay:

Fully labeled
4 marks,
partially
labeled 2 to 3
marks,
unlabeled 1
mark.

3 Attempt
tempt any FOUR of the following: 16

3 a) What strengthss of LIM propelled railway traction system.

3 a) Ans:
Strengths of LIM propelled railway traction:
1 mark each,
1) Pull produced for propelling the system is independent of adhesion between the any four = 4
wheels of motorized
ed coach and rail. marks
2) No driving wheels and hence no associated adhesion problem. This feature
permits negotiation of steeper gradients.
3) Two wheels fixed to an axle can rotate independent of each other and hence curve
negotiating property improves.
4) System does not require gears therefore reduction in the associated noise level
and cost of maintenance.
5) Floor height above the rail level is substantially reduced. This results in reduction
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 8 of 18

in the height of bridges, diameter of tunnels along the route.

6) Avoidancee of rotation of parts leads to low mechanical losses.
7) Useful for high speed levitation trains due to absence of gears and adhesion.

3 b) Give the different types of protection schemes used for traction transformers with
wit a
typical layout.

3 b) Ans:
Protection schemes used for traction transformers:

Diagram 2
marks

Traction transformer protection:

• Inverse time over current relay as back up protection on primary (HV side) –
over current protection of transformer and
a other equipment. 1each ( any
• over current relay on LV side – over current protection of transformer two ) = 2
• Overload thermal relay – protection against sustained overloads on marks
transformer
• Earth fault relay – earth fault protection of transformer.
transformer
• Buchholz relay – protection
protection from incipient earth or inter winding faults inside
the transformer

3 c) For conductor rail systemused

used for current collection system:
i) State its merit (any one) and demerit (any one).
ii) What is done to reduce the voltage drop at joints?
iii) Suitable system voltage.

3 c) Ans:
i) Merits: a) Compact than OH system. b) can be used with small diameter Merit 1 mark
tunnels.c)
c) less cost compare to OH
Demerit: Current collection at higher speeds can lead to accidental contact & Demerit
unsatisfactory current quality; only DC workable. 1 mark

ii) Copper bonds (between rails) provided either by rivetting or welding to reduce 1 mark
voltage drops at joints.
iii) (Direct voltage) 750
50 V for top contact systems and 1200 V for side contact 1 mark
systems.
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BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 9 of 18

3 d) State any four factors by which traction transformer differs from ordinary transformer.

3 d) Ans:
1) Specially designed to withstand severe operating conditions. 1 mark each
2) Are required to have high short time peak
p capacity. any four = 4
3) Class A insulation , specially reinforced to withstand frequent short circuits. marks
4) Can take overloads as-- 50 % for 15 min , 100 % for 5 min , 120 % for instant
5) Inpulse withstand voltage nearly 5 times higher
6) To limit effect of SC impedance not less than 8.5 % for 10 MVA and 10 % for
12.5 MVA.

3 e) What are various supply arrangements of feeding AC traction substation?

3 e) Ans:
Supply arrangement of feeding AC traction sub-station:
sub
1 mark each
I) Supply authorities are responsible
esponsible for following: = 4 marks
• Operation and Maintenanenance of 132/110 kV transmission line.
• Operation and Maintenanenance of Grid substations upto 25 kV outgoing
terminals.
• The traction power controller controls 25 kV feeder circuit breaker from
remote control centre.

horities are responsible for following:

II) Supply authorities
• All 132 kV and 25 kV equipment are owned, installed operated and
maintained.
• Railway authorities own, install, operate and maintain 25 kV CBs.

III) Supply authorities give only 132/110 kV supply at substation.

• Railway authorities
thorities install, operate and maintain all 132/110 kV equipment at
substations.

IV) Supply authorities provide 3 phase supply at 132 kV at a point.

• The railway authorities distribute to the traction substations through own
transmission lines.

4 (A) Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

4 (A) a) Describe the criteria for designing height of contact wire for OHE.

4 (A) a) Ans:
Height of contact wire is decided by considering the following: 1 mark each
1) Rolling stock gauge (Broad
Broad gauge, meter gauge etc.) ( any four ) =
2) System voltage. 4 marks
3) Location of the track such as in tunnels, on bridges, under bridges, level
crossings, etc
4) Working at inspection pits, loco sheds
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 10 of 18

5) Type of OHE: regulated or un-regulated.

un
6) Surrounding temperature

4 (A) b) Draw diagram of AC track circuit. State the necessity of impedance band, where AC
track are to be used.

4 (A) b) Ans:

Diagram 2
marks

Need of impedance bonds:

Any two
i) Provide path of low resistance for traction currents to pass through
needs 1 mark
insulated track.
each = 2
ii) Provide path of high impedance for AC signaling currents between two
marks
rails of track.
iii) Keep signaling currents restricted to the insulated track circuits.

4 (A) c) Compare pole collector with bow collector.

4 (A) c)
Points Pole collector Bow collector
1 mark each
any 4 points
= 4 marks
Figure

Some what complicated

Simple in construction
Construction Two collector poles on
Grooved slider shoe attached
feature which light
ight metal strip of 1
to the end of long pole
mtr
Speed Low speeds up to 30 km/hr High speeds up to 80 km/hr
Contact Poor Good
Current
Poor Good
collection
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Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 11 of 18

Duplicate bows /
o
Has to be rotated by 180 for eversing
arrangement for reversing
Reversibility
reversing the tram bows for motion in reverse
direction.
Position of
supply contact Any position from track Centre of track
wire.
Cost Lower Higher
Weight Low High
Application Trolley bus Tramway

4 (A) d) List different types of OHE supporting structures and describe any one of them.

4 (A) d) Ans:

Name of structure Short Description (expected) ½ mark each

1 Normal mast Have single swiveling bracket and support one any four
OHE. names =
2 Overlap intermediate Have two swiveling brackets and support two 2marks,
mast OHE.
3 Anchor mast In addition to one swiveling bracket to support
one OHE it provides anchoring facility for other Short
OHE as same happens to be at the end of tension description
length. covering as
4 Anti-creep
creep anchor mast Anchor mast provided on both sides off anti-creep
anti given of any
central mast. one = 2
5 Anti-creep
creep central mast Located in centre of tension length. marks.

OR
OHE supporting structures are :
1) Single cantilever
ver mast – independent for each track OR
2) Portal ( simple and knee ) – for 2-33 tracks , in the vicinity of points and
crossings. 1 mark each
3) Head span – for more than 4 tracks for any two =
OHE supporting structure for single cantilever system: 2 marks

Description
of any one =
2 marks
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Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 12 of 18

• Trouble on one track doesn’t hamper other track working.

• Simple, easy for erection, economical and can be manufactured before work is
i
carried out.

4 (B) Attempt any one of the following: 6

4 (B) a) Draw a neat

at labeled diagram of feeding post and state
state any four important features.
features

4 (B) a) Ans:
Features of feeding post:
1) Each feeder has two conductors one insulated for 25 kV (connected to busbar) 1 mark each
and other for 3 kV (connected to track for return current). any three = 3
2) Located
cated as near as possible to substation with maximum distance being 2 km. marks
3) Feeders connected to two sets of busbars which are used to maintain supply to
OHE in case of failure of one of them or when under maintenance..
4) The 25 kV CB of FP are controlled from RCC of railway.
5) The interrupters which are remotely controlled are supposed to operate only
under normal current as they are not provided with protection for the same.

Diagram 3
marks

4 (B) b) Draw a neat sketch of moving primary fixed secondary double sided LIM and give
two advantages & disadvantages for the same.

4 (B) b) Ans: Moving primary fixed secondary, double side LIM

Diagram
2 marks
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Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 13 of 18

Advantages:
- No Need of backing of iron along the track as laminated core is used in each
primary.
Any two 1
- Uniform air gap maintained.
mark each =
- Higher thrust/force.
- 2marks
Better magnetic circuit performance.
- Better power factor.
Disadvantages:
- Problem of maintaining uniform clearance between secondary
secondary Al plate and Any two 1
two primaries all along the track, particularly at points and crossing. mark each =
- Costly due to AL plate all along the track . 2marks
- Overall dimensions and weight higher
- Increases the risk of accidents result from change in gap due to sudden
production of lateral forces on the moving vehicle.

5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 16

5 (a) What is end on generation? Explain how it is used in modern trains. Why it is
required?

5 (a) Important points to be covered:

End on generation:
• Scheme of providing diesel AC generator car at either end of train is end on
generation.
• In this system electric power to the train is supplied from diesel generating set 1 mark each
at 400V,, 3 phase, 50Hz, ac. for any four
• Coaches are provided with through wiring for transmitting 400V, 3phase points
supply from end to end. = 4 marks
• 5KVA transformers are used for light and fan at 110V ac.
• heating, cooling loads in the pantry car are provided with 415/230 V ac.
• fluorescent
ent lighting is used
• fans with shaded pole motor are used
• for improvement of PF static capacitors in generator car are used

Its required due to following:

• Almost 100% reliability.
• Use of fluorescent lighting improves illumination 1 mark each
• AC fans require no maintenance
main for any four
• System is made theft proof. = 4 marks
• Less expensive & easy to maintain as compared to under frame.
• Economical in capital and running cost for 16 or more coaches.
• Weight of equipments in coaches reduced hence additional coaches can be
used.
• more amenities to the passengers of deluxe trains can be provided.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Diploma in Engineering: Summer – 2015 Examinations

Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 14 of 18

5 (b) Draw the schematic arrangement of power circuit of AC locomotive. Explain briefly
the functions
nctions and main features of equipment in power circuit.

5 (b) Ans:

Diagram
fully labeled
4 marks,
partially
labeled 2 to 3
marks,
unlabeled 1
mark

OR

Functions & main features of equipment:

1) circuit breaker: disconnects
dis the locomotive equipment from the supply in
the event of fault .
2) On load tap changer, used
used to control the voltage to the traction motors
Any four 1
through the rectifier for speed control.
mark each =
3) Traction transformer, steps down the voltage to the suitable value for the
4 marks
traction motor. It has a ratio of 20:1 .
4) Rectifier: converts input AC to DC for further use by series traction
motors.
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Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 15 of 18

5) Smoothing reactor/choke: smoothen out the ripples in the DC output

current of rectifier .
6) Traction motor: operates as per the required operating characteristics to
take on the traction load.
7) Earthing switch to be closed before working for maintenance. for
energizing loco equipment at 25 kV it is opened.

5 (c) i) Give any four important

ortant features of moving primary & fixed secondary single sided
LIM.

5 (c) i) Ans:
Important features of moving primary and fixed secondary single sided LIM: Any four 1
- Primary on moving coach and secondary (Al reaction rail) laid down all along mark each =
the track. 4 marks
- Secondary ary (Al reaction rail) faces primary on upper side only.
- Primary laminated.
- Backing iron needed for completion of magnetic path with minimum
reluctance.
- Maintaining uniform minimum mechanical clearance between secondary Al
plate and primary is easier at all
all locations compared to other configurations.
- Simplest form of all types

5 (c) ii) Draw the labeled diagram of auxiliary circuit of a AC locomotive.

5 (c) ii) Ans: Fully labeled

4 marks,
partially
labeled 2 to 3
marks,

Unlabeled 1
mark

6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 16

6 (a) Explain the purpose of following equipments in AC locomotive:

(i) Circuit breaker & earthing switch.
(ii) Tap changer
(iii) Head light
(iv) Marker light.
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Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 16 of 18

6 (a) (i) Circuit breaker & earthing switch:

Circuit
it breaker: disconnects the locomotive equipment from the supply in 1 mark
the event of fault .
Earthing switch to be closed before working for maintenance. for
energizing loco equipment at 25 kV it is opened. 1 mark

(ii) Tap changer: On load tap changer, used to control the voltage to the
traction motors through the rectifier for speed control. precise control.LV 2 marks
or HV tap changing is used.

(iii) Head light: located at centre near roof level, provide powerful vision
support for drivers over the track ahead. The headlights work on 32 V ac 2 marks
and can be dimmed if needed at 16 V ac.. They beam up to a distance of
800 m if powerful enough.

(iv) Marker light: located on lower section on both sides (front and rear).
Markers have a switchable lens so they can have one of two colours -- red
orr white. Normally the marker lamps are white in front (at the leading face 2 marks
of the loco). The rear marker lights are lit, and red in colour, when the loco
is travelling alone
one red marker indicates parking light.
light

6 (b) i) What is need for maintenance and policy of obsolescence of locomotive?

6 (b) i) Ans:
All points
Need for maintenance & policy of obsolescence of locomotive:
covered 4
- Maintenance must be continuously so planned and carried out to maintain the marks,
proportional
fitment (of various)
arious) of parts replaced with respect to one another.
reduction if
- Enough stock of critical parts is maintained. less
coverage,
- Schedule of maintenance planned to minimize loss.
- Replace obsolete parts with current equivalent alternatives. (Other valid
options may
- Take rational decisions through adverse minimum
minimum of defender (existing
also be
equipment) with adverse minimum of challenger (new option available) for considered)
replacement.

6 (b) ii) Explain means to improve reliability of locomotive.

6 (b) ii) Ans:

Means to improve reliability of locomotive –
1. Proper inspection: failures of locos are due to defects such as wear of
components, lack of lubricants, effective way is to prevent these with timely
inspection.
2. Proper method of trouble shooting and repairs: remedy effective with correct
diagnosis, complete and systematic investigation has to be made, provide
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Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 17 of 18

filters with clear instructions in the trouble shooting chart.

3. Technical investigations: important partpart is to learn the root cause of failure, Any four
every cause is studied to improve, modification or changes in design. points ½
4. Suitable repairs facilities in the sheds: good job can be done with good tools, mark each
special equipments for lifting track, pinion extractors, grease guns, vacuum for means
cleaners, filtering plant, testing bench, measuring instruments are required in and ½ mark
sheds. each for its
5. Tests and trials: reliability can be improved if behavior of certain components explanation=
is known, test and trials carried out at shed are useful for reframing future
futu 4 marks.
specifications

6 (c) i) Explain with neat sketch protection of locos against lightening surges.

6 (c) i) Locomotives are protected against lightning surges

surges by spark gaps or gapless LA. 2 mark
Performance of gaps affected by climate variations , swarm of insects and dust. Rod
gap setting changes due to melting and globule formation. When gap breaks the
current is interrupted by tripping of CB. Now a day gapless lightning
htning arrestors are
used. They discharge the surge without interrupting the circuit and are not affected by
atmospheric conditions such as storm, rain etc. Equivalent
diagram may
be
considered.
Fully labeled
2 marks,
partially/unla
beled 1
mark
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Subject Code : 17640 (MET) Model Answers Page No : 18 of 18

6 (c) ii) What are the advantages of VF signaling over DC signaling for remote control
operations.

6 (c) ii) Advantages of VF signaling over DC signaling for remote control operations:
operations 1 mark each
1) Large number of circuits can be easily derived
derive over a single pair of wires ( any four ) =
(single
single pair can control 18 stations). 4 marks
2) Signal attenuation can be compensated by use of repeater stations.
3) No interference and cross
cros talk over adjacent conductors.
4) Can be used over long distances
5) Can be used where large number of equipments can be controlled.