PHE JSS2 SECOND TERM

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Content:
A. Table Tennis.
 Nature of the game
 Categories of the game
 Facilities and equipment
 Skills in table tennis.
 Change of side.
 Game officials.
 Assignment.
B. Tennis.
 History of the game.
 Nature of the game.
 Facilities and equipment.
 Skills in tennis.
 Change of side.
C. Basketball
 History of the game.
 Nature of the game.
 Player requirement.
 Player’s substitution.
 Facilities and equipment.
 Skills in basketball.
 Fouls in basketball.
 Rules in basketball.
 Common terminologies in basketball.
 Officials in basketball.
By: MR. M.O MOSES
TABLE TENNIS.
Table tennis which was formerly called ping pong was played in many countries
under different names and regulations. Following discussions in January 1926 in Berlin
amongst pioneers of the game, the International Table Tennis Federation was formed
with its headquarters in England. The first world table tennis championship took place
in 1927. The world controlling body is the International Table Tennis Federation
(ITTF). The world table tennis championship takes place every two years.
In Nigeria, table tennis is a household game among youths and adults. The
game of table tennis is played for recreation as well as for competition purposes. The
Nigeria Table tennis federation was formed in 1951. Nigeria is reckoned with in
international competition because it has won medals at African championship,
commonwealth championships and world competition.

NATURE OF THE GAME.

Table tennis is played indoors on a table by two players in a singles game. It can
also be played by four players in a double game. The objective of the game is to send
the ball over the net in order to ground it on the opponent. The game is started by a
SERVICE and play continues until the ball is grounded on the table or it goes out of
the table, or an opponent fails to make a good return.
Service changes after five services and either player may win a point during a
rally. A player may win a point whether serving or receiving. A game is won by the
player who first scores 11/21 points with a minimum lead of two points. When two
players or teams scores 10-10 or 20-20 each, it is called a DEUCE, the player or team
that scores two consecutive points wins the game.
CATEROGRIES OF THE GAME
1. Single game: men’s/women single.
2. Double game: men’s/women double.
3. Mixed double game: man/woman vs. man/woman.

FACILITIES OF THE GAME.

1. Playing area: Lengths 14m by width 7m or length 12m by width 6m.
2. The floor: made of solid wood, dark in colour with green background or blue.
3. Lighting: adequate lighting and should not disturb the vision of players.

EQUIPMENT
1. The table: it is rectangular in shape with length 2.74m, width 1.525m and height
76cm above the floor. The table is painted in green or blue colour while the edges
is painted with white colour of 2cm wide along its length and 3mm at the Centre
which divides the table into two.
2. The net: has the length of 1.83m, width 15.25cm and height of 15.25cm.
3. The ball (egg): it is either white or orange in colour, made of celluloid. Weight is
2.7g and diameter is 40mm.
4. The racket: an ordinary wooden bat or a pimpled bat covered with pimples.
5. Dress: these include the use of vest, shorts for men, and skirt for women, socks,
and shoes/canvas.
NOTE: white or multicolored dresses are not allowed.

SKILLS
1. Grip
2. Service
3. Stroke ( forehand & backhand)
4. Top spin
5. Drop shot
6. Smash
7. Lob
8. Half volley.
A game is won on 11 point or 21points provided the opponent’s less by two
or more points. A match is won by best of five games or three games.

CHANGE OF SIDES OR ENDS.

1. At the end of first game.
2. Before the start of the third game.
3. In the third game when any of them have scored six point.
THE GAME OFFICIALS.
1. Referee
2. Umpire
3. Assistant umpire
4. Stroke counter.
ASSIGNMENT.
DRAW THE TABLE, BALL AND RACKET OF TABLE TENNIS.
 TENNIS
HISTORY OF TENNIS.
This is one of the racket games which are similar to badminton game in nature,
skill, facilities and equipment. The study of ancient culture shows that a form of tennis
was played in Greece and Roman Empire. There are evidence to show that tennis was
played in Egypt and Persia. About 500 years before the Christian era.
The game that looked like tennis called “JEU DE PAUME” was played in France
in about 13th century. The word tennis was derived from French word “TANZE”
meaning TO HOLD or TO TAKE. It was first played with hand by hitting stuffed cloth
ball over a rope.
In 1873, a British army major Walter .C. Winfield introduced a modified court
tennis. In the same year (1873) rules and regulations governing the game of tennis
was written in England. In 1874, Miss Mary .O. Teri Bridge who saw the game played
in Bermuda while on vacation and took the game to America. The Americans formed
standard rules for the game in 1881.
In 1900 Dwight .F. Davies of united state donated a cup called Davis cup which
today is keenly competed for internationally every year. The game is known to have
forts foster, cordial, social relationship among the players e.g. Emperor Akihito of
japan meets his wife Empress Michiko in 1957 while playing tennis.

In 1884 Wimbledon started an annual tournament for woman. In March 1913 in

Paris, international lawn tennis federation was formed now called international
tennis federation (1924) I.T.F.

TENNIS IN NIGERIA
Tennis came into Nigeria without notice. The British administrators built tennis
courts in their quarters (G.R.A) and played the game among them for recreation, later
on senior civil servants of Nigeria origin joined them to play the game.

In 1905 Nigerians tennis federation N.I.F was formed, the association has been
organizing international tournament. Nigeria has produced many international tennis
stars like Mduka Odizor, Tony Momoh, Sadiq Abdulahi, Kienka Godwin, Rolake
Olagbegi, Veronica Oyiboka,Letty enyogai. Leety Enyogai became a professional
player in January. Organized competition started in 1927 in Lagos.

NATURE OF THE GAME

 Tennis is recreational as well as a competitive game played by two players has
single or four players has double and mixed double. The game start by a service and
the server stands behind the base line to the right Centre mark. The receiver takes up
a position he/she thinks is the most suitable on the baseline of his/her own side of the
court. in tennis, both server and receiver can score a point.4 point makes a game, six
game makes a set, two out of three or three out of five make a match. The game of
tennis is also referred to as kings game or rich game.

DEUCE

Deuce in tennis game means both players have scored 40 40 points or even number.
The game will continue until there is two clear points different.
Now, if the server wins the point immediately after the service, it is called.
ADVANTAGE IN, but if it is the receiver that wins the point it is called ADVANTAGE
OUT.

FACILITIES and EQUIPMENT

1. THE COURT:
Tennis is played on a flat rectangular surface. The length for single court is
23.77m.Breath is 8.2m . Double court is 23.77m in length while the breath is
10.97m.The space between the length of double court and single court is called
ALLEY it is 1.4m wide
There are four types of court:
 Hard court.( Made of concrete or bitumen)
 Clay court.
 Grass court.
 Synthetic Court ( rug like).

Games play includes:

 Single game.
 Double game.
 Mixed double game.

2. THE RACKET :
The racket can be made of metal or wood material. The major parts of
racket are.
  Head.
 Face.
 Throat.
 Handle.
 Butt.

3. THE NET:
The net for indoor game is made of cotton material while the outdoor
net is made of NYLON Material. The net divides the court into two and has an in line
with the center line of the court. The dimension of the net are:
 Length of the net is 12.5m.
 Width of the net is 0.9m.
 Height of pole is 1.1m.
4. THE BALL:
The ball may be white, or orange or yellow in colours. The dimensions of
the ball are:
 Weight: 56g – 59 g.
 Diameter: 6.54 cm & 6.86 cm or 6.35cmor 6.67cm.
 Circumference: 0.0637m-0.0667m
5. THE DRESS:
It’s includes the T shirt, short, tennis shoes, socks, towel.
SKILLS IN TENNIS.
1. Grip( fore, backhand and continental grip).
2. Service.
3. Drive/stroke (fore and backhand drive).
4. Volley.
5. Half volley.
6. Lob.
7. Drop shot.
8. Smash.
9. Hop.

COMMON FAULT IN TENNIS.

The following are fault in tennis:

A. Foot fault: this includes;

1. Walking or running to serve.
 2. Touching or stepping on baseline of the court.
3. Touching or stepping on the imaginary side line and center mark.

B. Service fault: these includes;

1. When the server misses the ball.
2. When the server ball touches a permanent nets and pole before it touches
the ground.
3. When the served ball touches the server body or the server partner.

A PLAYER LOSES POINT.

 When a player serves two faulty ball.
 Unable to return the served ball before it bounces twice.(2 times)
 When a returned ball bounce outside the court or return a SERVICE ball
before it bounces.
 When a player catches or touches the ball in play.
 When the player's racket hand or body touches the net, post cord, or
opponent’s court.
 When the players touch the ball when returning it.

OFFICIAL IN TENNIS.
1. The referee.
2. Chair umpire.
3. Line umpire.
4. Net umpire.
Note: Ball boys are not part of the officials in the game but they assist in the
smooth conduct of the game.

BASKETBALL
Basketball is one of major sports. It is an American game because it was
originate in United States of America (USA). The game was invented by Dr. James
Naismith.
He was ex-students of young men Christian association (YMCA) training school.
he was a physical education instructor or teacher at the international young men
Christian association training school in Springfield, Massachusetts.
Dr James Naismith observed the winter physical education activities of the
students in (IYMCA) school marching and gymnastic but the students did not enjoy
indoor sport.
He later thought of a game in which the players will not run with the ball like
rugby, tackle his opponents like soccer and so he invested his own game in 1891
without a name.
 The game was first played in mid-December and a football was used. After some
months, a student suggested that the game should be called ‘’Naismith ball’’.
Dr. James Naismith quickly countered with ‘’basketball’’ and since that time, the
game has been known or called basketball.
The objective of the game was to get the ball into the opponent basket using
only the hands. After considerable trials and error, borrowing, modifying, and
sometimes investing ideas from football, hockey and other games.
Dr. James Naismith prepared these five (5) sets of rule in January 15 th
1892:
1. There must be a ball large enough, light and hand able by hands.
2. There should be running with the ball.
3. No player on either team or sides shall be restricted from getting the ball at any
time that the ball is being played.
4. Both team are to occupy the same area, and yet there should be no personal
contact like:
a. Holding
b. Slapping
c. Blocking
d. Pushing
e. Charging
f. Tripping.
5. There must be a high vertical and elevated pole.
These sets of rules still govern the game till today.

Since 1893, many changes have taken place in the game of basketball;
1. The number of players has been reduced to 5 players on either side.
2. Larger ball replaced soccer ball.
3. The jump ball after each basket are eliminated, insisted team could quickly put the
ball into play from the end line.
In 1899, the women formulated their own rules. In 1901, the first
basketball women guide was published. The federation of international
basketball association (FI was formed in 1932. In 1936, it’s became an Olympia
game at berlin Olympic.

BASKETBALL IN NIGERIA.
 The game was introduced into Nigeria by the America soldiers after the
second world war in the early 1950. It’s started at national level when national
basketball association was formed in 1965. Competitive basketball game
started in 1964 before the formation of Nigeria basketball federation.
The first African championship for men organised by AFABB AFRICAN
FEDERATION OF BASKETBALL in Cairo from 24th – 31st of march, 1962.
The first African championship organised for women in Africa was held in
Conakry, from 11th – 14th of April, 1966.
Nature of the game
Each team shall consist of 5 court player and 7 reserves or substituted. The
game starts at the centre of the court by jump ball.

PLAYER REQUIREMENT.
1. Speed
2. Balance
3. Strength
4. Stamina or endurances
5. Agility.

PLAYER SUBSTITUTION
Any or ALL the 5 players in action may be replaced by substitution during the
game. The substituted must report to the scorer first and sit on the seat provided until
the soccer sound his signal, then the substituted will stand and indicate to referee or
umpire. They will enter only when the beckon to them.
Arrangement of the player: Two guard, one centre and two attack.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

Facilities:
1. Net.
2. Court: dimension of length 28m, breath 15m
a. In door court: the height of ceiling should be at least 7m adequately
lighted in such a way that it will not affect the vision of the players. The
spectator should be at least 2m away from the court. .
3. Blackboard.
 4. Ring.
Equipment:
1. Ball: the ball shall be spherical in shape made from leather, rubber or
synthetic materials. The weight of the ball 600g – 650g, the circumference is
75-78 cm.
2. Canvas
3. Vest not jersey
4. Technical equipment:
a. Stop watch
b. Score sheet
c. Score board
d. Red flag

SKILLS OF THE GAME

1. Catching (passing)
2. Dribbling
3. Foot walk or pivoting
4. Defence
5. Shooting
Type of passing:
1. Chest pass
2. Bounce pass
3. Underhand pass
4. Overhead pass
5. Javelin pass
6. Hands off pass.
Type of shooting
1. Push shot
2. Set shot
3. Layup shot
4. Cook shot
5. Dunk shot
For the game to be successful, several tactics can be used or adopted:
1. Man to man defence
 2. Zone defence
3. Team offence
4. Give and do.
FOULS IN BASKETBALL

There are two types of fouls:

1. Personal foul
2. Technical foul
Personal foul
This is a player’s foul which involves contact with an opponent. E.g.
1. Slapping an opponent.
2. Holding an opponent.
3. Pushing an opponent.
4. Blocking an opponent.
5. Tripping an opponent.
6. Charging an opponent.
7. Unsportman like attitudes e.g. elbowing or punching an opponent.
Penalty/punishment for personal foul.
a. The offender shall be charged by the soccer. if foul is committed by a player
when is NOT in the act of shooting, the ball will be brought back into play from
the side line near the place of the foul.
b. If the foul is committed on a player who is about to shoot or make an attempt to
score. The following will happen:
i. If the basket is scored, it’s shall be awarded to the soccer.
ii. If the basket is missed, i.e. did not score, two free throw shall be awarded
to the team or shooter.

Technical foul
These are the offences committed by the players or their coach against the
spirit of the game. These include:
1. Delaying the game.
2. Obstructing the opponent vision
3. Not being respectful when addressing an official
4. Changing numbers without telling the scorer, referee or umpire.
5. Not raising hands properly when charged with a foul.
 6. Entering the court as a substituted without reporting to the scorer.
Penalty’s for technical fouls
a. If a court player commit technical fouls e.g.
i. He/she shall be charged for the foul.
ii. 2 free-throws shall be awarded to the opponent or option of a throw from
the mid-point of the side line.
iii. Persistent-in-frigement may lead to disqualification of the player.
b. If a coach commits technical foul
i. One free throw will be awarded against his/her team.
ii. If the free-throw is successful or not, the ball shall be put to play from the
midpoint of the side line.
iii. Persistent of this foul may cause the coach to be banished from the
vicinity of the court.

TIME RULES OF BASKETBALL

1. 3 seconds rule: a player must not remain in his opponent ‘restricted area’ for
more than 3 seconds except when the ball is within the area or there is a
rebound from the backboard.
2. 5seconds rule: a player must not hold the ball for more than 5 seconds before
putting the ball into play from the out of bound area.
3. 10 second rule: when a team gains control of the ball in it back court, the
team must get the ball to the front court within 10 seconds.
4. 20 seconds rule: substitution must be made within 20 seconds.
5. 30 seconds rule: the team with the bell must try to make shot at the basket
within 30 seconds.

DURATION OF THE GAME.

The length of the game varies in accordance with the sex, age and stamina of
the players.
Men:
1. 20 minutes of 2 period s(40minutes full time).
2. 15 minute restart half time.
3. 5 minutes of play to break the tie (draw).
Women:
1. 4 periods of 8minutes each (32 minutes full time)
2. 2 minutes rest between the halves.
3. 3 minutes extra time to break the tie (draw).
Time out
Time out occurs for 60 second and it’s called when any of the following happen:
1. When there is a jump ball.
2. When there is a foul.
3. When officials suspend players for any reason e.g. substitution.
4. When the coach want to interact with the team.

GENERAL RULES OF BASKETBALL

1. During the game, the ball must not rest on the hand while bouncing.
2. Substitution can only be made when a foul has been called, a charged time out
is granted or when the ball is dead.
3. In every game play, the game must start with jump ball.
4. A player in possession of the ball having crossed his own half should not take
the ball back again. Violation of the rule leads to loss of possession of the ball.
5. No player should attack or push his/her opponent on any occasion.
6. The ball must be held by the hands. The arm or body must not be used for
holding it.
7. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or battled from the ground into the
basket.
8. The side marking the most goals in the time of playing shall be declared winner.
9. A player must not use his/her both hands to bounce the ball, if this happen, it is
called double bouncing and the player loss the ball to the opponent.
10. There is no double dribbling
11. The ball must not be carried for more than one pace or step by a player.
12. Players dressing must carry a number on them.

COMMON TERMINOLOGIES IN BASKET BALL

1. Jump ball: it is the act of putting the ball into play (starting and when there is
double foul).
2. Hand ball: when 2 players of opposing team hold the ball.
3. Rebound: when the shot hit the back board and it is replayed into the basket.
a. Set shot: shot taking at stationary positionary free throws.
 4. Back court: when an attacker passes or doubles or throw back ball and the ball
cross the centre line to his own court side.
5. Traveling: when a player carries a ball in hand and takes more than a step.
6. Trailer: a player closely following his/her dribbling team mate.
7. Baseline: the line that joins the side-line to form the backline and under the
basket.
Official in basketball
The officials in a basketball game include the following:
1. Referee
2. Umpire
3. Scorer
4. Assistant scorer
5. Timekeeper
6. 24 second operator.