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Principles of Reinforced Concrete
LECTURE 3: ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF BEAMS I:
SINGLY REINFORCED
Engr. Nhour R. Dibangkitun
Instructor
Overview
For this lesson, we will be discussing what are the
design considerations, steps and process on analyzing
and designing a rectangular beam reinforced only at
the tension side (or Singly Reinforced Beam).
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Analysis
VS
Design
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Analysis vs Design
Two different types of problems arise in the study of reinforced
concrete:
1. Analysis. Given a cross section, concrete strength, reinforcement
size and location, and yield strength, compute the resistance or
strength. In analysis there should be one unique answer.
2. Design. Given a factored design moment, normally designated as
𝑀𝑢 , select a suitable cross section, including dimensions, concrete
strength, reinforcement, and so on. In design there are many
possible solutions.
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Analysis vs Design
Although both types of problem are based on the same
principles, the procedure is different in each case.
Analysis is easier, because all of the decisions concerning
reinforcement, beam size, and so on have been made, and
it is only necessary to apply the strength calculation
principles to determine the capacity.
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Analysis vs Design
Design, on the other hand, involves the choice of section
dimensions, material strengths, and reinforcement
placement to produce a cross section that can resist the
moments due to factored loads.
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Analysis vs Design
Analysis Problems Design Problems
✓ Dimensions ✓ Required moment
Given ✓ Reinforcement capacity
✓ Material strength ✓ Material strength
‽ Section dimension
Required ‽ Moment Capacity
‽ Reinforcement
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Practical
Provisions
[2010 NSCP]
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Load Factor Combination
1. U = 1.4 (D+F)
2. U = 1.2 (D+F+T) + 1.6 (L+H) + 0.5 (L or R)
3. U = 1.2D + 1.6 (L or R) + (1.0L or 0.80W)
4. U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5 (L or R)
5. U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L
6. U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
7. U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
8. U = 1.2D + 1.6L
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Design Assumption
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Concrete Cover
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Beam Depth
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Reinforcement
Spacing Limits
25
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Minimum Reinforcement Ratio
For a very lightly reinforced beams sudden failure may occur with out warning. To
ensure against this type of failure, a lower limit for the reinforcement ratio was
established.
Minimum steel area and reinforcement ratio are as follows;
English Unit SI Unit
𝟑 𝒇′𝒄 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇′𝒄
𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏. = 𝒃 𝒅 𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏. = 𝒃𝒘 𝒅 (Eq. 3.6)
𝒇𝒚 𝒘 𝒇𝒚
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒃𝒘 𝒅 𝟏. 𝟒𝒃𝒘 𝒅
𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏. ≥ 𝑨𝒔,𝒎𝒊𝒏. ≥ (Eq. 3.6)
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
𝟑 𝒇′𝒄 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇′𝒄 𝟏. 𝟒
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏. = ≥ 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏. = ≥ (Eq. 3.6)
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
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Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
10.3.5 For non-prestressed flexural members and non-prestressed members with
factored axial compressive load less that 0.10fcAg, steel strain 𝜀𝑡 at nominal strength
shall not be less than 0.004.
,
3 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝛽1
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
7 𝑓𝑦
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ANALYSIS &
DESIGN AIDS
SI UNITS
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Analysis of Singly reinforced Beams
Given: As, b, d, fc’ & fy (SI Units: MPa)
> ≥
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 ) ≥
ϕ ϕ
𝑎 = ______ 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
𝑐 = 𝑎Τ𝜷𝟏 = ______ ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25( )
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
𝜷𝟏
𝑴𝒖 = ϕ C (a − d/2 )= ϕ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃(d − a/2 )
1 17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28 𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 ′ >
2 28 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 55 𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − (𝒇𝒄 − 28) <
𝟕
3 𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 55 𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 ϕ
𝑑−𝑐
𝒇𝒔 = 600 = _________ 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑐 = ______
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐 𝑎 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 = __
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 600
𝑐
≥
𝑑−𝑐
≥ 𝒇𝒔 = 600 = _______ (𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦 )
𝑐
ϕ
𝑴𝒖 = ϕ C (d − a/2 )= ϕ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃(d− a/2 ) 𝑴𝒖 = ϕ C (d − a/2 )= ϕ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝒇′𝒄 𝒂𝒃(d − a/2 )
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Design of Singly reinforced Beams
Given: Mu, fc’ & fy (SI Units: MPa)
ϕ
𝑀𝑢 ≥
𝑅𝑛 = (coefficient of resistance)
ϕ𝑏𝑑 2 ≥
𝑓𝑐′ 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌 = 0.85 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑁(𝜋/4)(𝑑𝑏 )2 𝑁 = ______
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒇′𝒄 𝟏. 𝟒 > ≥
𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏.𝟏 = 𝝆 𝒎𝒊𝒏.𝟐 = ≥ ϕ 𝐴𝑠
𝒇𝒚 𝒇𝒚
𝑓𝑠 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦 .
𝟑 𝒇′𝒄
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85𝜷𝟏 Mu = ϕ C (d − a/2 )= ϕ 0.85fc′ ab(d− a/2 )
𝟕 𝒇𝒚
𝑎 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 Use 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦 𝑑−𝑐
ϕ = 0.65 + 0.25( ) 𝑎 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 𝒇𝒔 = 600
𝑐
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
𝑏 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 Use 𝜌 = 𝜌
𝑐 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜌 DOUBLY REINFORCED! 𝑓𝑠 − 𝑓𝑦
Mu = 0.65 + 0.25( ) 0.85fc′ 𝜷𝟏 𝒄b(d−𝜷𝟏 𝒄/2 )
1000 − 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = _____
𝑎 = ______ 𝑐 = ______ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑁(𝜋/4)(𝑑𝑏 )2
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦 ) 𝑎 = 𝜷𝟏 𝒄 = __
𝑐 = 𝑎Τ𝜷𝟏 = ______ 𝑁 = ______
𝑑−𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝒇𝒔 = 600 = _________ ≥
𝑐 𝐴𝑠 = _____
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Sample Problems
SI UNITS
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ACI Codes
Given is a rectangular beam having dimension of 270 x 600 mm and is
reinforced with 8-20 mm dia. bars arranged as shown, determine the
following:
a) Minimum clear cover.
b) Minimum diameter of stirrups.
c) Actual clear spacing.
d) Max. effective depth.
e) Max. size of coarse aggregates.
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ANALYSIS SAMPLE PROBLEM
A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of
437.5 mm. Compute the nominal capacity of the beam with If f’c =
41.47 MPa and fy = 414.70 MPa with reinforcement:
a) 4 – 28 mm bars
b) 4 – 32 mm bars Given: b = 300 mm
c) 6 – 36 mm bars d = 437.5 mm
f’c = 41.47 MPa
fy = 414.70 MPa
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DESIGN SAMPLE PROBLEM
A rectangular beam has a simple span of 7.2 m which carries a
deadload of 23.5 kN/m and alive load of 16 kN/m with If f’c = 30 MPa
and fy = 400 MPa. Compute the number of 25mm diameter bars
needed if:
a) b=400mm & d=587.5 Given: L = 7.2 m
b) b=300mm & d=387.5 wDL = 23.5 kN/m
c) b=300mm & d=437.5 wLL = 16 kN/m
f’c = 30 MPa
Use ϕ=0.90.
fy = 400 MPa
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Reference(s)
1) D.Darwin, C.W. Dolan & A.H. Nilson. Design of Concrete Structure,
15th edition. 2016. McGraw-Hill Education.
2) Wight & MacGregor. Reinforce Concrete: Mechanics & Design. 6th
edition. 2012. Person Education, Inc.
3) NSCP 2010
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End of Lecture 3
THANK YOU!
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