GRID

Technical Institute

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol

INDEX Contents
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol Schedule

1 Course Introduction
2 IEC 61850 Overview
3 Logical Interfaces
4 Physical Communication Architecture
5 Data Modelling
6 Configuration & Integration
7 Data Sets
8 High Speed peer-to-peer Communication (GSE)
9 Time Synchronisation
10 Reports
11 Controls
12 Redundancy
13 NCIT
14 Documentation
15 Changes on Protection Relays
16 Changes on Substation Engineering

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 GRID
Technical Institute

Application on IEC 61850

Communication
Protocol
Course Introduction

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 IEC 61850 Training Course

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Agenda – Day 1

Logical interfaces and logical structures Â

Network architecture Â
Data modelling Â
Configuration files Â

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Intro - P 3

 Agenda – Day 2

Data structure : DataSet Â

Goose
Time synchronisation Â
MMS : the Reports Â
Controls : models Â
File transfer
Ethernet network redundancy Â

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Intro - P 4

Agenda – Day 3

NCIT Â
Documentation
General impact on Areva protection relays Â
General impacts Â

Training

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Intro - P 5

 GRID
Technical Institute

IEC 61850 Overview

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 IEC 61850 Overview

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

IEC 61850 Standard - Organization

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 3

 Introduction

IEC 61850 REAL SUBSTATION

14 Parts Different vendors
>1000 pages (English only !) Interoperability
10 years of development Easy specification

Is it really that simple ?

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 4

IEC 61850 Key Benefits

Speed: 100 Mbps instead of few 10 kbps

− More data for a better operation & maintenance
Peer-to-peer: No extra hardware
− Design of innovative automation schemes, late tuning
Conditional report instead of polling
− Optimal performances
IP (Internet Protocol) routing: Ubiquitous data access
− Capability to extend the system outside of the substation
Client-server: Instead of master-slave
− Flexible designs easy to upgrade
Pre-defined names: Single vocabulary between users
− Easier engineering between teams
XML references: Formal interfaces
− Consistency between engineering tools

A true step forward

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 5

 IEC 61850: related extensions

ƒ Telecontrol of substations “sTCA”

IEC 61850-90, in discussion, IEC TC57 / Ad Hoc Working Group 07
ƒ Control and monitoring of wind power plants
IEC 61400-25
ƒ Control and monitoring of distributed power stations
under way, IEC 57/660/NP
ƒ Control and monitoring of hydroelectric power plants
under way, IEC 57/661/NP
ƒ Security
IEC 62351
ƒ Security
IEC 62439
ƒ Several other WG within:
ƒIEEE PSRC H5: Setting, etc.
ƒUCA International: Testing, etc.
ƒCIGRE B5.11: Use of IEC 61850 in substation, etc.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 6

Inside the IEC 61850

Communication first
− Services: How to transfer data ? (Parts 7,
8 and 9)
− Objects: How to address data ? (Parts 7, 8
and 9)
− Configuration: How to share common
references between applications ? (Part 6)
− Conformance test objectives: How to test a
server in front of a reference simulator IEC 61850
(Part 10)
14 Parts
Some non communication aspects >1000 pages (English only !)
− Environmental conditions (Part 3) 10 years of development
− Engineering requirements (Part 4)
− System lifecycle (Part 4)
− Informal function description (Part 5)
− Connectivity between primary devices
(Part 6)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 7

 Outside the IEC 61850

Functional specification
IED content
System architecture
Migration strategy
Non communication configuration
Configuration & setting management
Inter-operability tests
Project phases

What you need to add for a real project !

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 8

Functional specification (1)

IEC 61850 is defining a series of function names

− “Logical Nodes”
− Example: “PDIS” = Distance Protection
Each logical node is associated to a data
structure
− Example: “Str” = Start (for a protection)
The content of the data structure can be remotely
accessed
− Example: Report “Str” when there is a
change
But the function itself is not defined
− Example: distance algorithm is specific to
each manufacturer
The function shall be described by the project
specification
− Example: tripping time, number of zones,
etc.
So what’s new ?

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 9

 Functional specification (2)

No change for functions contained in a single IED

− Example: distance protection function
Distributed functions shall be defined
− Example: Station Wide Interlocking
Some distributed functions are easy to identify
− Interlocking, Inter-tripping, Load Shedding, Protection
Acceleration, etc.
Some distributed functions require more attention
− Redundancy management, alarm management, time
synchronization server, etc.
Just replicating old schemes is likely to restrict the
technology benefits
− Need to think “out of the box” to build cost effective
solutions: standard clients, standard bays, new automation
Accurately specify distributed functions
when mixing suppliers
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 10

Protocol Description

Data Model

Semantics Services

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 11

 IEC 61850

Data Model
− Hierarchical tree structure
− Logical Nodes
− Common data classes
Semantics
− Self-descriptive: Human & machine readable
− Abstract, based on the application domain of the
substation environment
Services
− Superset of all other protocol services

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 12

Service Models (1)

Service Description Services

model
Server Represents the external visible behaviour of a device. All ServerDirectory
other ACSI models are part of the server.
Application Provision of how two or more devices can be connected. Associate
association Provides different views to a device: restricted access to Abort
the server's information and functions. Release
Logical device Represents a group of functions; each function is defined LogicalDeviceDirectory
as a logical node. GetAllDataValues
Logical node Represents a specific function of the substation system, LogicalNodeDirectory
for example, overvoltage protection.
Data Provides a means to specify typed information, for GetDataValues
example, position of a switch with quality information, and SetDataValues
timestamp. GetDataDefinition
GetDataDirectory
Data set Allow to group various data together. GetDataSetValue
SetDataSetValue
CreateDataSet
DeleteDataSet
GetDataSetDirectory
Substitution The client can request the server to replace a process SetDataValues
value by a value set by the client, for example, in the
case of an invalid measurement value.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 13

 Service Models (2)
Service model Description Services

Setting group Defines how to switch from one set of setting values to another one SelectActiveSG
control and how to edit setting groups. SelectEditSG
SetSGValues
ConfirmEditSGValues
GetSGValues
GetSGCBValues
Reporting and Describes the conditions for generating reports and logs based on Buffered RCB:
logging parameters set by the client. Reports may be triggered by changes Report
of process data values (for example, state change or deadband) or GetBRCBValues
by quality changes. Logs can be queried for later retrieval. Reports SetBRCBValues
may be sent immediately or deferred (buffered). Reports provide Unbuffered RCB:
change-of-state and sequence-of-events information exchange. Report
GetURCBValues
SetURCBValues
Log CB:
GetLCBValues
SetLCBValues
Log:
QueryLogByTime
QueryLogAfter
GetLogStatusValues
Generic Provides fast and reliable system-wide distribution of data; peer-to- GOOSE CB:
substation peer exchange of IED binary status information. GOOSE means SendGOOSEMessage
events (GSE) Generic Object Oriented Substation Event and supports the GetGoReference
exchange of a wide range of possible common data organised by a GetGOOSEElementNumber
DATA-SET GSSE means Generic Substation State Event and GetGoCBValues
provides the capability to convey state change information (bit SetGoCBValues
pairs). GSSE CB:
SendGSSEMessage
GetGsReference
GetGSSEElementNumber
GetGsCBValues
SetGsCBValues

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 14

Service Models (3)

Service Description Services

model
Transmission Fast and cyclic transfer of samples, for example, of Multicast SVC:
of sampled instrument transformers. SendMSVMessage
values GetMSVCBValues
SetMSVCBValues
Unicast SVC:
SendUSVMessage
GetUSVCBValues
SetUSVCBValues
Control Describes the services to control, for example, devices or Select
parameter setting groups. SelectWithValue
Cancel
Operate
CommandTermination
TimeActivatedOperate
Time and time Provides the time base for the device and system. Services in SCSM
synchronisatio
n
File transfer Defines the exchange of huge data blocks such as GetFile
programs. SetFile
DeleteFile
GetFileAttributeValues

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 15

 Service Models
Control Blocks
server
Buffered-
RCB

Unbuffered-
Logical-Device RCB

Log-CB

Log

Setting-Group
CB

Logical-Node Goose-CB

LLN0
GSSE-CB

Mulicast-
SVCB

Unicast-
SVCB

Data DataSet

Substitution Time
DataAttribute

Control File
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 16

History of Communication (1)

1) Master Slave Slave Master

1.1) Memory reading
Read @
Modbus MODICON
Low efficiency : return @Value
Read all time even if not changed
One master as data receiver

1.2) Event driven reading

Pull !
DNP3, T101, T103, Modbus AREVA = Have you changes
Yes (5% of the time)
data! Send
Medium efficiency :
Only changes are read Data change coming
but : one master by session
problem of mapping configuration at slave

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 17

 Connection Model - Master-Slave

In a Master-Slave relation only the master can initiate

communications
Slaves must wait for the master to authorise them to access the
communications
Simple to understand
Every device is continually checked
Slow response to alarms due to polling cycle
Popular in legacy serial protocols

Master

Slave Slave Slave

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 18

History of Communication (2)

Slaves Master
2) Server Client
UCA2, OPC, IEC 61850, http

Revolution
in mind
Server Clients
Computer, Protection OI, Gateway...

What are your data?

- Several Clients
List of data is... I want these data
- Client chose data at connection (Subscribe)
=> Subscription Your wanted data has new state
optimised traffic

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 19

 Connection Model - Client-Server

In a client-server relation each application (client) requests

in parallel exactly what it needs from each server
− Clients are typically HMIs and Gateways; servers are typically
bay controllers, protection, measurement centers
− Applications do not go through a central point therefore they get
the information in a faster and more reliable way
− Failure of a client does not affect the other clients
− A new client might be added without changing the existing
communications
− Clients & Servers are “roles”

Client Client

Server Server Server

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 20

Reporting vs Polling

Reports transmit data based on a condition being met

Ex: Change of state
Reports are more efficient than polling
− Data are transmitted only when there is a need to transmit them,
therefore reducing network and application load
− Polling cycle might be too long compared to the application
dynamic and loses events, contrary to report
Report is fully compatible with client - server mode
It can be emulated on master-slave mode but less
efficiently

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 21

 Connection Model - Peer-Peer Messaging

This service is normally used for distributed automation

− Examples: Interlocking, Intertripping, Voltage regulation, Load
Shedding, etc.
− Communication can be initiated by any peer
Requirements:
− The data produced (“published”) by one IED might be used
(“subscribed”) by one or more IEDs
− The publishing IED might be any IED thus peer-to-peer
exchanges shall be possible
− Real time constraints are in the range of ms (“4 ms” for an
intelligent circuit breaker)
− The failure and restart of one IED (whether publisher or
subscriber) must be tolerated

Server Server Server

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 22

Comparison

Legacy protocols Up to date protocols

DNP3, MODBUS, IEC 60870-5-103, 101 UCA2, IEC 61850, OPC

LBUS Legacy BUS SBUS Station BUS

RS Link (Daisy Chain) Ethernet Link (IP free network topology)

1-Master 8 or 16-Slaves N-Clients M-Servers

Slow Communication Fast Communication

GOOSE multicast => automation

“Binary” Mapping on Master/Slave Hierarchical and Typed Data

REPORT self description

Low CPU overhead Quality attributes

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 1 - P 23

 IEC61850 Overview

Part 3

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

IEC 61850 Standard - Organization

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol – Part 3 - P 3

 IEC61850 – Part 3

Title : General requirements

Content : General requirement, mainly hardware

3 kind of requirements : quality, environmental

conditions and auxiliary services

Several references to other CEI publications

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol – Part 3 - P 4

IEC61850 – Part 3

Quality :
− Reliability : management of graceful degradations in
both case of redundancy lack of redundancy
− MTTF : Mean Time to Failure, the constructor must
state the MTTF of the equipment IED and give the
calculation method that was used
− System availability (automatic recovery and graceful
degradations)
− Maintainability (link to other CEI publications)
− Security (link to other CEI publications)
− Data integrity (data reliability in case of communication
problems)

− Great number of references to other CEI publications

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol – Part 3 - P 5
 IEC61850 – Part 3

Environmental conditions :
− Climatic, mechanical and electrical influences over IED
− Temperature, humidity, barometric pressure,
mechanical and seismic prescription, pollution and
corrosion, EMC

− Great number of references to other CEI publications

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol – Part 3 - P 6

IEC61850 – Part 3

Auxiliary services :
− Power supply characteristics IED

− Voltage range
− Voltage tolerance
− Voltage interruption
− Voltage quality (harmonics, ripple…)

− Great number of references to other CEI publications

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol – Part 3 - P 7

 IEC61850 – Part 3

Other CEI publications :

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol – Part 3 - P 8

IEC61850 – Part 3
Other CEI publications :

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol – Part 3 - P 9

 IEC61850 Overview

Part 4

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

IEC 61850 Standard - Organization

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 3

 IEC61850 – Part 4

Title : System and project management

3 kinds of requirements :
− Engineering process and it’s supporting tools
− Life cycle of the overall system and it’s IEDs
− Quality assurance from development stage to ending
discontinuation

Several references to other CEI publications

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 4

IEC61850 – Part 4

Engineering process and it’s supporting tools :

− The standard defines what engineering includes :
• Hardware configuration, list of IEDs and interfaces with
environment
• Adaptation of functionality and signal quantity using parameters
• documentation

− The standard classifies the different kinds of parameters

• Configuration / Operating parameters
• System / Process / Functional parameters

− The standard classifies the different kinds of engineering

tools
• Project design
• Parameterization tool
• Documentation tool
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 5
 IEC61850 – Part 4

Different kinds of parameters :

setting off-line
setting on-line

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 6

IEC61850 – Part 4

Different kind of parameters :

− Configuration parameters : parameter to be set off-line
− Operating parameters : parameter to be set on-line

− System parameters : defines cooperation between

IEDs (@IP, communication protocole for a gateway,…)
and relations between datas (interlocking…)
− Process parameter : describes all exchange of
information between the process and the SAS
(mapping I/O)
− Functional parameter : describes the characteristics of
the functionalities used by the client.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 7

 IEC61850 – Part 4

Documentation components :
− Device documentation
− Parameters’ documentation

System support
− The integrator must be able to provide a training about
using the engineering tools.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 8

IEC61850 – Part 4

System life cycle :

− 2 different points of view : Constructor and client

− It is mandatory for the constructor to :

• Provide identification of IED version
• Announce the product discontinuation early
• Support IED after discontinuation (contract)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 9

 IEC61850 – Part 4

Quality assurance :
− The standard divides testing responsibilities between
integrator and constructor
− The standard defines beginning date of warranty and
it’s content
• Hardware
• Study
• Software
− The standard describes the following services as part of
after-sales services
• Spare parts
• Support in diagnosing failure
• Providing urgent information to customer
• Correction of software errors and hardware defects
• Offer of software update
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 10

IEC61850 – Part 4

Test and test equipment :

− The standard defines 3 types of testing tools
• Normal process test equipment
• Injection test equipment
• Communication test equipment
− The standard defines how IEDs and SAS must be
tested
• Type and individual test of IEDs
• FAT (optional)
• SAT

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Part 4 - P 11

 GRID
Technical Institute

Logical Interfaces

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Logical Interfaces

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Interfaces in Substations

STATION LEVEL FCT. A FCT. B

BAY/UNIT LEVEL PROTECTION CONTROL PROTECTION CONTROL

PROCESS LEVEL Remote Process Interface Sensors Actuators

HV Equipment

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Logical Interfaces and structures - P 3

 IF7: data exchange station level
and remote engineer’s workplace

IF10: control-data exchange between IF9: data exchange within

station level and remote control centre station level

Remote Control Centre

STATION LEVEL FCT. A FCT. B
IF6: control-data
exchange between
IF1: Protection-data exchange bay and station level
IF8: direct data exchange
between bay and station level
between the bays for fast
functions.

BAY/UNIT LEVEL PROTECTION CONTROL PROTECTION CONTROL

IF3: data exchange within

IF5: control-data exchange
bay level
between process and bay level

PROCESS LEVEL Remote Process Interface Sensors Actuators

IF4: données échangées

IF2: Protection-data exchange
instantanement entre le niveau
between bay and remote protection
tranche et le procédé
HV Equipment
Remote
Protection
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Logical Interfaces and structures - P 4

Logical structure

Station bus 8-1

Process bus 9-2

GRID
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This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
 Station Bus 8-1

Main Backbone linking IEDs to Controllers

Protocol uses Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS)
- ISO 9506
Most IEC61850 functionality mapped to MMS
− Controls
− Reports
− Get data
− Settings
− File Transfers

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Logical Interfaces and structures - P 6

Process Bus 9-2

Data Exchange at process level

Protocol uses Manufacturing Messaging System (MMS)
IEC61850 functions applied
− GOOSE
− Sampled Values

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Logical Interfaces and structures - P 7

 Logical bus in substation

STATION LEVEL FCT. A FCT. B

Station
Bus IF1, IF3, IF6, IF7, IF9

BAY/UNIT LEVEL PROTECTION CONTROL PROTECTION CONTROL

Process IF4, IF5, IF8

Bus

PROCESS LEVEL Remote Process Interface Sensors Actuators

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Logical Interfaces and structures - P 8

 GRID
Technical Institute

Physical
Communication
Architecture

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Physical Communication
Architecture

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Physical Communication Architecture

Ethernet network
Hubs
Switches
redundancy
LAN topologies
Ring, star, etc.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 2

Network Terminology

Network An interconnected group of nodes or

stations linked by communication
channels

Node The interface point where one or

more functional units are connected

LAN Local area network

WAN Wide area network

IP Internet Protocol

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 4

Ethernet Basic Principle

Ethernet Collision

1. Listen and broadcast if the wire is free

2. If there is a collision then re-transmit in an interval [0, 2N-1]

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 5

 Ethernet Basic Principle

Hub
Collision

There is still potential for collision

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 6

Ethernet Basic Principle

Store &
Forward
Switch

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 7

 Switches: other features

Substation environment !
− Electro-magnetic compatibility
− DC power supply with 20ms voltage dips, possibly
redundant
Priority and VLAN (802.1q):
− Virtual LANS
Management
− Capability to detect a switch failure: SNMP or watch-dog
Redundancy management
− No standard today for hard real time redundancy
− Redundancy between switches (not applications)
− See further slides

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 8

Virtual LAN

Allows different logical networks to coexist on the same

physical network.
− Coexist without crossover
VLAN tag added to Ethernet frame while it traverses
physical network
Each logical network has a VLAN identifier
− 12 bits, expressed as 3 hex characters
− 000 means no VLAN

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 9

 Priority management

VLAN Tag includes Priority Tag

Allows messages with higher priority to take precedence
Improves throughput of priority messages during heavy
message activity
Priority is 3 bits in range 1 to 7. 7 is highest, 1 is lowest
− 0 should be avoided as 1 is priority of untagged frames
VLAN ID of 000 allows Priority tagging to still be used.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 10

MAC & IP Addresses

MAC (Media Access Control) Address is physical

− Can’t be changed Alstom
− Fixed to manufacturers
− 48 bits, arranged as 6 hex digit pairs
00-02-84
− 00-02-84-01-68-EA
IP Address is logical
− Assigned (Manually or Automatically) Private
− More useful for device identification Network
− 32 bits arranged as 4 decimal triplets
− 192.168
192.168.001.020
− (IPv4)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 11

 MAC & IP Addresses

Allocation of MAC address to organisations

00-02-84
− 00-02-84-01-68-EA
IP Address allocation is more flexible Always
− Network ID (variable number of bits) 24 bits
− Host Id (remaining 32 bits)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 12

Network Id & Host

IP Address allocation classes

− Based on masks of most significant bits if IP address
− Class A 0xxxxxxx
• Range 001 to 127 ; 126 networks each with 16,777,214
hosts
− Class B 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx
• Range 128.000 to 191.255 ; 16,384 networks and
65,534 hosts
− Class C 110xxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx
• Range 192.0.0 to 223.255.255 ; 2,097,152 networks,
254 hosts
− Class D 1110xxxx
• Range 224 to 239
− Class E 11110xxx
• Range 240 to 254
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 13
 Subnets

IP Address in Class B gives a network with 65,634

hosts
− E.g. 150.234.xxx.xxx
But you need 4 networks each with 16,382 hosts
Split the network into 4 Subnets
− Extending the class fields
− 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx xx
− 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx 00xxxxxx (150.254.0.0)
− 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx 01xxxxxx (150.254.64.0)
− 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx 10xxxxxx (150.254.128.0)
− 10xxxxxx xxxxxxxx 11xxxxxx (150.254.192.0)
Separate the 4 subnets from each other
− Subnet mask

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 14

Subnet Mask

Subnet Mask divides up network into subnets

Mask is 32 bits with set bits starting at the most
significant
− 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 - valid
Expressed as 4 decimal triplets
− 255.255.192.0
Set bits filter the subnet part of IP address
− More bits set, the more subnets you can have, but each
has smaller number of hosts
− 255.255.0.0 = 65534 hosts
− 255.255.255.0 = 254 hosts

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 15

 160.0.0.0
170.0.0.0

150.0.0.0

200.0.0.0

200.0.0.0 150.0.0.0

180.0.0.0
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 16

Base architectures

STAR

Basic scheme since

failure of the central
switch leads to the
total communication
failure

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 17

 Base architectures

DOUBLE STAR

Redundancy
(2 ports)

The most secured

scheme since multiple
failures are tolerated
except the two central
switches
simultaneously

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 18

Base architectures
RING

Redundancy
(2 ports)

The most common scheme

since good
performance/cost ratio
(save 2 central switches vs.
start configuration)

Failure of a single fiber or

device does not affect the
system once reconfiguration
is completed (Self Healing)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 19

 Self Healing Ring

Physically
Physically
connected,
connected,
logically
logically
‘disabled’
‘enabled’

Able to cope with breaks in the cabling by rerouting

messages a different way round the ring.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 20

Ethernet Architecture : Multi-rings

PACiS OI PACiS OI
PACiS OI

SCADA GATEWAYS

PACiS OI Ring A PACiS OI

GATEWAY
IEC/IEC

Ring B Ring C

C264 H352
H352 C264
+ SWR + SWR

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 21

 Redundancy management

Improve system availability and reliability

Behavior is not defined in IEC 61850
Needs two ports
Connected via a switch to Ethernet device
− Intelligent switch between ports and device
− Switch can be internal or external
Not currently available on Px30/Px40

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 22

Station Physical Network

STATION LEVEL FCT. A FCT. B

BAY/UNIT LEVEL PROTECTION CONTROL PROTECTION CONTROL

PROCESS LEVEL Remote Process Interface Sensors Actuators

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 23

 Station Physical Network

STATION LEVEL FCT. A FCT. B

BAY/UNIT LEVEL PROTECTION CONTROL PROTECTION CONTROL

PROCESS LEVEL Remote Process Interface Sensors Actuators

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 24

Station Physical Network

STATION LEVEL FCT. A FCT. B

BAY/UNIT LEVEL PROTECTION CONTROL PROTECTION CONTROL

PROCESS LEVEL Remote Process Interface Sensors Actuators

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 25

 Ethernet uses

IEC61850
Legacy Protocols
− Courier Tunnelling (Px40)
− CS103 Tunnelling (Px30)
DNP3 and Modbus have Ethernet versions
Serial Comms through Serial device servers

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Physical Communication Architecture - P 26

 MiCOM S1 Tunneling
Hands-On S&R Courier
Hands-On S&R 103

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
 GRID
Technical Institute

Data Modelling

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Data Modelling

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

ETHERNET IEC 61850

The goal of the IEC 61850 standard

Interoperability The ability for IED’s from one or several
manufacturer to exchange information and use
the information for the their own functions.

Free Configuration The standard shall support different philosophies

and allow a free allocation of functions e.g. it will
work equally well for centralized (RTU like) or
decentralized (SCS like) systems.

Long Term Stability The standard shall be future proof, i.e.

it must be able to follow the progress in
communication technology as well as
evolving system requirements.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 3

 Key concept: Modeling

What is “rose”?
Modelling is essential
when integrating
applications.

a flower?
Model mismatch implies
translation and usually
(at first) a color?
miscommunication

a paint?

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 4

Modelling Principles

Model is a Logical representation

Identifies the various elements in the system
− Protection, Control, Reporting
Provides a common ‘view’ of a system
− Across different products (Px30, Px40)
− Across different suppliers (Alstom, Siemens, ABB)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 5

 Device Considerations

Relay is an Intelligent Electronic

Device (IED)
IED Functionality represented by
Model
Model is contained in relay
Model is ‘Static’

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 6

Logical Devices

IED Model contains 1 or more Logical Devices

LD corresponds to an area of functionality
− Overcurrent Protection
− Logging & Recording
AREVA Relays have up to 5 Logical Devices
− System
− Control
− Measurands
− Records
− Protection

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 7

 IED Model Contents

System

Control

Measurements

Records

Protection

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 8

Logical Device Contents

Logical Devices contain functional elements.

The functional elements are the smallest parts of a
function that can exchange data.
These functional elements are called Logical Nodes
− Circuit Breaker
− Over-Current Stage 1

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 9

 Logical Node Names

Logical Nodes have a 4 character name (Upper Case)

First character defines its Group
Other characters relate to its function
Examples
− XCBR; Switchgear, Circuit Breaker
− PTOC; Protection, Timed Over-current
− GGIO; Generic, General I/O
− MMXU; Measurements - 3-phase Amps, Volts, etc.
− CSWI; Control, Switch

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 10

Logical Node Groups

Character Group

L System
P Protection
R Protection related functions
C Control
G Generic references
I Interfacing and archiving
A Automatic control
M Metering and measurement
S Sensors and monitoring
X Switchgear
T Instrument transformers
Y Power transformers
Z Further power system equipment

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 11

 Classes & Instances

LNs are defined in IEC61850-7-4

Defined LNs are Classes (Templates )
Deployed LNs are Instances of these classes
LN Instances are contained inside Logical Devices
Instance names comprise Class name plus
− An optional prefix
− A mandatory suffix (Instance Number)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 12

LN Full Name Spec

IEC61850 Part 7-2

LN Class name (Mandatory)

Wwwwwww MMMM nnnnnnn

Prefix (upto 7 chars) (Optional) Instance (upto 7 chars) (Optional)

Total number of characters in Prefix and Suffix together

must be no more than 7.
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 13
 LN Full Name Spec
Alstom COMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE

LN Class name (Mandatory)

WwwXxx MMMM n

Wrapper (either 3 or 6 chars) (Optional) Instance (1 char) (Mandatory)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 14

Wrappers & Instance Numbers

Instance Number allows multiple instances of same LN

− Different stages of a protective element
Wrapper allows further grouping of LNs
− Each set of 3 characters is 1 Upper Case char (first) and 2
Lower Case characters
− Wrappers are defined in Alstom Wrappers Table

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 15

 Areva Wrappers Table

Wrapper Meaning
Cbf Circuit Breaker Failure
Ctl Control
Efd Earth fault (Derived)
Fou Fourier
Ngc Negative sequence overcurrent
Ngs Negative Sequence
Phs Phase
Phv Phase Voltage
Pov Phase Overvoltage
Ocp Overcurrent Protection
Res Residual
Rly Relay Contacts
Sec Secondary
Sef Sensitive Earth Fault
Sys System
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 16

Typical IEC61850 Model

Logical Logical Node Instances

Devices

System

Protection

Records

Control

Measurements

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 17

 Typical IEC61850 Model

Logical Logical Node Instances

Devices
System LedGGIO1 AlmGGIO1

Protection

Records

Control

Measurements

Leds and Alarms

modelled through
Generic Process I/O
Class
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 18

Typical IEC61850 Model

Logical Logical Node Instances

Devices

System LedGGIO1 AlmGGIO1

Protection OcpPTOC1 OcpPTOC2 OcpPTOC3 OcpPTOC4

EfmPTOC1 EfmPTOC2

SenPwrPPWR1 SenPwrPPWR2 SenPwrPPWR3

Records

Control

Measurements

4 stages of Over 2 stages of Earth 3 stages of sensitive

current modelled Fault modelled power protection
through Timed through Timed modelled through Power
Overcurrent Class Over Current Class protection Class
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 19
 Typical IEC61850 Model

Logical Logical Node Instances

Devices
System LedGGIO1 AlmGGIO1

Protection OcpPTOC1 OcpPTOC2 OcpPTOC3 OcpPTOC4

EfmPTOC1 EfmPTOC2

SenPwrPPWR1 SenPwrPPWR2 SenPwrPPWR3

Records RDRE1

Control

Measurements

Disturbance recorder
modelled through
Disturbance Recorder
Class
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 20

Typical IEC61850 Model

Logical Logical Node Instances

Devices
System LedGGIO1 AlmGGIO1

Protection OcpPTOC1 OcpPTOC2 OcpPTOC3 OcpPTOC4

EfmPTOC1 EfmPTOC2

SenPwrPPWR1 SenPwrPPWR2 SenPwrPPWR3

Records RDRE1

Control XCBR1

Measurements

Circuit Breaker
modelled through
Circuit Breaker
Class
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 21
 Typical IEC61850 Model
Logical Logical Node Instances
Devices

System LedGGIO1 AlmGGIO1

Protection OcpPTOC1 OcpPTOC2 OcpPTOC3 OcpPTOC4

EfmPTOC1 EfmPTOC2

SenPwrPPWR1 SenPwrPPWR2 SenPwrPPWR3

Records RDRE1

Control XCBR1

Measurements FouMMXU1 RmsMMXU1

Fourier and RMS

measurements
modelled through
Measurements Class
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 22

Mandatory Logical Nodes

Every LD has two mandatory Logical Nodes

LLN0 (Logical Node 0)
− common data of the LD
• Mode, Behaviour,
LPHD (Physical Device)
− common data of the physical device hosting LD
• Name, Health
Unique Naming
− LPHD – no prefix, instance number always 1
− LLN0 – no prefix, no instance number

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 23

 Typical IEC61850 Model

Logical Logical Node Instances

Devices

System LedGGIO1 AlmGGIO1 LPHD1 LLN0

Protection OcpPTOC1 OcpPTOC2 OcpPTOC3 OcpPTOC4

EfmPTOC1 EfmPTOC2 LPHD1 LLN0

SenPwrPPWR1 SenPwrPPWR2 SenPwrPPWR3

Records RDRE1 LPHD1 LLN0

Control XCBR1 LPHD1 LLN0

Measurements FouMMXU1 RmsMMXU1 LPHD1 LLN0

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 24

IED Model Contents

LLN0
LPHD1
LedGGIO1
System AlmGGIO1

LLN0
LPHD1
Control XCBR1

LLN0
LPHD1
Measurements FouMMXU1
RmsMMXU1

LLN0
Records LPHD1
RDRE1

LLN0
Protection LPHD1
OcpPTOC1
OcpPTOC2
OcpPTOC3
OcpPTOC4
EfmPTOC1
EfmPTOC2
SenPwrPPWR1
SenPwrPPWR2
SenPwrPPWR3
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 25
 Logical Node Contents
PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 26

Logical Node Contents

PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod Mode
Beh Behaviour
Str Start
Status Op Operate
Health Health
NamPlt Name Plate
StrVal Start Value
TmMult Time Dial Multiplier
MinOpTmms Minimum Operate Time
MaxOpTmms Maximum Operate Time
Settings
OpDlTmms Operate Delay Time
TypRsCrv Type of Reset Curve
RsDlTmms Reset Delay Time

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 27

 Logical Node Contents Common Data Class
PTOC (CDC)
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod INC Mode
Beh INS Behaviour
Str ACD Start
Status Op ACT Operate
Health INS Health
NamPlt LPL Name Plate
StrVal ASG Start Value
TmMult ASG Time Dial Multiplier
MinOpTmms ING Minimum Operate Time
MaxOpTmms ING Maximum Operate Time
Settings
OpDlTmms ING Operate Delay Time
TypRsCrv ING Type of Reset Curve
RsDlTmms ING Reset Delay Time

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 28

Logical Node Contents

PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod INC Mode M
Beh INS Behaviour M
Str ACD Start M
Status Op ACT Operate M
Health INS Health M
NamPlt LPL Name Plate M
StrVal ASG Start Value O
TmMult ASG Time Dial Multiplier O
MinOpTmms ING Minimum Operate Time O
MaxOpTmms ING Maximum Operate Time O
Settings
OpDlTmms ING Operate Delay Time O
TypRsCrv ING Type of Reset Curve O
RsDlTmms ING Reset Delay Time O

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 29

 Logical Node Contents
PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod INC Mode M
Beh INS Behaviour M
Str ACD Start M
Status Op ACT Operate M
Health INS Health M
NamPlt LPL Name Plate M

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 30

LLN0
IED Model Contents LPHD1
LedGGIO1
System AlmGGIO1

LLN0 Mod
LPHD1
Control XCBR1 Beh
Pos
LLN0
OpCnt
LPHD1
Measurements FouMMXU1 Health
RmsMMXU1 NamPlt

LLN0
Records LPHD1 Mod
RDRE1
Beh
LLN0 Str
Protection LPHD1
Op
OcpPTOC1
Health
OcpPTOC2
OcpPTOC3 NamPlt
OcpPTOC4
Mod
EfmPTOC1
Beh
EfmPTOC2
SenPwrPPWR1 Str
SenPwrPPWR2 Op
SenPwrPPWR3 Health
NamPlt

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 31

 Logical Node Contents
PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod INC Mode M
Beh INS Behaviour M
Str ACD Start M
Status Op ACT Operate M
Health INS Health M
NamPlt LPL Name Plate M

Integer Status
Attribute Type FC
stVal INT32 ST
q Quality ST
t TimeStamp ST
Functional Constraint

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 32

Functional Constraints

Functional Constraint shows DataAttribute use.

Some more commonly used are:
− CO – control
− SP – set point
− CF – configuration
− DC – description
− SG – setting group
− MX – measurements
Each CDC has a mixture of data attribute FC types

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 33

 Logical Node Contents
PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod INC Mode M
Beh INS Behaviour M
Str ACD Start M
Status Op ACT Operate M
Health INS Health M
NamPlt LPL Name Plate M

Controllable Integer Status Protection activation information

Attribute Type FC Attribute Type FC
ctlVal INT32 CO general BOOLEAN ST
stVal INT32 ST q Quality ST
q Quality ST t TimeStamp ST
t TimeStamp ST

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 34

Logical Node Contents

PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod INC Mode M
Beh INS Behaviour M
Str ACD Start M
Status Op ACT Operate M
Health INS Health M
NamPlt LPL Name Plate M

Logical node name plate

Attribute Type FC
vendor VISIBLE STRING255 DC
swRev VISIBLE STRING255 DC
d VISIBLE STRING255 DC

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 35

 Logical Node Contents

Controllable Integer Status (INC)

Attribute Type FC Inclusion
ctrlVal INT32 CO AC_CO_M
stVal INT32 ST M
q Quality ST M
t TimeStamp ST M
operTm TimeStamp CO AC_CO_O
origin Originator CO,ST AC_CO_O
…

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 36

Logical Node Contents

Controllable Integer Status (INC)

Attribute Type FC Inclusion
ctrlVal INT32 CO AC_CO_M
stVal INT32 ST M
q Quality ST M
t TimeStamp ST M
operTm TimeStamp CO AC_CO_O
origin Originator CO,ST AC_CO_O
…

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 37

 Quality Attribute
13 Bits
Bit Position Meaning Type
0,1 Validity CODED ENUM
2 Overflow BOOLEAN
3 outOfRange BOOLEAN
4 badReference BOOLEAN
5 oscillatory BOOLEAN
6 failure BOOLEAN
7 oldData BOOLEAN
8 inconsistent BOOLEAN
9 inaccurate BOOLEAN
10 source CODED ENUM
11 test BOOLEAN
12 operatorBlocked BOOLEAN

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 38

TimeStamp Attribute

Attribute Type/Meaning
SecondSinceEpoch INT32
FractionOfSecond INT24U
TimeQuality

Since
1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC

The time accuracy of MiCOM Px40

relays is to ten significant bits of the
FractionOfSecond attribute. This
equates to approximately one (1)
millisecond.
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 39
 TimeStamp Attribute

Attribute Type/Meaning
SecondSinceEpoch INT32
FractionOfSecond INT24U
TimeQuality

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 40

TimeStamp Attribute
Attribute Type/Meaning
SecondSinceEpoch INT32
FractionOfSecond INT24U
TimeQuality LeapSecondsKnown BOOLEAN
ClockFailure BOOLEAN
2**-n ClockNotSynchronized BOOLEAN
n=10, TimeAccuracy 31 unspecified
1/2**10, (Coded Enum) 7 10ms
1/1024
~ 1/1000 10 1ms
1ms 14 100 μs
16 25 μs
18 4 μs
20 1 μs
Time quality not supported in Areva products. All bits set to 0
except TimeAccuracy which is set to 10 (1ms accuracy)
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 41
 Logical Node Contents

PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod INC Mode M
Beh INS Behaviour M
Str ACD Start M
Status Op ACT Operate M
Health INS Health M
NamPlt LPL Name Plate M

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 42

Logical Node Contents

PTOC
Attribute Class Meaning Inclusion
Mod INC Mode M
Beh INS Behaviour M
Str ACD Start M
Status Op ACT Operate M
Health INS Health M
NamPlt LPL Name Plate M

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 43

 Mode & Behaviour

Mode
− Requested mode of function
• What has it been Configured to do?
• In Px40, based on value in the Config column (09)
Behaviour
− Actual mode of function
• Function is blocked (Test mode)
• Stage is Disabled (in settings columns)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 44

ctlVal
LLN0 stVal
IED Model Contents LPHD1
LedGGIO1
q
t
System AlmGGIO1

LLN0 Mod stVal

LPHD1
Control XCBR1 Beh q
t
Pos
LLN0 ctlVal
OpCnt
LPHD1
Measurements Health stVal
FouMMXU1
RmsMMXU1 NamPlt q
t
LLN0
Records LPHD1 stVal
Mod
RDRE1 q
Beh
t
LLN0 Str
Protection LPHD1
Op
OcpPTOC1
Health
OcpPTOC2
OcpPTOC3 NamPlt
OcpPTOC4
Mod stVal
EfmPTOC1
Beh q
EfmPTOC2
Str t
SenPwrPPWR1
SenPwrPPWR2 Op
SenPwrPPWR3 Health
NamPlt

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 45

 Logical Node Data Sources
PTOC ctlVal
stVal
Attribute
q
Mod t
stVal
Beh q
t
general
Str
q
t
Op general
q Courier Cells
Health t DDB
stVal
Functions
q
NamPlt
t Fixed Data
vendor …
swRev
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling d
- P 46

Logical Node Data Sources

PTOC ctlVal
Courier Cell value
stVal
Attribute q Fixed value of 0
Mod t Time stamp function
stVal Function
Beh q Fixed value of 0
t Time stamp function
general DDB Signal
Str
q Fixed value of 0
t Time stamp function
Op general DDB Signal
q Fixed value of 0
Time stamp function
Health t
stVal Fixed Value 1

q Fixed value of 0
NamPlt
t Time stamp function
vendor String Constant
swRev Courier Cell value
d
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Modelling - P 47
 MMS Object Explorer

Data Model exploring Hands-On

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
 GRID
Technical Institute

Configuration & Integration

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Configuration & Integration

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

From paper to project

IEC61850 Real Substation

14 parts Different vendors
>1000 pages (English Only!) Interoperability
10 years of development Easy Specification

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 3

 IEC61850 Projects

IEC61850 is very large with many service models and

optional features
End users implement different combinations of these
service models and the different features they provide
The protocol is still being evolved
Insufficient to simply specify IEC61850
Necessary to state:
− What features are to be used
− What performance is required
Requires detailed analysis and comparison of all
products in the project to ensure a good fit

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 4

Tendering requirements

A sample of important device specifications:

− Quantity of client/server associations to each IED
− Quantity of peer-peer messages the device will
publish
− Quantity of peer-peer messages the device will
subscribe to
− Number of characters allowed in the device name
− Service Models required
− Control models to be used
− Implemented Logical Nodes & Optional Data
Objects/Attributes
− Implemented TISSUES
Where can this information be found?
− Device Documentation
− Substation Configuration Language Files

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 5

 Motivation

Utilities expect
− Interoperability of:
• Functions
• Devices
• Uniform system handling
• Harmonised general system properties
− To Reduce Engineering Costs by:
• Standardized information exchanges between tools
• Reduction of manual entry & associated errors
• Reuse of project information & configuration

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 6

Engineering tools

IEC 61850-6 defines requirements for system configuration

and parameterization to

− exchange at least system and configuration parameters

− detect (and prevent) violations of consistency
− provide compatible data formats for exchange of
information

Mainly Communications,
nothing on automation nor visualization

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 7

 Configuration Files

Compatible exchange of information

Substation Automation system descriptions
− Single line diagram
− Physical items of plant
IED capability descriptions
− Functionality in terms of the models of IEC 61850-5
and IEC 61850-7-x
− define system parameters
− Interconnections of data
Communications architecture
Binding of the IED and its functions to the substation
− single line diagram
− communication system
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 8

SCL overview

Formal configuration description language

− Based on modern internet technologies
− A set of standardized files that can be exchanged
between tools

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 9

 Reference model for the configuration process

IED Capabilities System specification

(LN, DO, …) (Single line, LNs, …)
IED System
DB ICD Configurator SSD

SCD Associations,
relation to single line,
preconfigured reports, ...
IED
Engineering Configurator
Workplace
Engineering environment File transfer
CID remote
SA system
File transfers and parameterization
File transfer
Substation with IEC61850 services
Local gateway

IED IED IED

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 10

Expected Engineering Process

SSD
System CFG

IID
ICD SCD (Ed.2)

IED CFG

CID/MCL

IED

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 11

 System Specification

The system specification description file (.ssd)

describes the single line diagram and the substation
automation functionality with the associated logical
nodes
− single line diagram
− logical nodes allocated to the single line diagram

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 12

SSD: One Line diagram and functions

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 13

 IED Specification

The IED capability description file (.icd) describes the

capabilities and (optionally) the pre-configured data
model of the IED.
− Logical devices, logical nodes
− pre-configured data-sets
− Pre-configured control blocks

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 14

ICD: Map IEDs to logical devices

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 15

 System Engineering

The substation configuration description file (.scd)

describes the complete substation configuration
− single line diagram
− communication network
− IED configurations
− data flow information (e.g. trip matrix)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 16

SCD: Add the Communications

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 17

 IED Configuration

The configured IED description file (.cid) is a subset of

the SCD file that describes an instantiated IED with all
configuration parameters that are relevant for that IED
It is created by the IED configuration tool and can
include the device specific configuration data
The use of the .cid file to configure the IED is optional.
As an alternate solution a vendor specific file may be
used. Alstom use binary MCL files.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 18

Alternative Processes

Not all engineering facilities offered by SCL are yet

available.
Siemens DIGSI program is not a full System Configurator
AREVA PACIS SCE is not fully 61850 SCL compliant
Small non-DCS installations may not have an SCE
available
Other vendors are taking an approach that only requires
IED Configurators
Relies on the IED Configurator producing configured ICD
files, to be called IID files in Edition 2.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 19

 Without a Substation Configuration Editor

ICD IID CID/MCL IED

IED CFG IED CFG

ICD IID CID/MCL

IED

IED CFG IED CFG

ICD IID CID/MCL

IED

IED CFG IED CFG

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 20

Exchanging IID files

SSD
IED/ System CFG

IID
ICD IID/SCD (Ed.2)

IED CFG

CID/MCL

IED

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 21

 Simplified SCL Object Model

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 22

Substation Configuration Language Schema

<SCL>
<Header>
Identification, version & History information
…. Header section
</Header>
<Substation> Single Line (Topology) Relationship between
…. Substation Section high voltage equipments and Communicating
</Substation> devices and logical nodes.
<Communication>
Communicaton Section Network configuration of the IEDs
….
</Communication>
<IED>
IED section Configuration of one or several IEDs
…. Connection to Logical Nodes of other IEDs
</IED>
<DataTypeTemplates> Data Type Template Data Types (Logical Node types, Data object
…. Section types, Data attribute types, Enumerated types)
</DataTypeTemplates>
</SCL>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 23

 Header section

Identifies the SCL configuration and its version

Naming methodology
History of the file

<Header id="SCL Example T1-1"

nameStructure="IEDName"/>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 24

Substation section

Functional structure of the substation

Primary devices and electrical connections
<Substation name="baden220_132">
<PowerTransformer name="T1" type="PTR">
<LNode lnInst="1" lnClass="PDIF" ldInst="F1" iedName="D1Q1BP2"/>
<LNode lnInst="1" lnClass="TCTR" ldInst="C1" iedName="D1Q1SB1"/>
<TransformerWinding name="W1" type="PTW">
<Terminal
connectivityNode="baden220_132/D1/Q1/L1"
substationName="baden220_132" voltageLevelName="D1"
bayName="Q1" cNodeName="L1"/>
</TransformerWinding>
</PowerTransformer>
<VoltageLevel name="D1">
...
</VoltageLevel>
</Substation>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 25

 IED section

Describes the (pre-)configuration of an IED: access points, logical

devices, logical nodes etc.
Defines the capabilities of the device

<IED name="E1Q1SB1">
<AccessPoint name="S1">
<Server>
<Authentication/>
<LDevice inst="C1">
…
</LDevice>
</Server>
</AccessPoint>
</IED>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 26

Communication section

Describes the interconnections of IEDs to common sub-

networks

<Communication>

<SubNetwork name="W01" type="8-MMS">

<Text>Station bus</Text>

<BitRate unit="b/s">10</BitRate>

<ConnectedAP iedName="D1Q1SB4" apName="S1">

</ConnectedAP>

</SubNetwork>

</Communication>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 27

 Data type templates

Defines instantiable logical node types

<DataTypeTemplates>
<LNodeType id="LN0" lnClass="LLN0">
<DO name="Mod" type="myINC"/>
<DO name="Health" type="myINS"/>
<DO name="Beh" type="myINS"/>
<DO name="NamPlt" type="myLPL"/>
</LNodeType>
...

</DataTypeTemplates>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 28

Substation Configuration Description (SCD) files

<SCL>
<Header>
Data exchange from the
…. Header section
</Header> System Configuration
<Substation> Tool to the IED
…. Substation Section
Configurator tool
</Substation>
<Communication>
….
Communicaton Section Contains the most
</Communication> complete
<IED>
IED section
configuration of the
….
substation, containing
all sections of the
</IED>
<DataTypeTemplates> Data Type Template
…. Section schema
</DataTypeTemplates>
</SCL>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 29

 System Specification Description (SSD) files

<SCL>
Data exchange from the
<Header> System Specification
…. Header section Tool to the System
</Header>
Configuration Tool.
<Substation>
….
</Substation>
Substation Section
Describes the single line
<Communication> diagram and required
Communicaton Section
…. logical nodes
</Communication>
<IED>
IED section
IEDs can be included if
….
</IED>
pre-assigned to
<DataTypeTemplates> Data Type Template logical nodes
…. Section
</DataTypeTemplates>
</SCL>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 30

IED Configuration Description (ICD) files

Data exchange from the IED

<SCL>
Configuration Tool to the
<Header>
System Configuration
…. Header section
Tool.
</Header>
<Substation>
Describes the Capabilities of
Substation Section
….
an IED whose name is
</Substation>
<Communication>
TEMPLATE.
Communicaton Section
….
Default addresses could be
</Communication>
<IED>
identified in the
….
IED section Communication section.
</IED>
The Substation section may
<DataTypeTemplates> Data Type Template
…. Section contain pre-assigned
</DataTypeTemplates>
bindings of LN instances
</SCL> to primary equipment

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 31

 Configured IED Description (CID) files

<SCL> Data exchange from the IED

<Header> Configuration Tool to the
…. Header section IED.
</Header>
<Substation> It is a subset of the SCD file,
…. Substation Section containing only the
</Substation> information an IED is
<Communication>
Communicaton Section concerned about.
….
</Communication> The CID file is optional.
<IED>
IED section
AREVA use binary MCL
….
files in place of the CID
</IED>
file.
<DataTypeTemplates> Data Type Template
…. Section
</DataTypeTemplates>
</SCL>

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 32

SCL Files

All SCL files conform to the SCL Schema

They will exist with varying amounts of content and
configuration
They will evolve throughout the installation / commissioning
lifecycle of a substation
File designations are mostly an indication of the content
and configuration level
Some rules are imposed on specific file types

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 33

 IED Configurator

All IEC61850 configuration and settings are done using the IED
configuration
One tool for Px30, Px40 and Mx70 devices
Phase 1 has some differences between the implementations
due to platform limitations
Phase 2 brings more harmonisation of the approach
Phase 2 devices permit more configuration for greater flexibility
The following features are configurable:
− IED identification & communication address
− SNTP time servers
− GOOSE interconnections
− Buffered & unbuffered Reports
− Control models
− Deadbands
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 34

Px40 configuration

Configuration is performed in the IED Configurator. Many

configuration parameters are not available via the front
panel or other interfaces.
Configuration requires an ICD template
Configuration is transferred transparently as an MCL file:
− Px40: using Courier Binary File Transfer.
− Px30: using cs103
− Mx70: using FTP
Two Configuration Banks
− Active and Inactive banks
− compatibility with PACIS
− Allows quick re-configuration of the system

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Configuration and Integration - P 35

 GRID
Technical Institute

Data Sets

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

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Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Data Sets

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Making data polling efficient

IEC61850 data models are hierarchic

− Data values can be requested hierarchically
• Can result in additional unwanted data being returned
Required information can be dispersed.
− Many individual data attributes can be requested in
one message
• Results in long request and response messages.
Data-Sets are used to group many data points
together so they may be requested and returned
efficiently.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Sets - P 3

 Data Sets

Data Set Definition

− A DATA-SET is an ordered group of ObjectReferences
of DATA or DataAttributes (called the data set
members), organized as a single collection for the
convenience of the client. The membership and order
of the ObjectReferences in a DATA-SET shall be known
to both the client and the server, so that only the
name of the DATA-SET and the current values of the
referenced DATA or DataAttributes need to be
transmitted. This capability thus permits more
efficient use of the communications bandwidth.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Sets - P 4

Data Sets

Data sets are used by various services:

− Data polling
− Reports
− Logging (not supported in MiCOM)
− GOOSE
Data sets can be
− Fixed
− Configurable
− Dynamic (not supported in MiCOM)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Data Sets - P 5

 GRID
Technical Institute

High Speed peer-to-peer

Communication (GSE)

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 High speed peer-to-peer
communication (GSE)

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

What is GSE?

“Generic Substation Event” services are designed to

replace the hardwired protection logic signals with high-
speed peer-to-peer communication messages.
Why?
− To reduce costs
− To make re-configuration easier
− Increase security of operation
Disadvantages
− A different skill set is required
− Harder fault diagnosis
− Protection reliability becomes dependent on the network

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 3

 GSE messages

Two services for peer-peer event messaging:

− GSSE (same as UCA2 GOOSE) ”Generic Substation
State Event”
• Binary bit-pairs
− GOOSE ”Generic Object Oriented Substation Event”
• Any data object / data attribute contained in a Data Set

GSSE is being deprecated from the standard

Not generally supported in MiCOM relays
− Included in Px30 phase 1
− Mx70 include it for distributed disturbance recorder
triggering schemes only

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 4

GOOSE Message

The GOOSE messages contain information that allow the

receiving device to know that a status has changed and
the time of the last status change.
The time of the last status change allows a receiving
device to set local timers relating to a given event.
A newly activated device, upon power-up or reinstatement
to service, shall send current data (status) or values as
the initial GOOSE message.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 5

 GOOSE Message

All devices sending GOOSE messages shall continue to

send the message with a long cycle time, even if no
status/value change has occurred.
− This ensures that devices that have been activated
recently will know the current status values of their peer
devices.
− Facilitates integrity checks of the ‘wiring’ path.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 6

GOOSE: Transmission principle (1)

A GOOSE message is:

− Multicasted
• All IED belonging to the multicast address will decode the message
simultaneously
• Decoding is by hardware, multicast address is by system
configuration
− Repeated in order to cope with
• A temporary failure of an IED (example: queue overflow) or of the
communication (example: re-configuration after a failure)
• The restart of a subscribing IED so that it can re-initialize its
automation sequence
• However there is no guarantee that the message has been received
− Prioritized:
• This is used by the switches (IEEE 801.2Q) and by the application

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 7

 GOOSE: Transmission principle (2)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 8

GOOSE: Repetition mechanism

The standard does not define the repetition interval

− Initial repetition is typically few ms in order to maximize the
probability to achieve fast automation after a short
temporary failure
− Asymptotic repetition is typically a few seconds in order to
re-start the full system behavior (i.e. automation) within
that time frame
The message has a “time allowed to live” parameter
− Used to inform the receiver when the next message is
supposed to arrive
− The receiver is able to detect the failure of the publisher
and eventually start a fall-back algorithm
When a message is repeated then the sequence number is
incremented
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 9
 GOOSE: Receiver side

The receiver will normally execute a logic combination or

sequence upon the GOOSE reception
− The asymptotic repetition is there to enable the
initialization of this processing no later than To after the
(re-) start of the receiver
The receiver will receive the repetitions of GOOSE and
possibly ignore them in its application processing
(depending on internal implementation)
− However this is consuming some processing capacities
− MiCOM devices only process the message if a change is
detected.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 10

GOOSE Model

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 11

 GOOSE Message

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 12

GOOSE Control Block

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 13

 GOOSE

GOOSE Publishing
− Data sets must be located in the same Logical Node
as the GOOSE control block that uses them
− Preferred to map the lowest data attribute in the
model rather than data objects (for ease of
subscription & message size)
− Any data attribute from the entire data model can be
published in any data set.
GOOSE Subscription
− Only certain data attribute types can be subscribed to
• Must be mappable onto a PSL DDB input: (Boolean,
Int, UInt, Bstr2)
• Only SPS & DPS data object types can be mapped.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 14

GOOSE Transfer time

Transfer time t = t a + tb + tc

ta tb tc

Communi-
fi fk
Communi-
cation cation
processor processor

Physical device PD[n] Physical device PD[m]

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 15

 From Process Performance
Binary Input
example (ms)
Filtering [1-11]

Logical [1-10] [3-24]

Faster than
Communication [1-3] hardwiring by 1-9 ms

Switching [0.1]

Communication [1-3]

Logical [1-10] [1-17]

Relaying [1-4]

Process To + 4 - 41
Binary Output
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 16

Distributed Protection Performance

Process
Merging Unit Protection IED

Analog Sensor Interface LAN Interface Protection

Sensor Module Module Switch Module Module

Status Input Interface

Sensor Module Module

Outputs
Module Control Interface
Process
Unit

Process
Control
Event Start Event End

tSM tIM1 tLAN1 tIM2 tPM tIM3 tLAN2 tIM4 tOM tPC

tEVT

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 17

 GOOSE System Design (1)

Define the a priori logical architecture

− Theoretical dataflow between devices, i.e. which data shall be sent from
X to Y
Map the a priori logical architecture on the IED capabilities
− Practical dataflow taking into account the real IED capabilities in term of
GOOSE (maximum number in emission and reception) and multi-cast
filtering
− If an IED is able to send only one GOOSE then this GOOSE shall
contain all data produced by this IED and be sent to all IEDs receiving
any of these data
Check time performances
− Assess whether the overall reaction time is satisfactory for each
automation processing individually with a single GOOSE message:
• Publisher processing + Publisher communication + Ethernet communication
+ Subscriber communication + Subscriber logic processing

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 18

GOOSE System Design (2)

Check time performances (continued)

− Assess the performance of each subscriber when receiving the
full series of GOOSE (“avalanche”):
• Take into account the repetition messages, the simultaneous
GOOSE for the different automation sequences, etc
− Assess whether the overall reaction time is satisfactory
for the entire automation scheme
Check dependability performances
− Assess whether the failure of one of the IED or of the
communication network is acceptable
− Evaluate the behavior of the receiving IEDs when a data is
invalid or missing
Possibly adjust the physical and logical architectures, as well as
the subscriber logic based on time and dependability
performances conclusions
− Redundancy, Proxy, Restrict functional integration, etc.
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 19
 Automation List

Interlocking with a single control at a time

Voltage regulation of parallel transformers
Automatic recloser co-ordination
Disturbance recorder coordination
MV Busbar protection
Circuit breaker failure protection/protection
acceleration
Frequency load shedding
Generation/ Load unbalance adaptive load shedding
Sequences
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 20

Adaptive Load Shedding

Comm. IED Router WAN

GOOSE

Load-shedding
Controller

GOOSE GOOSE GOOSE

PIED1 PIED2 PIEDi

PFdr1 PFdr2 PFdri

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 21

 Breaker Failure Protection

GSE
Breaker Failure
Protection

Relay Relay Relay

GSE

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - GSE - P 22

 GRID
Technical Institute

Time Synchronisation

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Time Synchronisation

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Time Synchronisation

IEC61850 doesn’t specify any protocol for time

synchronisation
It says “for synchronisation trough LAN, SNTP shall be
used”

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Time Synchronisation - P 3

 SNTP

2 SNTP time servers can be specified

Both equal priority alternatives
UNICAST mode used by specifying individual IP addresses
ANYCAST mode used by specifying the broadcast address
for the sub-network
− The first server that responds will be used.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Time Synchronisation - P 4

SNTP

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Time Synchronisation - P 5

 Time synchronisation

Protocole comparison

Case of distributed oscillography

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Time Synchronization accuracies

SNTP via LAN

− Supported by 70 series firmware 3.01 or higher
− Typical accuracy: 2 ms
− Typical accuracy degrees of arc at 50 Hz: 30 degrees
− Application: SCADA

− Single server for all clients over ethernet link

− Routable but add 1ms delay per router

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Time Synchronisation - P 7

 Time Synchronization accuracies

Modulated IRIG-B
− Supported by 70 series (optional additional modules)
− Typical accuracy: 600 us
− Typical accuracy degrees of arc at 50 Hz: 10 degrees
− Application: Distributed oscillography
− Use where BNC connection required

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Time Synchronisation - P 8

Time Synchronization accuracies

Un-modulated IRIG-B
− Supported by 70 series
− Typical accuracy: 50 us
− Typical accuracy degrees of arc at 50 Hz: 1 degree
− Application: Distributed oscillography
− More accurate than modulated IRIG-B

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Time Synchronisation - P 9

 Time Synchronization accuracies

IEC 1588 (PTP) – Precision Time Protocol

− Not supported by 70 series
− Accuracy: 1 us
− Accuracy degrees of arc at 50 Hz: 0.02 degrees
− Application Synchrophasors
− Needs special network infrastructure hardware

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Time Synchronisation - P 10

 Time Synchronisation

Hands-on Exercise

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
 GRID
Technical Institute

Reports

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Reports

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Reporting

Mechanism for reporting data changes

Types of Report
− Instantaneous – Report generated when the data changes
− Delayed – Report generated after expiry of a timer started
when data first changes
Optional Features
− Integrity (Timed) - Regular reporting irrespective of any
changes
− On Demand (General Interrogation) - Client interrogates
server to get latest report
Data in report defined by a Data Set (Named Variable List)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Reports - P 3

 Report Contents

Sequence Number
− Increments for each report
Timestamp
− When report was generated
Inclusion
− Mask indicating which elements of dataset have changed
Data Set Values

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Reports - P 4

Reporting Measured Values

Deadbands
Measured Values can exhibit small fluctuations
Capability of generating large number of reports
Deadbands are used to control data change reports
− Integer value defining percentage of the difference
between max and min values of measurement
− Data must change by the specified difference to
generate report
− 1 point = 0.001%
− 0 = no deadband so all changes are reported
− 100,000 = 100% so no changes reported
− Full range is 0 – 100,000
− Range of measurements can be set in MCL
configuration or online
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Reports - P 5
 Buffered Reports

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Reports - P 9

 MMS Object Explorer

Reporting Hands-On

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
 GRID
Technical Institute

Controls

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Controls

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Control Introduction

The control model allows external devices, control

outputs, or other internal functions to be controlled by a
remote client.
The control model consists of
− a behaviour described with state machines
− a specification of services
− a data model

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Controls - P 3

 Control Model Behaviour

Depending on the application, different behaviours of

a control object shall be used, normally specified by
the utility. Therefore, different state machines are
defined.
For a specific control object, the used model shall be
defined in a configuration parameter (CF.ctlModel).
Five cases are defined:
− Status Only (ph1 XCBR)
− Direct control with normal security (direct-operate)
− SBO control with normal security (operate-once or
operate-many)
− Direct control with enhanced security (direct-operate)
− SBO control with enhanced security (operate-once or
operate-many)
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Controls - P 4

Control Services

The control services available on a DATA object are

dependent on the state machine selected by the
control model.
The control model defines the following services:
− Select (Sel) / SelectWithValue (SelVal)
− Cancel
− Operate (Oper) / TimeActivatedOperate (TimOper)
− CommandTermination (CmdTerm)
The control model services that operate on DATA with
DataAttributes having the functional constraint FC
(=CO or SP).

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Controls - P 5

 Control Data Model

The DATA providing controllable DataAttributes shall

be of one of the common DATA classes defined in IEC
61850-7-3, for example:
− Controllable single point (SPC)
− Controllable double point (DPC)
− Controllable integer status (INC)
− Binary controlled step position information (BSC)
− Integer controlled step position information (ISC)
− Controllable analogue set point (APC)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Controls - P 6

Principle of Control Model

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Controls - P 7

 Select before operate
SBO controls objects
must be Selected
before they can be
operated, and
operated within a
timeout period.
The change from one
state to the next state
shall be controlled by
the parameter “check
condition”. The
check condition may
be specified by a
service parameter
(for example,
synchrocheck).
Besides the check
condition specified
by the service
parameter, the
control object may
perform additional
checks.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Controls - P 8

Enhanced Security

Enhanced security adds

additional
supervision of the
status value of the
data object and
returns a command
termination primitive.

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Controls - P 9

 GRID
Technical Institute

Redundancy

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Redundancy

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Base architectures

STAR

Basic scheme since

failure of the central
switch leads to the
total communication
failure

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 3

 Base architectures

DOUBLE STAR

Redundancy
(2 ports)

The most secured

scheme since multiple
failures are tolerated
except the two central
switches
simultaneously

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 4

Base architectures
RING

Redundancy
(2 ports)

The most common scheme

since good
performance/cost ratio
(save 2 central switches vs.
start configuration)

Failure of a single fiber or

device does not affect the
system once reconfiguration
is completed (Self Healing)
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 5
 Base architectures

DOUBLE RING

The most secured scheme

Redundancy Add securiy of ring
architecture and add a full
(2 ports) redundancy

Multiple failures can be

supported

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 6

Redundancy – the problem

Behaviour was until recently not defined in IEC

61850
Competitors have different solutions
− But integral to relays
Existing redundancy solutions (e.g. STP, RSTP,
even eRSTP) too slow for automation

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 7

 Redundance solution comparison

Time reconfiguration when a fibre is broken

− Double star : 0 ms
− Ring : 1 << 1 ms recovery time - we must
strongly promote this differentiating
performance!
− RSTP : 300ms Too long for fast automation
scheme (GOOSE)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 8

PACiS Ethernet Self Healing ring solution

MiCOM H35 MiCOM H35

PACiS Ethernet PACiS Ethernet

MiCOM
C264 + IEC61850 ring network
MiCOM
C264 +
IEC61850 ring network
SWR20x
Normal conditions SWR20x Self Healed
MiCOM MiCOM
C264 + C264 +
SWR20x SWR20x

MiCOM H35 MiCOM H35

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 9

 Areva switches

H34x : Simple star switch

6xRJ45 and 2xFO

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 10

Areva switches

H35x : Switch forself healing ring

-2 connections to the ring
-6 star connections

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 11

 Areva switches

SWR, SWD et SWU :

Internal mounting case for C264 of Areva
switches

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Redundancy - P 12

 GRID
Technical Institute

NCIT

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 NCIT

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

IEC61850 doesn’t specify the CTVT’s

technology :

conventional with analog-digital converter or

non conventional

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 3

 Substation Automation Solution - Future Trend

7 Technical Services

Station Level
9
Function A Function B
61850-8-1

1 6 1 6

Bay Level Bay Level

3 8 3
Protection Control Protection Control

4 5 4 5
61850-9-2
61850-8-1

HV Equipment HV Equipment
61850-9-1
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 4

Merging Unit

Communication interface between NCIT and IEDs based

on IEC 61850-9-2LE protocol

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 5

 Sample Values Digital Communication
Guideline IEC 61850-9-2LE

NCIT
NCIT Unidirectional
Merging
Merging Unit
Unit DIGITAL LINK
I.E.D
I.E.D
High speed unidirectional link : MU → IED

Encoding sample data : 32 bit (integer)

Physical layer : Optic fiber (copper optional)

Data Link layer : Ethernet 100 Mbit/s

Application Layer : IEC 61850-9-2 “Light Edition” guideline to aid

implementation and interoperability
− Sampling rate : 80 or 256 samples per cycle
− Neutral current and/or voltage may be measured, or derived
− Multicast SAV messages
− Defines Logical Device “LMU”
− Synchronising

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 6

Relay for NCIT

IEC 61850-9-2 LE
Process
Merging Unit: CVCOM 300 Protection IED: MiCOM P442 (distance)

Analog or
Sensor Interface LAN Interface Protection Outputs
Optical
Module Module Switch Module Module Module
Sensor

Status Process
Sensor Control

Process Process

Replace analogue 1/5 Amp CT and 110V VT inputs

Relay inputs is based on fibre connectors and IEC61850-9-2
Provide same data structure to device databus as analog inputs.
− No influence in main relay modules and software.
− All operations and performance is the same as device with
analogue inputs
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 7
 Example AREVA proposed architecture
GPS
BB1 CVCOM (1PPS)
BB2 Mxxx (IRIG-B)
P594
1 x VTCE 1 x VTCE METERING
Q21 Q22
PE3 PE3
2 x M3 2 x M3
Modules Modules

Q50 PE6 TFR TFR

3 x M6 1PPS 1PPS
3 x CTOE M871 CVCOM B1 CVCOM B2 M871
Modules
MAIN 1 P444
1PPS 1PPS
F21-1
1PPS
BBP 1 P746
F87B
CVCOM 1
1PPS BF P841
Q28 IEC 61850 - 9-2 F50B
CVCOM 2
3 x VTCE 1PPS
IEC MAIN 2 P443
6185
0-9 ENGINEERING
-2 o F21-2
r 1A WORKSTATION
CVCOM 3 - 100
V
TFR Mxxx
Fault Recorder
1A

1A -
PE3 100V
-1

2 x M3
00

METERING BCU C264

V

Modules IEC 61850 - 8-1

Wh & VARh Controller

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 8

Technical Performance

In this test, PAna tripped 1.8 ms prior to PDig

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 9
 NCIT : a complete system
4 poles of competence complete the offer
− Sensor technology: industrialisation, process of manufacturing
− Electronics: sensors, Merging Unit, digital interface (“9-2”)
− Automation: digital interface in all protection, tests of operation
− System: substation architecture, DCS integration (“8-1”),..

VT-ncit CT-ncit
Line Protection

other protections

Digital Interface
IEC 61850-9-2

proprietary FO
Merging Unit
proprietary FO

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 10

“Non-Conventional” Instrument Transformer

(NCIT)

Technology driven initially by Primary Equipment

− Non Conventional Instrument Transformer, GIS, AIS
Current sensor
− Wide dynamic range <10%In up to 2000%In
− High accuracy <0.2%
− No CT saturation
Voltage sensor
− No transient (CVT)
− High accuracy <0.2%
The wide pass-band of electronic CTs and VTs can be exploited
in order to measure harmonics or to carry out high performance
transient recording
NCIT series is available and
has been well proved
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 11
 NCIT : target advantages

Cost savings (particularly at Higher Voltages than 200kV)

− Standalone Products : Compactness ; Lightness ; Wiring ; Installation
− Integrated Products (on LT Breaker, or in GIS) ; Space savings
Digital Standard IEC 61850 ; Interoperability
− Interoperability between IT and all NCIT technologies, and all vendors
− Integration in the Substation Automation System (SAS), supervision
Safety - Reliability - Availability
− Earthquake-resistant solutions ; no explosion ; no secondary danger ;
redundancy ; monitoring
Measurement Improvements
− no saturation ; no ferro-resonance ; accurate transient responses…
− high-order harmonics (Power Quality Metering) ; extended dynamic
range…
Exploitation easiness
− Cabling simplification ; optical insulation from EMC
− Reduced inventories ; adapted and easy (re)calibration ;
− Architecture configuration easiness
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - NCIT - P 12
 GRID
Technical Institute

Documentation

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Documentation

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

IEC61850 Documentation

Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS)

Technical issues
− summary
Enhancements and minorof the communication capabilities of the system
or device
modifications to the (for testing)
standard, agreed by the
61850Protocol
committee,Implementation
that are eXtra Information for Testing
expected (PIXIT)
to be included
in an IEC61850
− communication
implementation .
capabilities of the system or device which
are outside the scope of the IEC 61850 series.
Model Implementation Conformance Statement (MICS)
− details the standard data object model elements supported
by the system or device
Tissue Implementation Conformance Statement (TICS)
− Details the Tissues (Technical Issues) that the IEC61850
implementation has incorporated.
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Documentation - P 3
 IEC 61850 Standard - Organization

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Documentation - P 4

Certification testing

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.
 What is Conformance Testing ?

The conformance tests verify the communication services in

accordance with the standard.

Conformance Testing is defined in Part 10 of the IEC 61850 Standard.

“Conformance testing does not replace project specific system

related tests such as the FAT and SAT. The FAT and SAT are
based on specific customer requirements for a dedicated
substation automation system and are done by the system
integrator and normally witnessed by the customer. These
tests increase the confidence level that all potential problems
in the system have been identified and solved. These tests
establish that the delivered substation automation system is
performing as specified.” [IEC 61850, Part 10]

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Documentation - P 6

What is Conformance Testing not ?

A conformance test certificate is not a guarantee that the

IED will interoperate with any other IED or client
application
Interoperability tests and project FAT/SAT tests are more
important for any real application

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Documentation - P 7

 Conformance or Interoperability Testing Failures

Conformance test failures or Interoperability problems

should be reported to the UCA International Users Group
− Logged as a Technical Issue
Technical issues committee arbitrates why test failed /
what caused the problem, and propose the solution
− May result in an update of the standard or the
conformance test

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Documentation - P 8

Conformance Test Certification

Certification of conformance tests is accredited by the UCA

International Users Group.
Categories:
− Level A certificate: Certification by independent test
facility. Example: KEMA
− Level B certificate: Certification by IED vendor. Example:
AREVA, ABB

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Documentation - P 9

 Conformance Test Certification

Example KEMA certificate:

Specific to the tested IED

and datamodel
Specific to the tested
firmware version

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Documentation - P 10

 GRID
Technical Institute

Changes on protection relays

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Changes on protection relays

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

Ethernet Interface (Px4x)

Ethernet + IRIG-B card options are as

follows:
− 100 Mbit/s Fiber Optic (ST type) + 10/100
Mbit/s Copper (RJ45 type)
− 100 Mbit/s Fiber Optic (ST type) + 10/100
Mbit/s Copper (RJ45 type) + IRIG-B
Modulated
− 100 Mbit/s Fiber Optic (ST type) + 10/100
Mbit/s Copper (RJ45 type) + IRIG-B Un-
modulated

Modulated or un-modulated
IRIG-B

10 Base-T/100Base-TX (RJ45)
100 Base-FX (ST type)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Changes on protections relays- P 3

 Ethernet Interface (Px4x)

Warning !

If Ethernet card fitted in Px4x relay, cannot have:

− Rear Port 2 (Courier – K-Bus / EIA485 / EIA232)
− InterMiCOM (RS232)
− Optical port (for Rear Port 1 protocol)

…and Rear Port 1 can only be either Courier protocol

or IEC60870-5-103 protocol (order option)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Changes on protections relays- P 4

Ethernet Interface (Px3x)

CPU Interface

COMM2: EIA485

Fibre 100 Mbit/s /

Power-PC
Copper 10/100 Mbit/s

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Changes on protections relays- P 5

 Ethernet Interface (Px3x)

Warning !

If Ethernet card fitted in Px3x relay, cannot have:

− COMM1 (SCADA protocol – menu-selectable)
− IRIG-B

…but COMM2 (IEC60870-5-103 for remote settings

access) is available

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Changes on protections relays- P 6

Integration of non-IEC 61850 relays to IEC 61850

Relay with serial protocol integrated into PACiS via C264

Project to provide an IEC 61850 converter unit

− To interface Px20 relays, possibly some Px10 and
Measurement devices (Modbus protocol)

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Changes on protections relays- P 7

 GRID
Technical Institute

Changes on Substation Engineering

Grid
Technical Institute – St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX – England
Tel : +44(0)1785 786463 - Fax : +44(0)1785 227729

AREVA T&D UK LTD. Registered Office : St Leonards Avenue – Stafford – ST17 4LX
Registered in England : 4955841
Copyright © of AREVA T&D UK Limited
 Changes on substation engineering

GRID
Technical Institute

This document is the exclusive property of Alstom Grid and shall not be
transmitted by any means, copied, reproduced or modified without the prior
written consent of Alstom Grid Technical Institute. All rights reserved.

System architecture

Nothing is defined by the IEC 61850

− Will to enable innovation
Logical architecture shall be defined
− Nominal Data flow: clients/servers and peer-to-peer, short
and medium term sizing
− Non Nominal Data Flow: missing device, invalid data,
performance during avalanches
− Redundancy management: client and server sides, cold/hot
− Performance management: multi-cast filtering, VLAN,
Clusters
− Security: how to protect from external threats
Physical architecture shall be defined
− Electrical/optical
− Single/redundant
− Loop/Star
− Ethernet Switches
System architect is required as per any Information System
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Intro - P 3
 The system architect

A (“new”) job essential for innovative design

and/or mix of different suppliers matching
evolving business processes
Both long term view (defining guidelines) and
short term perspective (real projects)
Short term
− Guarantee the functional consistency of the various devices
working together and the system performances
• Make sure that distributed functions are fully defined and have
acceptable side effects in case of degraded situations
• Mix legacy devices with new technology and define migration
paths
• Manage the increasing system complexity: version, security, etc.
• Design with system tests & costs in mind: interoperability,
functional validation, performances
− Design and regularly improve internal generic standard
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Intro - P 4

System Architecture vs. System Integration

System Architect System Integration

Distributed functions detailed specifications (LN Overall specification

mapping, LN detailed logic, report
parameters, etc.) Distributed function specification adjustment
Migration strategy Overall configuration databases and setting
Communication architecture Plate-form components purchasing and
assembly
PICS and MICS of the IEDs to be used
Test plan/sheet/results for
IED preliminary choice and supplier participation nominal/degraded/performance scenario
negotiation
IED fault reports/Change report emission
IED paper inter-operability analysis and and supplier negotiations within the
validation agreed frame
Performances simulations Architect fault report
SSD Version management for HW/SW/Database
Medium/long term evolution per IED
Security policy FAT/SAT/Maintenance
Standard packages (bay, schemes, etc.)
Project technical supervision
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Intro - P 5
 Migration strategy

“Greenfields” happen but are (very) rare

− Need to define the general migration from present situation to the
future
Several strategies – need to define the applicable one
− Per function, for example: change protection first
− Per electro-technical entity, for example: bay or voltage level
− Key criteria: aging device, qualified device, outage minimization,
etc.
“Proxy concept”
− Gateway from past protocol to IEC 61850
− IED, RTU or even GUI
Network vision
− Telecontrol: protocol, configuration exchanges
− Asset management Part of the big picture
− Distributed automation

Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Intro - P 6

Configuration management

Configuration management
Evolving Substation
− Capability to distribute
Requirements configuration databases to the
(size, functions, etc.) various devices and insure that
Fixing bugs
their versions are consistent
between them
• But a also that they are
consistent with evolving
hardware and software versions
− Inconsistent databases might
lead to security issues (example:
control the wrong circuit breaker)
Adding − Not defined by IEC, i.e. specific
features
to a supplier or a user
− Solution: manual process or
central software client
Application on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol - Intro - P 7