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‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

English Grammar
Lecture 01
Basic Knowledge:
 English is international language. It is Pakistan’s official language.
 There are total 26 alphabets (letters) in English language.
 Alphabets have two types;
 Consonants are 21 in numbers.
 Vowels are 05 in numbers. (A, E, I, O, U)
 Letters joined to make words. Combination of letters with no sense is called rubbish.
Word:
It is group of letters. For example Union, Apple, Aunt, Fan, Noun, Verb, etc
Phrase:
It is group of words having no subject-verb combination. It does not give complete sense of information.
Sound:
Consonants can produce 24 distinct sounds, whereas vowels can produce 20 different sounds.
Syllable:
"A part of a word that can be pronounced separately" is called Syllable. Two or more letters which have one vowel letter is called
one syllable for example Run, cat- e- go- ry (Category)
Sentence:
When we speak or write, we use words. We generally use these words in groups;
Example:
"Beautiful girl sat in a corner.
THE PHRASE AND THE CLAUSE:
PHRASE:
Examine the group of words “in a corner”. It makes sense,but not complete sense. Such a group of words is called a
Phrase.
Examples :
 "The sun rises in the east."
 "Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall."
 "There came a giant to my door."
 "It was a sunset of great beauty."
 "The tops of the mountains were covered with snow."
 "Show me how to do it."
 "He has a chain of gold."
Clause:
When a group of words forms part of a sentence and contains both a Subject and a Predicate, it's called a Clause.
Examples :
 "People who pay their debts are trusted."
 "We cannot start while it is raining."
 "I think that you have made a mistake."
Types of Phrase:
1. Noun Phrase:
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
A 'Noun Phrase' is the group of words which does the work of a noun. It may act as a subject or object of a verb.
Examples :
 We hope to win the first prize.
 "That new black shirt is mine."
 Do you enjoy reading this book?
 Faraz was visited by all kith and kin.
 I wish to go into business.
 The sound of the birds is soothing.
 She is known for her kindness and generosity.
2. Adjective Phrase:
An 'Adjective Phrase' is the group of words which does the work of an adjective. Examples include:
 A shirt of pink colour.
 I like to see a face with a smile on it.
 A market without any buyer.
 Life is not a bed of roses.
 The car in pristine condition attracted many buyers.
 The book full of suspenseful events was hard to put down.
3. Adverb Phrase:
An 'Adverb Phrase' is a group of words which does the work of an adverb.
Examples :
 Ali ran at great speed.
 You do your work without any care.
 She answered in a very rude manner.
 Nothing can live on the moon.
 He completed the task with incredible efficiency.
 The cat sat on the warm windowsill.
4. Prepositional Phrase:
A 'Prepositional Phrase' is that group of words which consists of a preposition and a noun phrase.
Examples :
 There is a garden in front of my house.
 I shall act according to my plan.
 Call me immediately in case of any emergency.
 Shahid is at home in Mathematics.
 The painting on the wall is priceless.
 The letter from my grandmother was heartwarming.
Types of clause:
1. Noun Clause:
A 'Noun Clause' is a group of words that contains a subject and predicate of its own and functions as a
'noun'. Examples :
I fear that I shall fail.
You do not know what he wants.
They often wonder how I am getting on.
It is uncertain whether she will come.
I understand that prices have increased.
The problem is that prices have increased.
That prices have increased makes us all unhappy.
The fact that prices have increased makes us unhappy.
2. Adjective Clause:
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
An 'Adjective Clause' is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate of its own and functions as
an 'Adjective'.
Examples :
 I know the place where they live.
 You found the books that you had lost.
 Tahir is the man who is true to his words.
 She went away by the train which departed at 9:00.
3. Adverb Clause:
: An 'Adverb Clause' is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate of its own and functions as an
'Adverb'.
Examples :
 If you eat too much, you will be ill.
 Alia finished first though she began late.
 Danish is not so clever as you are.
 Do as you please.
Two main types of clause:
1. Dependent Clauses:
(also known as subordinate clauses) do not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. They
are usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction like because, since, if, when, although, etc.
Examples :
 Because it's raining
 While you were sleeping
 If I win the lottery
 Although she was late
 After the bell rang
 Since you are here
 When the movie is over
 Unless it stops raining
 Wherever you go
 Until the sun sets
2. Independent Clauses:
(also known as main clauses/Principle Clause) express a complete thought and can stand alone as
a sentence.
Examples :
 John eats an apple.
 The cat is sleeping.
 I am going to the market.
 She can speak three languages.
 The sun sets in the west.
 Birds are flying in the sky.
 I have completed my homework.
 They are playing football.
 She likes to read novels.
 We are planning a trip.
Sentence:
" A group of words like this, which makes complete sense, is called a Sentence.”
Parts of Sentence: (Subject and Predicate :
Every sentence has two main parts
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 The part that names the person or thing we're speaking about is called the Subject.
 The part that tells something about the subject is called the Predicate.
Usually, the Subject comes first, but occasionally it appears after the Predicate.
Example:
 "Here comes the bus."
 "Sweet are the uses of adversity."
In Imperative sentences, the Subject is often omitted, but understood.
Example:
 "Sit down." (The understood subject is "You")
 "Thank him." (Again, "You" is understood.)
Identify Subject and Predicate:
 The earth revolves round the sun.
 Nature is the best physician.
 Edison invented the phonograph.
 The sea hath many thousand sands.
Types of sentence:
Simple Sentence: A simple sentence contains one independent clause. Examples :
 The dog barks. Rain falls.
 The sun is shining. She is singing.
 I read a book. He loves pizza.
 They are playing in the park. You look happy.
 We went shopping.
 The cake tastes delicious.
Compound Sentence:
A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses. These clauses are
joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or a semicolon (;).
Examples :
 I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
 She didn't want to go to the museum; instead, she decided to stay home.
 The sky is clear, so we can go for a picnic.
 The food is cold, but it is delicious.
 I want to buy a new car, but I don't have enough money.
 We were tired, so we decided to go home.
 He didn't study for the test, yet he passed with flying colors.
 The project was challenging, and I learned a lot from it.
 I love reading books; I also enjoy writing stories.
 The concert was cancelled, so we watched a movie instead.
Complex Sentence:
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
Examples :
 Because it was raining, we stayed indoors.
 I'll make dinner when I get home.
 If you save your money, you can buy a car.
 Although she is young, she is very responsible.
 Before you go to bed, remember to set your alarm.
 While I was driving, I saw a beautiful rainbow.
 After the movie ends, we will go to dinner.
 She likes to read books that are inspiring.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 The project, which was due on Friday, was completed early.

 He understood the lesson because he had studied hard.
Compound-Complex Sentence:
A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and at least
one dependent clause.
Examples :
 I wanted to play outside, but it started to rain, so I decided to read a book instead.
 John, who is an excellent musician, loves to play guitar, and he also enjoys teaching music
to others.
 She didn't like the movie, but she thought the music was beautiful, even though it was not
her usual taste.
 When the cake is brown, take it out of the oven, and let it cool.
 Although I was scared at first, I decided to climb the tree, and I was able to get a great
view.
 I failed my first test, so I studied hard, and I passed the next one.
 He missed the bus, but he took a taxi, so he arrived on time.
 If it is sunny tomorrow, we can go to the park, or we can visit the museum.She loves
reading mystery novels, and she often guesses the ending before she finishes the book.
 Although she was tired, she decided to finish her work, and she was proud of her effort.
Conditional Sentence:
A conditional sentence is a type of sentence that expresses a hypothetical situation or a condition
that must be met for something else to happen. Conditional sentences typically consist of two
main parts: the dependent clause (also known as the "if clause" or "conditional clause") and the
independent clause (also known as the "main clause" or "result clause"). These two clauses work
together to convey the condition and its potential outcome.
Types of conditional Sentence:
Zero Conditional (General Truths & Facts)
Structure: If + Present Simple, Present Simple Example:
 If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
 If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.
 If the sun sets, it gets dark.
 If you drop an object, it falls.
 If you don't water plants, they die.
 If you touch fire, it burns.
First Conditional (Real Possibility in the Present or Future)
Structure: If + Present Simple, Will + Base verb
Examples :
 If it rains, we will stay at home.
 If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
 If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.
 If I finish my work early, I will go for a walk.
 If she doesn't eat breakfast, she gets hungry by mid-morning.
 If you don't wear a coat, you'll get cold.
 If it's sunny tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
 If you save your money, you can buy a new phone.
Second Conditional (Unreal Possibility in the Present or Future)
Structure: If + Past Simple, Would + Base verb
Examples :
 If I had a million dollars, I would buy a new house.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 If she were here, she would know what to do.

 If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.
 If I could fly, I would travel the world.
 If you gave me a book, I would read it.
 If she spoke Spanish, she would work in Spain.
 If we owned a boat, we would sail every weekend.
 If he knew how to dance, he would join the dance club.
Third Conditional (Unreal Possibility in the Past)
Structure: If + Past Perfect, Would Have + Past Participle
Examples :
 If he had known the answer, he would have raised his hand.
 If they hadn't missed the bus, they would have arrived on time.
 If I had known about the party, I would have attended.
 If she had studied harder, she would have passed her exams.
 If we had left earlier, we wouldn't have been late.
 If he had brought his umbrella, he wouldn't have gotten wet.
 If they had set an alarm, they would have woken up on time.
Other types of sentence:
Declarative or Assertive Sentences:
The sententence that tells us that some action or incident has taken place or not.
These sentences can be positive or negative.
Affirmative Sentences:
These are sentences that make positive statements.
Example:
 "We have won the match."
 "Birds fly in the sky."
Negative Sentences: These sentences declare negation for some task, description, or fact.
Example:
 "The sun does not rise in the west."
 "I haven't visited that city."
Emphatic Sentences:
Sentences that express something forcibly.
Examples :
 "They shall come here."
 "She did go to school."
 "I do understand your point."
Interrogative Sentences:
A sentence in which a question is asked.
Examples :
 "Does the sun rise in the east?"
 "Do you respect your elders?" "Where have you been?"
Imperative Sentences:
A sentence that expresses a command, a request, an entreaty, or a suggestion.
Examples :
 "Sit down!"
 "Go away!"
 "Walk slowly!"
 "Please close the door."
Exclamatory Sentences:
Sentences that express strong and sudden feelings or sentiments (like sadness, happiness, or
surprise).
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Example:
 "How foolish you are!"
 "What a beautiful sunset!"
Optative Sentences:
Sentences that express a wish, hope, or desire.
Examples :
 "Would that I were rich!"
 "May God help you in this matter!"
 "May your journey be safe!"

Lecture 02
Figure of Speech
1. Simile (‫)ہیبشت‬: A comparison between two things using "like" or "as."
Examples:
1. "Ayesha’s voice is sweet like Sheesh Mahal’s echo.|‫"اعہشئیکآواقشیشلحمیکوگجنیکرطحیھٹیم۔ے۔‬
2. "He is as brave as a lion in the deserts of Thar.|‫"و رھت ےریشیکرطحاہبدر۔ے۔‬
3. "The road was as crowded as Anarkali Bazaar on Eid.|‫"ڑسکدیع ےدناانریلکابقاریکرطحرھبیئویئیھت۔‬
2. Metaphor ( ‫ )ااعتسر‬: A direct comparison between two things without "like" or "as."
Examples:
a. "Ali is a walking encyclopedia of Lahore’s history.|‫"یلعالئوریکاترخیاکاتلچرھپاتااسنولکیئڈیپای۔ے۔‬
b. "Her heart is a garden of roses, filled with kindness.|‫"اُساکد تبحمےسرھبائواالگوب اکابغ۔ے۔‬
c. "The classroom was a battlefield during the debate.|‫"ثحب ےدورانالکسرو دیمانگنجنبایگاھت۔‬
3. Personification (‫ )میسجت‬: Giving human qualities to non-human objects or abstract ideas.
Examples:
a. "The sun greeted Karachi with a warm smile.|‫"وسرجےنرکایچوکاکیرگ رکسماٹہےسوخشآدمدیاہک۔‬
b. "The wind whispered secrets through the streets of Multan.|‫"ئواےناتلمنیکویلگ ںیمرسوگایش ںیک۔‬
c. "The river danced down from the mountains to join the sea.|‫"درایاہپڑو ےساناتچئوادنمسرےسےنلمالچآای۔‬
4. Hyperbole (‫ )ابمہغل‬: Exaggerated statements not meant to be taken literally.
Examples:
a. "She has a thousand bangles from every city in Pakistan.| ‫اُس ےاپساپاتسکن ےرہرہشےسزہارو وچڑای‬
‫"ںیہ۔‬
b. "He’s been to Murree a million times.|‫"و الوھک ابررمیاجاکچ۔ے۔‬
c. "The line at the food stall was endless like the Ravi River.| ‫اھکےن ےااٹس ورالنئدرایےئراوییکرطحہنمتخ‬
‫"ئوےنوایلیھت۔‬
5. Alliteration (‫ ) مآواق‬: Repetition of the same initial consonant sound in nearby words.
Examples :
a. "Pakistani pastries packed with pistachios.|‫"اپاتسکینرٹسیپای ےتسپےسرھبیئویئ۔‬
b. "Fariha found fresh flowers in Faisalabad.|‫"رفہحیےنلصیفآابدںیماتق وھپ اپےئ۔‬
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

c. "Hamza’s handmade handicrafts.|‫"زمح ےاہھتےسےنبئوےئرنہ۔‬

6. Onomatopoeia (‫)آواقیکلقن‬: Words that imitate sounds.
Examples :
a. "The ghungroo jingled as she danced.|‫"اُس ےانےتچوتقرگنھگو۔۔‬
b. "The bird chirped ‘chun chun’ in the Islamabad garden.|‫"وردن االس آابد ےابغںیم‘نچنچ’ رک ےاہچہچراہاھت۔‬
c. "The rain pattered softly on the rooftop.|‫"ابرشتھچوردریھےےسپٹپٹرکیتریہ۔‬
7. Irony (‫ )زنطوزماح‬: Using words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning.
Examples :
a. "Great! Another Load shedding during the cricket match|‫"!وا ! رکٹکچیم ےدورانرھپےسولڈڈیشگن‬
b. "Oh, wonderful! Another Jinnah in lahore.|‫"!ایکابت۔ے! الئورںیماکیاوراقدئامظع۔‬
c. "Just what I needed — more homework|‫"!ابلکلویہوجاچےیہاھت—اورئو ورک‬
8. Oxymoron (‫ )دضنی‬: A phrase combining two contradictory terms.
Examples :
a. "It was a bittersweet victory for the Karachi team.|‫"رکایچیکمیٹ ے ےیہیاکیاھٹیمڑکواتیجاھت۔‬
b. "She lived in a chaotic peace.|‫"و ارفارفتییکانمںیمریتہیھت۔‬
c. "The silence of the noisy bazaar was uncanny.|‫"ںورواےلابقاریکاخومیشبیجعیھت۔‬
9. Euphemism (‫)فیطلریپاہی‬: A polite way of saying something harsh or unpleasant.
Examples :
a. "He has gone to meet his Creator." (meaning "He passed away.|‫"و اےنپاخقلےساجالم۔‬
b. "She’s no longer with us." (meaning "She passed away.|‫"و ابامہرےاسھتںیہنریہ۔‬
c. "They are financially challenged." (meaning "They are poor.|‫"و امیلاسملئاکاکشرںیہ۔‬
10. Pun (‫ )حیملت‬: Refrence of any historical/religious event
Examples :
a. City of tombs | ‫اوایلءاکرہش‬
b. Ibne Maryam | ٰؑ‫رضحتیسیع‬---------‫انبرممیئوارکےوکیئ‬
c. ‫و اضیفنرظناھتہکبتکمیکرکاتم—اھکسےئسکےناامسلیعٰؑوکآدابرفقدنی‬
11. Synecdoche (‫)انکہی‬: A part representing the whole or vice versa.
Examples :
a. "All eyes were on the Pakistani flag." (meaning "All attention was on Pakistan.|‫بسیکرظنںیاپاتسکین‬
‫"ڈنھجےورںیھت۔‬
b. "He has many mouths to feed." (meaning "He has a large family to provide for.|‫اُس ےاپسالھکےن ے‬
‫" ےییئکہنمںیہ۔‬
c. "The city of Karachi won the match." (meaning "The Karachi cricket team won.|‫رکایچےنچیمتیج‬
‫"ایل۔‬
12. Antithesis (‫ )اضتد‬: Contrasting ideas in a balanced structure.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Examples :
a. "Life in Islamabad is both fast and slow.|‫"االس آابدیکقدن یگ زیاورآ ہتسدوںو ۔ے۔‬
b. "He’s rich in money but poor in spirit.|‫"و وسیپ ںیماریم۔ےنکیلروحںیمرغبی۔ے۔‬
c. "Love and hate dwell in the same heart.|‫"تبحماوررفنتاکییہد ںیمریتہںیہ۔‬
13. Apostrophe (‫ )دنا‬: Directly addressing an absent or imaginary person or a personified object.
Examples :
a. "O Lahore, how beautiful you are in the spring|‫اہبرںیممتےنتکوخوصبرتئو‬،‫"!اےالئور‬
b. "O mountains of Hunza, why do you stand so tall?|‫متاےنتاوےچنویک ڑھکےئو؟‬، ‫"اےزنہ ےاہپڑو‬
c. "O rain, bless the soil of my land.|‫ریمیقنیموکربتکدے۔‬،‫"اےابرش‬

14. Idiom (‫)محاورہ‬: An idiom is a phrase whose meaning is not literal but understood through
common use.
Examples:
1. "Break the ice" | "‫اسےناپریٹںیمابتتیچرشوعرکےن ے ےیاکیذما ایک‬."
2. "Hit the nail on the head" | "‫آپےنےلئسماکزجتہیرکےتئوےئابلکلحیحصاہک‬."
3. "Cost an arm and a leg" | "‫"!و ڈزیارنئابلستہباگنہم۔ے‬

15. Phrase (‫)فقرہ‬: A phrase is a group of words that convey a specific meaning but do not form a
complete sentence.
Examples:
1. "Under the weather" | " ‫آجںیموھتڑاےباح وسحمسرکراہئو‬."
2. "Burning the midnight oil"|"‫و اےنپااحتمانتیکایتری ے ےیراترھباجگریہ۔ے‬."
3. "Bite the bullet" |"‫یھبکیھبکآپوکتقیقحاکاسانمرکانڑپات۔ے‬.
16. Phrasal Verb (‫)فعل مرکب‬:A phrasal verb combines a verb with a preposition or adverb, forming a
new meaning.
Examples:
1. "Give up" | "‫اسےناینپتحص ے ےیرگسٹیںویشوھچڑےناکہلصیفایک‬."
2. "Look after" | "‫"ایکآپریمییلباکایخ رھکےتکسںیہبجںیمیٹھچورئو ؟‬
3. "Come across" | "‫ںیمابقارںیماکیوراےندوتسےسالم‬."
17. Proverb (‫)کہاوت‬: A proverb is a short, commonly known saying that expresses a general truth or
advice.
Examples:
1. "A penny saved is a penny earned." | "‫ہسیپاچباناانتیہا م۔ےانتجہکہسیپامکان‬."
2. "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." | "‫بجآپیسکہگجئو ںوواہ ےر مورواج ےباط قےیل‬."
3. "Don’t count your chickens before they hatch." | "‫اکایمیبیکںوعقتمرںیھکبجکتہکو تقیقحںیمہنئواجےئ‬."

Lecture 03
Parts of Speech:
There are following parts of speech:
(1) Noun (2) Adjective (3) Verb (4) Ad verb
(5) Pre Position (6) Conjunction (7) Pro Noun (8) Interjection
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Types:
Open parts of speech:
Open parts of speech are also known as open-class words, are word categories that can
accept new members or vocabulary items relatively easily. These include:
1. Nouns
2. Verbs
3. Adjectives
4. Adverbs
Open-class words are the "content" words that carry the main meaning in a sentence.
They are more flexible and can be added to the language as new concepts, objects, or
ideas emerge.
Closed parts of speech:
These parts of speech also known as closed-class words, are word categories that have a
relatively fixed number of members and are less likely to accept new vocabulary items.
These include:
1. Prepositions
2. Conjunctions
3. Pronouns
4. Articles (e.g., "the," "a," "an")
5. Determiners (e.g., "this," "that," "these," "those")
6. Numerals
Noun:
A noun is the name of a person, animal, place, or thing. It may also name a feeling, quality, or an idea.
Thus, a noun is a 'naming word'.
Examples:
Pakistan, Boy, Multan, girl, school, Mrs. Seema, Taj Mahal, teacher, hospital, postman, Rose, Garden,
Love, Hate etc
Function of Noun:
Noun may be a subject or object. It may be a doer, receiver or infinitive.
Examples:
1. Teacher teaches the student.
2. He likes to teach him.
Only common and collective noun may be plural but all other nouns are only singular.
Kinds of Noun:
1. Concrete nouns: Refers to tangible, physical objects that can be perceived by the
senses.
Examples: table, flower, sound. etc
2. Abstract nouns: These are intangible and cannot be perceived through the senses.
Examples: Beauty, Hate, Love, Fragrance. Etc
Detailed examples of Noun:
Type of Noun Definition Examples Use in Sentence
Abstract Noun Refers to ideas, qualities, and feelings Love, Wisdom, Freedom, Bravery, Love is life
that cannot be seen, touched, heard, Childhood, truth, honesty, bravery, Freedom is blessing
smelled, or tasted. stupidity, sympathy, wisdom, hatred, A blessing in disguise
theft, mischief, activity,
childhood, adolescence, freedom, puberty,
sickness, death, penury, politics, botany, music,
grammar, astrology (Uncountable)
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Concrete Noun Refers to objects, people, and animals Dog, Book, Apple, Music, Rose The rose is red.
that can be perceived through one or The table is made of wood.
She loves dark chocolate.
more of the five senses.
Proper Noun It denotes a particular person, place, Hammad, Kainat, Lahore, Iran, Asia, Shalamar I read the Quran
or thing. Garden, Eid, Christmas I visited the Lahore
Common Noun It is the name common to every thing Pen, doctor, boy, woman, computer, tiger, city, She read a book.
or person of the same kind, class, or bird (Countable) I live in a big city.
group. He bought a new laptop.
Collective Noun It is the name of the same type of Class, army, crowd, jury, committee, herd,
persons or things taken together and dozen The audience applauded.
regarded as one entity. Collective noun can act as singular and plural A flock of sheep grazed
Material Noun A material noun is the name of a iron, wood, silver, gold, wheat, paper, mud We need more wood
matter or substance of which things (Uncountable) for the fire.
are made. Gold ring
Countable Those nouns which are names of chair, book, table, river, cup, pen, man, woman, She has a cat
Nouns things which can be counted or computer Five members in team
divided into singular or plural. Staff of seven
Uncountable An uncountable noun is the name of a milk, butter, sugar, wheat, ice, oxygen, beauty, Drink some water
Nouns thing that cannot be counted or gold I need information
divided into singular or plural. Elaborate your point
Masculine Nouns which are names of males. the sun, winter, death, time, man, dog, boy, The king was brave
Gender Objects associated with superiority, lion, The boy was teen
strength, violence, etc. lord, Weather is pleasant
Feminine Nouns which are names of females. woman, bitch, girl, lioness, lady, the moon, Train is approaching
Gender Objects associated with gentleness spring, liberty, mercy, nature, hope, peace Pakistani brave nation
beauty, gracefulness, etc. A nation, a ship, and a train are considered to be She has good nature
of Feminine gender.
Common Nouns which can be used for both student, doctor, friend, teacher She is a doctor
Gender males or females. He is a doctor
Neuter Gender Nouns which are the names neither of chair, book, pen, tree, computer Sit on chair
females nor of males, i.e., the names
of lifeless things.
Singular Noun Fish, series, sheep, species, deer, hair, , A five-rupee note, A ten-year-old boy, A Give me my pen
fruit, means twelve- pound weight, An eight-day clock, A
five-mile walk
Plural Noun act, boy, book, acts, boys, books, bus, mangoes, man' change to '-men, sister-in-law,
box, dish, buses, boxes, dishes, calf, looker-on, sisters-in-law, lookers-on, B.A,
thief, wife, calves, thieves, wives, city, M.P., 7, B.A.'s, M.P.'s, 7's, Irregular Plurals,
fairy, army, cities, fairies, armies, child, goose, man, children, geese, men,
boys, days, toys, hero, potato, mango, analysis, basis, crisis, analyses, bases, crises
heroes, potatoes,

Collective Noun
Collective Noun
Urdu Meaning Sentences for Understanding
Flock A flock of birds soared in the evening sky.
‫امجتع‬/ ‫رگو‬/‫ڈنھج‬ The shepherd guided his flock through the valley.

Team The team is working on the project until late tonight.

‫میٹ‬ Our basketball team has won three championships.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Audience The audience was captivated by the performer's talent.

‫اسنیعم‬ The comedian made the entire audience laugh.

Bunch She handed me a bunch of flowers.

‫اھچگ‬ There's a bunch of keys on the table.

Herd A herd of elephants roamed the savannah.

‫رویڑ‬ The cowboy rounded up the herd of cattle.

Swarm A swarm of bees was hovering around the hive.

‫وجہ‬ Locals ran for cover as a swarm of locusts approached.

Choir The choir practiced for hours to perfect the song.

‫وقایلرگوپ‬ During Christmas, the church choir sang carols.

Jury The jury is still deliberating on the verdict.

‫اچنپتئ‬ He was selected as a member of the jury for a major trial.

Army The army marched with precision during the parade.

‫وفج‬ An army of ants invaded our picnic.

Pod A pod of dolphins played near the boat.

‫رگوپ‬ We watched in awe as a pod of whales passed by.

Fleet A fleet of ships was seen on the horizon.

‫اہجقو اکرگو‬/ ‫ڑیب‬ The company has a large fleet of delivery trucks.

Troupe The dance troupe traveled the world.

‫امنیشئدہتس‬ The theater troupe performed classic plays.

Squad The police squad was called for an emergency.

‫میٹ‬ Each military unit is divided into smaller squads.

Singular and Plural Noun

Singular Plural Rule
Cat Cats Add –s
Bus Buses Add -es for words ending in –s
Child Children Irregular form
Woman Women Irregular form

Mouse Mice Irregular form

Box Boxes Add -es for words ending in –x

 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Leaf Leaves For words ending in -f, change -f to -v and add –es
Toy Toys Add –s
City Cities For words ending in -y, change -y to -i and add –es

Knife Knives For words ending in -fe, change -fe to -v and add –es
Cactus Cacti Some words ending in -us change to -i (but not all)

Appendix Appendices Some words ending in -ix change to -ices (but not all)

Radius Radii Some words ending in -us change to -ii (but not all)
Formula formulae/formulas Some words ending in -a can have -ae or –s
Criterion Criteria Some words ending in -on change to –a
Thesis Theses Words ending in -is change to –es

Foot Feet Irregular form

Person People Irregular form
Matrix Matrices Words ending in -ix can change to -ices (from Latin
origin)

Octopus octopuses/octopi Both forms are accepted; "-uses" is more common in

English

Datum Data Some Latin-derived words have irregular plurals

Fungus Fungi Words of Latin origin ending in -us can change to –i

Nucleus Nuclei Words of Latin origin ending in -us can change to –i

Syllabus Syllabi Words of Latin origin ending in -us can change to –i

Masculine Feminine Noun

Masculine Urdu meaning Feminine Transformation Rule/Note

Man Woman Irregular transformation

‫آدیم‬
King Queen Separate words with related meanings
‫ابداش‬
Actor Actress Add -ess to certain nouns
‫ادااکر‬
Lion Lioness Add -ess to certain nouns
‫ریش‬
Duke Duchess Add -ess to certain nouns
‫اریمزہشاد‬
Prince Princess Add -ess to certain nouns
‫ابداش اکزہشاد‬
Steward Stewardess Add -ess to certain nouns
‫المق‬
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Monk Nun Separate words with related meanings

‫رابہ‬
Hero Heroine Use -ine suffix for certain nouns
‫ریہو‬
Bridegroom Bride Separate words with related meanings
‫داہل‬
Waiter Waitress Add -ess to certain nouns
‫ورٹی‬
Bachelor Spinster Separate words (note: "spinster" is outdated)
‫ونکار‬
Father Mother Separate words with related meanings
‫وادل‬
Sir madam/ma'am Separate words with related meanings
‫انجب‬
Nephew Niece Separate words with related meanings
‫اجیتھب‬
Uncle Aunt Separate words with related meanings
‫اموم‬/‫اچچ‬
Wizard ‫اجدورگ‬ Witch Separate words (note: different connotations)

Executor Executrix Latin-based words change -or to -rix for the feminine
‫وتیصانہمںوسی‬ form

Testator Testatrix Latin-based words change -or to -rix for the feminine
‫وتیصدننک‬ form

Sire Dam Separate words (often used for animals)

‫ابپ۔دیپارکےنواال‬
Baron Baroness Add -ess to certain nouns
‫زعمقآدیم‬
Host Hostess Add -ess to certain nouns
‫زیمابن‬
Prophet Prophetess Add -ess to certain nouns
‫یبن‬
Patron Matron Separate words with related meanings
‫احیم‬
Benefactor Benefactress Add -ess to certain nouns
‫دیفم‬
Abbot Abbess Separate words with related meanings
‫رربہ‬
Lad Lass Separate words with related meanings
‫ڑلاک‬
Friar Nun Separate words with related meanings
‫اپدری‬
Sorcerer Sorceress Add -ess to certain nouns
‫اجدورگ‬
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Earl Countess Separate words with related meanings

‫اریمآدیم‬
Drake Duck Separate words (used for animals)
‫رنخطب‬
Gander Goose Separate words with related meanings
‫رنسنہ‬
Signor signora/signorina Separate words (note: "signorina" is for unmarried
‫آاق‬ women)

Lecture 04
Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns. In simple terms, an Adjective is a word
used with a noun to add to its meaning. The term "adjective" literally means "added to".
They can provide answers to questions such as:
 "What kind?"
 "Which one?"
 "How many?"
 "Howmuch?"
Examples:
 Maryam is a clever girl. (What kind of girl?) 'Clever' describes the kind of girl Maryam is.
 I don't like that boy. (Which boy?) 'That' points out which boy is referred to.
 He gave me five mangoes. (How many mangoes?) 'Five' indicates the number of mangoes.
 There is little time for preparation. (How much time?) 'Little' describes the amount of time available.
Usage of Adjectives:
Adjectives can be used in two main ways:
1. Attributively: When the adjective is used directly with the noun to describe it.
Example: The lazy boy was punished.
2. Predicatively: When the adjective is used with a verb and forms part of the
sentence's predicate.
Example: The boy is lazy.
Types of Adjectives:
 Descriptive Adjective: Describes qualities or characteristics. Example: red, beautiful, tall.
 Demonstrative Adjective: Points to specific nouns. Example: this, that, these, those.
 Possessive Adjective: Shows possession. Example: my, your, his, her.
 Comparative Adjective: Compares two or more things. Example: faster, taller, smarter.
 Superlative Adjective: Indicates the highest degree. Example: fastest, tallest, smartest.
 Numeral Adjective: Represents a number. Example: one, two, first, second.
 Interrogative Adjective: Used in questions. Example: which, what.

1. Adjectives of Quality: (or Descriptive Adjectives):

Descriptive adjective describe the characteristics or qualities of nouns. They give more information about
the noun, specifying its size, shape, age, color, origin, material, or any other quality.
Adjectives of quality is about the question: Of what kind ?
Examples:
Lahore is a large city
'Large' describes the size of the city Lahore.

He is an honest man.
'Honest' describes the quality or character of the man.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

The foolish old crow tried to sing.

'Foolish' and 'old' are two adjectives that describe the crow. 'Foolish' describes its
intelligence (or lack thereof) while 'old' describes its age.

This is a Grammar of the English language.

'English' describes the origin or type of the language the grammar book is about.
2. Adjectives of Quantity:
Adjectives of quantity indicate the amount or degree of something. They don't give the
exact number, but they give a general idea about the quantity.
 Adjectives of quantity is about the question: How much?
 They provide a general idea of quantity without specifying an exact
number.
Examples:
 I ate some rice.
 'Some' tells us an unspecified amount of rice was eaten.
 He showed much patience.
 'Much' indicates a large amount of patience.
 He has little intelligence.
 'Little' indicates a small amount of intelligence.
 We have had enough exercise.
 'Enough' suggests a satisfactory amount of exercise.
 He has lost all his wealth.
 'All' means the entire or complete amount.
 You have no sense.
 'No' indicates the absence or zero amount.
 He did not eat any rice.
 'Any' usually refers to zero or a small amount in negative statements.
 Take great care of your health.
 'Great' implies a high degree or extent.
 He claimed his half share of the booty.
 'Half' describes a 50% portion.
 There has not been sufficient rain this year.
 'Sufficient' indicates an adequate amount.
 The whole sum was expended.
 'Whole' means the entire amount.
3. Adjectives of Number (or Numeral Adjectives):
Adjectives of Number (Numeral Adjectives) indicate the quantity of something in terms of precise
numbers or order.
Adjectives of Number answer the question: How many?
 The hand has five fingers.
o 'Five' tell us the exact number of fingers.
 Few cats like cold water.
o 'Few' suggests a small number of cats.
 There are no pictures in this book.
o 'No' indicates zero pictures.
 I have taught you many things.
o 'Many' indicates a large number.
 All men must die.
o 'All' means every single one.
 Here are some ripe mangoes.
o 'Some' tells us an unspecified number.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Most boys like cricket.

o 'Most' indicates the majority.
 There are several mistakes in your exercise.
o 'Several' indicates more than a few but not a lot.
 Sunday is the first day of the week.
o 'First' tells us the order of the day in the week.
There are three kinds of Numeral Adjectives:
1. Cardinals: These denote an exact number. Examples include one, two, three, etc.
2. Ordinals: These indicate the order in a series. Examples include first, second, third,
etc.
(They perform the role of Demonstrative Adjectives.)
3. Definite Numeral Adjectives: These specify an exact number.
Comparison between Adjectives of Quantity and Adjectives of Number:
 Adjectives of Quantity:
Example:
 "I ate some rice."
 They show how much of something is present but don't specify a number.
 Adjectives of Number:
Example:
 "Some boys are clever."
 They give a precise or approximate count or order.
Note: A Cardinal answers "how many," and an Ordinal specifies the order of things in a
series.
Some important points and common about adjectives:
Important point Example
Comparative degree should be used only when  This book is better than the other.
comparison is implied.
Comparatives ending in -or & - er are followed by 'to'.  I am senior to him.
 He prefers health to wealth.
Double comparatives & superlatives should be avoided.  He is more abler than his brother. (Incorrect)
 He is abler than his brother. (Correct)
 He is the most richest man in the city. (Incorrect)
 He is the richest man in the city. (Correct)
'Less' is used for quantity,  There were fewer calls this week.
'Fewer' for number.  There is less reason to be watchful now.
'Some' is used in affirmative sentences and 'Any' in  He has got some good story books.
negative sentences.  There is some milk in the pot.
 He has not got any good story books.
 There isn't any milk in the pot.
Differentiate between 'Little', 'a little', and 'the little'.  There’s little water left, so we might run out.”
 Little: Almost none; not enough (negative)  “There’s a little water left, enough to drink.”
 A Little: Some; sufficient (positive)  “We’ll use the little water we have left carefully.
 The Little: The small amount that exists or is "He saved the little coins he had.
available "This sentence is incorrect because "the little" usually
applies to uncountable or abstract nouns like "time" or
"money" rather than countable nouns like "coins." It would
be clearer to say, "He saved a few coins," as "a few" is used
with countable nouns.

Differentiate between 'Few', 'a few', and 'the few'.  Few men are free from faults.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Same as above but for countable noun  I have read a few books.
 I have read the few books I have.
'Much' refers to quantity and 'many' to number. 
I do not have much time to waste.
Many girls are at play. 
'Nearest' signifies distance 
Shahpur is the town nearest to our village.
while 
My mother is my nearest relative.
'Next' signifies position or order. She was sitting next to me. 

When will the next train arrive?
'Farther' refers to more distance 
Lahore is farther from Sui than Sialkot.
And 
Let us walk a little farther.
'further' means additional. 
This requires further consideration.

He made no further remarks after that.
Distinguish between 'Later', 'latter', 'latest', and 'last'.  You reached home later than me.
Later Time in the future "Let’s meet later today."  What is the latest news?
 Of the two boys, already mentioned, the latter
Latter The second of two items mentioned
is my brother.
Latest The most recent or newest "Check out the latest news."  The last boy in this row is my friend.
Last The final item or the one before now
Differentiate between 'First' and 'Foremost'.  Dr. Asim was the first Principal of our college.
First: Earliest in order or sequence  Jinnah was the foremost leader of the country.

Foremost Most important or prominent

Differentiate among 'Older', 'elder', 'oldest', and 'eldest'.  He is his elder brother.
 She is my eldest daughter.
Older Greater age; comparative "She is older than her friend."
 You are older than me.
Elder Older person; used respectfully "My elder brother is a doctor."  This is the oldest house in the
Oldest Highest age; superlative "He is the oldest member of the team." village.
Eldest Oldest in family or sibling context "She is the eldest child in her family."
Differentiate between 'Each' and 'Every'.  Last week each day was a fine day.
Each emphasizes individuality and is always paired with singular nouns.  Each of the five girls was given a prize.
Every emphasizes totality and inclusivity but is also used with singular nouns,  Every chair in the hall was occupied.
representing all members of a group collectively  Every student got a watch.
'Each other' for two entities  Both the sisters love each other very much.
'One another' for more than two.  The three sisters love one another very much.
Adjectives used as nouns generally take the definite  The poor should be helped.
article 'the'.  The rich are generally proud.
 The powerful never think of the weak.
 The elders asked me to do this.

Lecture 05
Verb:
Definition:
Verb is a word that states something about a person or a thing. It tells something about a person or a
thing in the state of:
1. Doing 2. Being 3. Being acted upon.
(Thus, a verb is an action/stative/possessive word)
Examples:
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

1. Ali plays 2. Boys run fast.

Types:
a. Main Verb. (Action verb)
b. Helping Verb. (Stative Verb)
Examples:
1. She is painting a picture. (is is the Helping Verb, painting is the Main Verb)
2. Mohan has painted a picture. (has is the Helping Verb, painted is the Main Verb)
3. Meera is singing a song. (is is the Helping Verb, singing is the Main Verb)
4. The boys have taken their lunch. (have is the Helping Verb, taken is the Main Verb)
5. The rooms are being cleaned. (are being is the Helping Verb, cleaned is the Main
Verb)
Note: Sometimes, helping verbs can be used as full verbs or main verbs.
Examples:
1. Tayba is a good girl. (is is acting as the Main Verb)
2. He was a good student. (was is acting as the Main Verb)
3. We are good friends. (are is acting as the Main Verb)
4. They have nothing in their pockets. (have is acting as the Main Verb)
Transitive VS Intransitive verb
Transitive Verbs: A Transitive Verb is a verb that denotes an action which passes from the subject or doer
to an object.
Examples:
1. The policeman arrested the thief.
2. The boys are eating apples.
Note: If you can answer the question "What?" or "Whom?" after a Verb, the verb is Transitive.
Transitive Verbs with Two Objects: Some Transitive Verbs take two objects:
1. An Indirect Object (denotes the person to whom something is given or for whom something is done)
2. A direct Object (usually the name of some thing).
Examples:
 He gave me an apple. (me = Indirect Object, apple = Direct Object)
 The teacher told us a story. These sentences can be rewritten:
 He gave an apple to me.
 The teacher told a story to us.
Intransitive Verbs: An Intransitive Verb denotes a state or action that is complete in it and does not pass over
to an object.
Examples:
1. Silence is golden.
2. Mohan seems happy.
3. Water boils at 100°C.
5. He is laughing.
6. He died yesterday.
Auxiliary Verbs:
An Auxiliary Verb is a verb that helps form the tense, mood, or voice of the main verb.
Examples:
 He was going to the market. (was = Auxiliary; going = Main)
 You can play well. (can = Auxiliary; play = Main)
Types of Auxiliary Verbs:
1. Primary Auxiliaries
2. Modal Auxiliaries
1. Primary Auxiliaries:
These help form tenses, questions, negatives, passives, etc.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Auxiliary Forms Examples

Be Be, is, am, are, was, were, He is playing.

been, being We are playing.
I am playing.
They were playing.
Have Have, has, had, having She has eaten.
They have eaten.
Do Do, does, did, done, doing They did dance.
He does dance
2. Modal Auxiliaries:
They express ideas like ability, possibility, probability, advisability, etc. A Modal Auxiliary does not
change based on Number, Person, Tense, or Voice. For example, both "He can play" and "They can
play" are correct.

Modal Function Example

Can Ability He can play.

Could Past ability or possibility He could play.

May Permission or possibility You may go.

Might Lesser possibility It might rain.

Shall Future (first person) or strong determination or order I shall go.

Should Advice or past of shall You should eat.

Will Future (second and third person) or willingness He will go.

Would Past of will or polite request He would go.

Must Necessity or determination You must study.

ought to Advice You ought to go.

Need Necessity in negative or interrogative forms Need I say more?

Dare Courage or challenge Dare he say that?

Use of Modal Auxiliaries:

1. May, Might

Modal Use Examples

Permission May I go out? May I come in? You may go now.

May Possibility It may rain tonight.

He may come today.
A wish May you have a happy and long life!
May God bless you!
A purpose We eat that we may live.
Possibility It might rain today.
Polite reply/request You might accompany us.
Might Suggestion You might get this book from the library.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Reproach You might have told me that truth.

Power or ability You can solve this sum.
He can outdo every competitor.
Can Permission You can go now.
Ability resulting from Can you come?
circumstances
Could Used similarly to "can" but in (implied by the definition)
the past tense
Must Compulsion or obligation We must keep our promises.
We must not tell lies.
Determination I must face the circumstances bravely.
Duty A judge must be upright.
Certainty or likelihood He must be up by this time.
Inevitability We must all die.
Ought Obligation and duty We ought to love our neighbours.
You ought to work hard.
Determination (1st person) I will do as I like.

Willingness (1st person) I will lend you my pen.

Promise (1st person) I will help you.

Will
Threat (1st person) I will expose her.

Future tense (2nd & 3rd He will be thirty next month.

person)
Polite request Will you open the door?
Will you have another cup of tea?
Future tense (1st person) I shall go to Chandigarh next month.

Command or promise (2nd & You shall not go there without my permission.
Shall 3rd person)
Offers of service or Shall I open the door? Shall we go for a picnic?
suggestion
Polite request Would you lend me your book?

Would Habitual action in the past When I was young, I would get up early.

Should Obligation We should help the poor

You should be properly dressed.
Finite and Non finite Verbs
Finite Verbs: Verbs limited by number, person, and tense.
Example:
 The girl wants an apple.
 The girls want apples.
 The girls wanted apples.
 I want an apple.
 She wants an apple.
Non-finite Verbs: Verbs NOT limited by number, person,
or tense. Example:
 He wants to eat an apple.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 They want to eat apples.

 Meena wanted to eat an apple.
 She will want to eat an apple.

Verb as Noun/Adjective/Adverb
Infinitive
Definition: An infinitive is the base form of a verb, usually preceded by the word "to," which is used as a noun,
adjective, or adverb in a sentence.
Types:
1. To-Infinitive: Infinitive with 'to'; e.g., to speak, to play, to criticize
Example: My duty is to serve my country.
2. Bare Infinitive: Also called Plain Infinitive. It is the infinitive without 'to'; e.g., bid, have, let, make
Example: The teacher made the pupil repeat the lesson.
Uses of To-Infinitive:
 As a noun: "To learn is important." (Here, "to learn" is the subject of the sentence.)
 As an adjective: "She has a lot of work to finish." (Here, "to finish" describes the noun "work.")
 As an adverb: "He came to help." (Here, "to help" explains why he came.)
Uses of Bare Infinitive:
1. After Modal Verbs (can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must)
"She can dance very well."
"You must try harder."
"They will come tomorrow."
2. After Verbs of Perception (see, hear, feel, watch, notice)
"I saw him leave the room."
"We heard the baby cry."
"She felt the wind blow through her hair."
3. After Certain Verbs (let, make, help, and sometimes have)
"Let me help you with that."
"The teacher made us rewrite the essay."
"I’ll have him call you later."
4. After "Why" in Questions or Suggestions
"Why wait when we can go now?"
"Why not ask her for help?"
Gerund: verb + ing (e.g., playing, eating)
Use of a Gerund
A gerund is the -ing form of a verb that functions as a noun in a sentence. It can be used in various ways:
1. As the Subject of a Verb:
 Seeing is believing.
 Collecting stamps is his hobby.
2. As the Object of a Transitive Verb:
 I enjoy reading poetry.
 I like watching the stars at night.
3. As the Object of a Preposition:
 She is fond of dancing.
 He was punished for telling a lie.
4. After Certain Verbs: The gerund is often used after specific verbs.
5. Some examples of these verbs are: admit, avoid, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dread,
enjoy, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, keep, miss, pardon, postpone, prevent,
recollect, resent, risk, stop, suggest, understand, and more.
 I admit making a mistake.
 She avoids talking about that topic.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 He finished preparing the report

Participles
 Present Participle: verb + ing (e.g., playing)
 Past Participle: V3 (e.g., played)
 Perfect Participle: having + V3 (e.g., having played)
Use of Present Participle
1. As an Adjective:
 I saw a burning house.
 This is an interesting story.
2. As a Subject Complement:
 This book was boring.
 His behavior was insulting.
3. As an Object Complement:
 I saw Meera crossing the road.
 I heard the children singing a song.
4. To Express Two Actions Happening Side by Side:
 I felt the ladder slipping.
5. To Replace a Relative Clause:
 The girl who is wearing a blue dress is my sister.
 The girl wearing a blue dress is my sister.
Use of the Past Participle
1. As an Adjective:
 The defeated captain committed suicide.
2. As a Subject Complement:
 He felt insulted.
3. As an Object Complement:
 I found the windowpane broken.
4. To Express the Earlier of Two Actions:
 Shot by an arrow, the bird fell on the ground.
5. Following the Noun or Pronoun It Qualifies:
 Do you know the number of persons killed in the stampede?
Use of the Perfect Participle:
The perfect participle is formed by "having" + the third form of the verb. It's used to combine
two sentences when one action is followed by another with the same subject.
 Having seen his wife off, he came back.
 Having met him earlier, I recognized him.
Tabulated Structure:
Verb Form Type Example

Finite Action verb The girl wants an apple.

Non-finite Infinitive He wants to eat an apple.

Bare Infinitive The teacher made the pupil repeat

To-Infinitive My duty is to serve my country.

Gerund Playing is fun.

Participles She is playing. (Present)

She has played. (Past)

Subject verb agreement:

 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Rule Explanation Example

1 A verb must agree with its subject in number and person. He plays cricket. They play cricket.

2 If the subject consists of two or more singular nouns or John and Jolly were two brothers.
pronouns joined by 'and', it takes a plural verb.

2(a) If nouns refer to the same person or thing or express one idea, Rice and Curry is his favourite dish.
the verb is singular.

2(b) If two singular subjects joined by 'and' are qualified by each or Every man and every woman desires
every, they take a singular verb. happiness.

3 Singular subjects connected by or, either-or, neither-nor are Neither Hari nor Ramesh has gone to school today.
followed by a singular verb.

4 When subjects connected by 'or' or 'nor' are of different Neither the headmaster nor the teachers were
numbers, the verb agrees with the subject nearest to it. present.

5 If the subject consists of two nouns or pronouns joined by I, as well as they, am sick of his behavior.
'with' or 'as well as' the verb agrees with the first of them.

6 When two subjects are connected by 'not only... but also', the Not only the soldiers but their captain also has
verb agrees with the latter subject. been arrested.

7 When the subject is the formal 'there', the verb agrees with There is no hope of his success.
the real subject that follows it.

8 Words like either, neither, each, everyone, one of the, take a Each of these two girls is intelligent.
singular verb.

9 Nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning Mathematics is my favorite subject.
should be followed by singular verbs.

10 Collective nouns are followed by a singular verb when The jury was unanimous. The jury
considered as a singular unit, but a plural verb when were divided.
individual members are referred to.
11 When the subject is a relative pronoun, the verb agrees with The boy, who stands first, is my son.
its antecedent.

12 When the subject is a sum of money considered as a whole, a A hundred rupees is not a small amount. A
singular verb is used. If it refers to the coins considered hundred rupees were found in his purse.
separately, a plural verb is used.

Present Tense
Tense Usage Examples
Indefinite Tense

Simple Present or
Present

Express what is happening now. Here comes the bride. There goes the bus.

Express a habitual action. He gets up early.

He takes exercise daily.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

I go to school by bus.

Express a universal truth. The earth moves round the sun.

The sun rises in the East.
The soul is immortal.
Express a permanent situation or fact. My house faces East.
This road runs from Karachi to Peshawar.
Indicate a future action. The college reopens next week.
We leave by the 8.30 a.m. train.
Tense
Continuous
Present

Express an ongoing action at the time of What are you doing now?
speaking. Mohan is singing a song now.
Indicate a future action. We are leaving for Delhi tomorrow.
She is coming to meet me next week.
Present
Perfect
Tense Express an action just completed. The sun has set.
We have just arrived.
Indicate a past action whose results continue. I have lived in Kolkata for ten years.
We have known each other for five years.
Express Future Perfect with certain words. I shall go there after I have done my lesson.
Continuous Tense
Present Perfect

Show an action beginning I have been standing here for two hours.
in the past and continuing to present.

Note with 'since' and 'for'. We have been living here since 1958. Sita has been
dancing since morning. The boys have been playing for three
hours. It has been raining for two hours.

Past Tense
Express an action done or took place in the I saw him yesterday.
Simple Past

past. He failed last year.

She died in 1970.
Express a habitual action in the past. As a child, I played cricket.

Indicate an action actually ongoing at the While they bathed, we fished.

stated past time.

Indicate an action still ongoing in the referred When we reached there,she was singing.
Continuous

past time. When you arrived, they were having lunch.

Tense

Past

She was cooking when the telephone rang.

They are coming.
We are going to museum.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Denote an action completed in the past before The train had left when we reached the station.
Past Another action commenced. The patient had died before the doctor arrived.
Perfect The sun had set before we reached home.
Tense They had arrived.
They had reached.
We had completed the task
Indicate an action that continued for a time We had been waiting for you for two hours when you came.
Continuous Tense

before a past time point. I had been writing for an hour when you came to see me.
Past Perfect

Future Tense
Simple Future Denotes an action that is about to take I shall do it now.
place or will happen in the future. We shall go there next week.
Meena will come here at six o' clock.

Future Denotes an action ongoing at a certain She will be singing then.

Continuous point in the future. I shall be taking my examination tomorrow at this time.
Tense

Future Perfect Denotes that an action will be I shall have done my work before you come.
Tense completed at a certain future time The play will have begun before you get to the theatre.
point. They will have spent all their money by then.
Future Perfect Indicates that the action, finished or We shall have been playing for three hours when you come
Continuous not, will have been ongoing for some here.
Tense time in the future. Aslam will have been living in Japan for ten years by the end
of this month.
Errors in the Use of Tenses
The Simple Past vs Present Perfect
Incorrect Correct

I did not write the letter yet. I have not written the letter yet.

I have received the letter yesterday. I received the letter yesterday.

I did not hear from her for a month. I have not heard from her for a month.

I lived in Multan since 1962. I have lived in Multan since 1962.

The Present Perfect vs Simple Past

Incorrect Correct

Columbus has discovered America. Columbus discovered America.

The Mughals have won the battle of Panipat. The Mughals won the battle of Panipat.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

The servant has not come when called. The servant did not come when called.

The Present Perfect & Time Expressions

Incorrect Correct

I have written a letter to him yesterday. I wrote a letter to him yesterday.

A new theatre has been started last Tuesday. A new theatre was started last Tuesday.

I have finished my work last evening. I finished my work last evening.

The old man has died of cold last night. The old man died of cold last night.

A moment ago I have heard strange news. A moment ago I heard strange news.

The Past Perfect vs Simple Past

Incorrect Correct

I had written a letter to her yesterday. I wrote a letter to her yesterday.

He had gone to Mumbai last week. He went to Mumbai last week.

We had gone to the cinema last night. We went to the cinema last night.

She had died in 1992. She died in 1992.

The Simple Past vs Past Perfect

Incorrect Correct

The train left before we reached the station. The train had left before we reached the station.

The patient died before the doctor arrived. The patient had died before the doctor arrived.

I finished my work before he came to see me. I had finished my work before he came to see me.

Past Perfect or Perfect Continuous vs Simple Past or Past Continuous

Incorrect Correct

He told me that she was ill for six days. He told me that she had been ill for six days.

She was fasting for six weeks when the doctor came. She had been fasting for six weeks when the doctor came.

The Simple Future vs Future Perfect

Incorrect Correct

He will reach home before the sun will set. He will have reached home before the sun sets.

I shall leave this place by the time she will come. I shall have left this place by the time she comes.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Basic English Grammar

(Tenses):
Past Present Future
Concept of tenses:
The rules which deal with situation of work and time of work are called tenses. These are three types of
time i.e. past, present and future. Also work is of four types Indefinite, continuous, perfect, perfect
continuous.
Combination of Time and work:
Sr.# Present Past Future
1 Indefinite Indefinite Indefinite
2 Continuous Continuous Continuous
3 Perfect Perfect Perfect
4 Perfect continuous Perfect continuous Perfect continuous
Tenses dress code with respect to time:
Present Past Future
Is/am/are Was/were Will/shall
Do/does Did -------------
Has/have Had Will have/shall have
Tenses dress code with respect to situation of work:
Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect continuous
st nd rd
1 & 2 of verb V1+ing 3 form of verb Been + v1+ing
Types of sentences:
We shall discuss the following types of sentences;
 Affirmative
 Negative
 Interrogative
 Double interrogative
Present Tense
Present Indefinite Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject+V1+s/es+ Object)
(In this tense we shall use s/es with first form of verb If Subject is any singular 3rd person.)
I play cricket.
He plays cricket.
They play cricket.
 Negative: (Subject + do/does+not +V1+s/es + Object)
(Does for singular 3rd person and do for plural 3rd persons)
I do not play cricket.
He does not play cricket.
They do not play cricket.
 Interrogative: (Do/Does +Subject+V1+s/es +Object+?)
Do you play cricket?
Does he play cricket?
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Do they play cricket?

 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ Do/Does +Subject+V1+s/es +Object+?)
Why do you play cricket?
Why does he play cricket?
Why do they play cricket?
Present continuous Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject+is/am/are+V1+ing+ Object)
I am playing cricket.
He is playing cricket.
They are playing cricket.
 Negative: (Subject + is/am/are +not +V1+ing + Object)
I am not playing cricket.
You are not playing cricket.
They are not playing cricket.
 Interrogative: (is/am/are +Subject + V1+ing +Object+?)
Am I playing cricket?
Is he playing cricket?
Are they playing cricket?
 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ is/am/are +Subject+V1+ing +Object+?)
Why am I playing cricket?
Why is he playing cricket?
Why are they playing ?
Present perfect Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject+has/have +V3 + Object)
I have played cricket.
He has played cricket.
They have played cricket.
 Negative: (Subject + has/have+not +V3 + Object)
I have not played cricket.
He has not played cricket.
They have not played cricket.
 Interrogative: (Has/Have +Subject + V3 +Object+?)
Have you played cricket?
Has he played cricket?
Have they played cricket?
 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ has/have +Subject+V3 +Object+?)
Why have I played cricket?
Why has he played cricket?
Why have they played cricket?
Present perfect continuous Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject +has/have +been +V1+ing + Object+ since/for+ time)
I have been playing cricket for 3 years.
He has been playing cricket since 2022.
They have been playing cricket since Monday.
 Negative: (Subject + has/have +not + been+V1+ing + Object since/for+ time)
I have not been playing cricket since yesterday.
He has not been playing cricket for three days.
They have not been playing cricket since last year.
 Interrogative: (Has/Have +Subject+ been + V1+ing +Object+ since/for+ time?)
Have I been playing cricket for two days?
Has she been playing cricket since June?
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Have they been playing cricket for three hours.

 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ has/have +Subject+been+V1+ing +Object since/for+ time)
Why have I been playing cricket for ten days?
Why has he been playing cricket since Friday?
Why have they been playing cricket for 15 days?

Past tense
Past Indefinite Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject+V2+ Object)
(Only In this tense we shall use second form of verb.)
I played cricket.
He played cricket.
They played cricket.
 Negative: (Subject + did+ not +V1 + Object)
I did not play cricket.
He did not play cricket.
They did not play cricket.
 Interrogative: (Did +Subject+V1 +Object+?)
Did you play cricket?
Did he play cricket?
Did they play cricket?
 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ did +Subject+V1 +Object+?)
Why did you play cricket?
Why did he play cricket?
Why did they play cricket?
Past continuous Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject +was +V1+ing+ Object)
I was playing cricket.
He was playing cricket.
They were playing cricket.
 Negative: (Subject + was/were +not +V1+ing + Object)
I was not playing cricket.
You were not playing cricket.
They were not playing cricket.
 Interrogative: (was/were +Subject + V1+ing +Object+?)
Was I playing cricket?
Was he playing cricket?
Were they playing cricket?
 Double Interrogative: (WH family+ was/were +Subject+V1+ing +Object+?)
Why was I playing cricket?
Why was he playing cricket?
Why were they playing cricket?
Past Perfect Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject+had +V3 + Object)
I had played cricket.
He had played cricket.
They had played cricket.
 Negative: (Subject + had +not +V3 + Object)
I had not played cricket.
He had not played cricket.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

They had not played cricket.

 Interrogative: (had +Subject + V3 +Object+?)
Had you played cricket?
Had he played cricket?
Had they played cricket?
 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ had +Subject+V3 +Object+?)
Why had I played cricket?
Why had he played cricket?
Why had they played cricket?
Past Perfect continuous Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject +had been +V1+ing + Object+ since/for+ time)
I had been playing cricket for 3 years.
He had been playing cricket since 2022.
They had been playing cricket since Monday.
 Negative: (Subject + had +not + been+V1+ing + Object since/for+ time)
I had not been playing cricket since yesterday.
He had not been playing cricket for three days.
They had not been playing cricket since last year.
 Interrogative: (had +Subject+ been + V1+ing +Object+ since/for+ time?)
Had I been playing cricket for two days?
Had she been playing cricket since June?
Had they been playing cricket for three hours.
 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ had +Subject+been+V1+ing +Object since/for+ time)
Why had I been playing cricket for ten days?
Why had he been playing cricket since Friday?
Why had they been playing cricket for 15 days?

Future tense
Future Indefinite Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject+will/shall + V1+ Object)
(Only In this tense we shall use will/shall before verb.)
I shall play cricket.
He will play cricket.
They will play cricket.
 Negative: (Subject + will/shall+ not +V1 + Object)
I shall not play cricket.
He will not play cricket.
They will not play cricket.
 Interrogative: (will/shall +Subject+V1 +Object+?)
Will you play cricket?
Will he play cricket?
Will they play cricket?
 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ will/shall+Subject+V1 +Object+?)
Why will you play cricket?
Why will he play cricket?
Why will they play cricket?
Future continuous Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject +will/shall +be +V1+ing+ Object)
I shall be playing cricket.
He will be playing cricket.
They will be playing cricket.
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Negative: (Subject + will/shall +not +be +V1+ing + Object)

I shall be not playing cricket.
You will be not playing cricket.
They will be not playing cricket.
 Interrogative: (will/shall +Subject +be + V1+ing +Object+?)
Shall I be playing cricket?
Will he be playing cricket?
Will they be playing cricket?
 Double Interrogative: (WH family+ will/shall + be +Subject+V1+ing +Object?)
Why shall I playing cricket?
Why will he playing cricket?
Why will they playing cricket?
Future Perfect Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject +will/shall have +V3 + Object)
I shall have played cricket.
He will have played cricket.
They will have played cricket.
 Negative: (Subject + will/shall have +not +V3 + Object)
I shall have not played cricket.
He will have not played cricket.
They will have not played cricket.
 Interrogative: (Will/shall have+ Subject + V3 +Object+?)
Will have you played cricket?
Will have he played cricket?
Will have they played cricket?
 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ had +Subject+V3 +Object+?)
Why shall have I played cricket?
Why will have he played cricket?
Why will have they played cricket?
Future Perfect continuous Tense:
 Affirmative: (Subject +will/shall have been +V1+ing + Object+ since/for+ time)
I will have been playing cricket for 3 years.
He will have been playing cricket since 2022.
They will have been playing cricket since Monday.
 Negative: (Subject + will/shall have +not + been+V1+ing + Object since/for+ time)
I shall have not been playing cricket since yesterday.
He will have not been playing cricket for three days.
They will have not been playing cricket since last year.
 Interrogative: (will/shall have +Subject+ been + V1+ing +Object+ since/for+ time?)
Shall have I been playing cricket for two days?
Will have she been playing cricket since June?
Will have they been playing cricket for three hours.
 Double Interrogative: (Wh family+ had +Subject+been+V1+ing +Object since/for+ time)
Why shall have I been playing cricket for ten days?
Why will have he been playing cricket since Friday?
Why will have they been playing cricket for 15 days?

Lecture 06
Adverb:
Definition: Adverb
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of an adjective, a verb, or another adverb. In
essence, an adverb describes how a work is done and generally answers the question 'how'.
Examples:
 Meera is very sad. (modifies an adjective)
 The child wept bitterly. (modifies a verb)
 He walks very quickly. (modifies another adverb)
Kinds of Adverbs:
Adverbs are primarily categorized into three main types:
1. Simple Adverbs
2. Interrogative Adverbs
3. Relative Adverbs
1. Simple Adverbs:

Simple Adverbs can be further sub-divided into six categories:

Type Definition Example Q’s Adverbs

Time Indicate the time of an action I met an old friend yesterday. When? Now, then,
‫اک بکئوا‬ He will be leaving tonight before, today, etc.
Place Indicate where an action is He is sitting there. Where? Here, there, inside,
‫اک اہک ئوا‬ performed Go there outside, etc.
He went downstairs.

Number (Frequency) Indicate how often an action I visit my grandmother twice How Once, twice,
‫اک ینتکابرئوا‬ is performed a week. often? often, seldom, etc.
Note: He helps me often (wrong)
1. (Adverb of frequency He often helps me.(correct)
always comes before verb) He helps me never. (wrong)
2. It always come between He never helps me (correct)
helping verb & main verb Barking dog seldom bite.(correct)
She is always making the
same mistake(correct)
Manner/Quality/State Indicate the manner of an action She speaks English fluently. How? So, likewise, badly,
‫کام کیےسہوا‬ She worked hardly‫۔‬ happily, etc.
Quantity/Extent/Degree Indicate 'how much', Raheel is very intelligent. How much? Very, wholly,
‫کتنا کام ہوا‬/‫' کس حد تک کام ہوا‬in what degree' and He completed the task. little, too, etc.
'to what extent'
Affirmation/Negation Affirm or deny something Did you mind it? Affirmative Yes, no, not,
‫کام کیسا لگا؟‬ Not at all. / Negative? certainly, etc.

MPT Rule:
Try to follow MPT rule while using all adverbs in a single sentence.
Examples:
 The girl sang beautifully last night at the party.(wrong)
 The girl sang beautifully at the party last night.(correct)
 Come at 7’O clock to my house. (wrong)
 Come to my house at 7 o’clock. (Correct)
AAA Rule:
Adjective Adverb Abstract Noun
Kind Kindly Kindness
Honest Honestly Kindness
Careful Carefully Carefulness
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Faithful Faithfully Faithfulness

Angry Angrily Anger
True Truly Truth
Truthful Truthfully Truthfulness
2. Interrogative Adverbs:
These adverbs are used to ask questions and may belong to any class of Adverbs.

Type of Interrogative Adverb Example

Reason Why is he late?
Place Where do you live?
Time When will you go there?
Manner How are you?
3. Relative Adverbs:
These adverbs join sentences and serve as a double part of speech - an Adverb and a
Conjunction combined.
Examples:
 This is where he lives.
 I don't know why he left.
 Do you know when he is coming?
 Tell me how I can do it.

FORMATION OF ADVERBS
1. Formation by adding 'ly' to Adjectives
Mostly results in Adverbs of Manner.
Adjective Adverb
Strong Strongly
Faithful Faithfully
Sincere Sincerely
Quick Quickly
Slow Slowly
Neat Neatly
Busy Busily
Happy Happily
True Truly
Severe Severely
2. Same Form as the Corresponding Adjectives:

Usage Example

He put in hard work. He worked hard.

I want a little sugar. Please move a little.
He has high aims. He aims high in life.
I want an early reply. Please reply early.
3.Formed by Combining a Noun and a Qualifying Adjective
Examples: yesterday, otherwise, meanwhile, sometimes.
4.Formed by Adding a Noun to 'a', 'be', 'to', etc.
Examples: today, abreast, ahead, besides.
5.Formed by Combining a Preposition and a Noun
Examples: herein, henceforth, thereupon.
6.Formed by Combining 'a', or 'be', and 'an' Adjective
Examples: aloud, anew, behind, along.
7.Formed from Participles
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Examples: wittingly, surprisingly, knowingly.

8.Specific Formations

Original Adverb

One Once
Two Twice
Four Fourfold
Three Thrice
Many Manifold
Many Manifold
Adverbial Phrases
Examples:
by and by, again and again, far and wide, first and foremost, to and fro, off and on
(occasionally).
USE OF ADVERBS
1. Since, Ago, Before:
 Since refers to a previous time till now: I saw him five years ago and have since
remembered his advice.
 Ago denotes a period of time from the present dating backwards: His father died two years
ago.
 Before stands for formerly: I have never seen him before.
2. Quiet, Very:
 Quite conveys the sense of wholly: He is quite all right.
 Very conveys the sense of a high degree: She is very clever.
3. Very, Much:
 Very is used with Past Participles like: He is very pleased with me.
 Much intensifies the adverb 'too' as in: He is much too confused to do it.
4. Too, Enough:
 Too has a negative sense: He is a bit too greedy.
 Enough implies that a proper limit has been reached: Your pay is good enough for your work.
5. Hardly, Barely, Scarcely:
 These words are almost negative in meanings.
6. Too Much, Much Too:
 Too much is used before a noun.
 Much too is used before an adjective.
7. However, Rather:
 However, means as much as can be.
 Rather means 'somewhat'.

Lecture 07
Correct use of article
Three words “A, an, the” are called Articles. Articles used before a common noun or pronoun.
 Article is also called determiner.
 It is part of adjective.
 Articles are used only with nouns or pronoun.
Example:
I went to the Lahore (wrong) He is an intelligent boy. (Correct)
I went to Lahore (wrong) He is intelligent (correct)
He is an intelligent (wrong)
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Types of Articles:
There are two types of articles;
1. Definite article “The”
This article is used for certain/definite singular as well as plural nouns.
2. Indefinite article “a, an”:
These both articles are used only for uncertain singular nouns. A is used for consonant sound noun.
an is used for vowels sound nouns.
Vowels and consonant sound concept about indefinite article:
1. A toy 8. A year 15. An umbrella
2. A ball 9. An ear 16. A usage
3. A watch 10. An heir (successor) 17. A university
4. A student 11. An XRAY 18. A unit
5. A European 12. In intelligent 19. A unique
6. An egg 13. An honorable man 20. An STI
7. An MNA 14. An onion 21. An MBBS
Position of Articles:
Article + Adjective+ Noun
Article+ adverb+ adjective+ Noun
1. He is a writer
2. He is a good writer
3. He is very good writer

Usage of Indefinite article (A/An):

1. For singular Noun:
He has a car I have an inkpot
She has a bottle He has an umbrella
2. For unknown:
A Mr.Aslam wants to talk to you. A Miss.Iqra wants to meet you
3.Used in sence of Any:
He did not give me a book
She did not like to read a novel.
4. Each or Every:
I go there once a week
She earns 80 thousand a month.
5. Class representation:
Cow is a useful animal
A dog is a faithful animal
6. Singular countable noun:
I have a book (Correct) I am a teacher.(correct)
I have book. (wrong) I am teacher.( wrong)
He is doctor.(wrong) A Summons was served to Bilal. (Correct)
He is a doctor (correct) Summons was served to Bilal.( wrong)
7. Repetition of Singular countable noun:
When a singular countable noun is used first time in a sentence “a or an” is used in according to
need. But, when same singular countable noun s used second time in the sentence ,”the” is used
before it.
Yesterday a man came to me. The man was There was a king. The king was very brave.
very hungry.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

8.Used before units or counting expressions:

I have a dozen eggs. (correct) She has a thousand rupees (correct)
I have dozen eggs (wrong) She has thousand rupees (wrong)
9. To make a common noun of a proper noun:
Quad e Azam was a great leader. (correct) You are babr azam.(wrong)
Imran khan is a quaid e azam of 2024.(correct) You are a babr azam (correct)
10. Before the verbs used as noun:
He proposed that we should go for walk ( wrong) You look tired. Why do not you take rest (wrong)
He proposed that we should go for a walk (correct) You look tired. Why do not take a rest (correct)
Ommission of A/An:
Adjective:
He is honest. (Correct) He is an honest person. (Correct)
He is an honest. (Wrong) He is honest person (wrong)
Uncountable and plural nouns:
A Gold is a precious metal ( wrong) A children are playing (wrong)
Gold is a precious metal (correct) Children are playing.(correct)

Use of definite article”the”:

It is the end of the session
1. The is used before the names of:
 Historical buildings  Gulf, Group of Iceland’s, Deserts
 Holy books  Names of Trains, Hostel and shops.
 Mountain ranges  Names of countries, states
 Planets, Rivers, Oceans
Examples:
 The Taj Mahal  The Indian Ocean  The karkorram range
 The red fort  The Himaliya range  The Quran
Exceptions:
Peaks, Holy book with author name.
 The mount Everest ( wrong)  Benazir’s “Daughter of the East” ( correct)
 Mount Everest (correct)  The K2( wrong)
 “The daughter of the East” (correct)  K2(correct)
2. Before the names of directions:
 The East ( Correct)  North (wrong)
 The west (Correct)  South ( wrong)
3. Physical positions:
 At the top (Correct)  At back(wrong)
 At Top(wrong)  At the back( correct)
4. Before the names of religious community:
 The Muslims (Correct)  The Jews( correct)
 The Hindu(correct)  The Christian( correct)
5.Before Nationality:
 The Pakistani  The English people
 The Indian  The French people
Exception:
If a nationality expressing word is used as a countable noun then use indefinite article:
 I met a European (correct)  I met the European. (wrong)
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیمدمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیکدمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 An English man was in my class.(correct)  The English man was in my class(wrong)

Don’t use before name of language:
 The English is spoken in England.(wrong)  The English language is spoken in England(Correct).
 English is spoken in England(Correct)  I saw a French speaking French. (correct)
 Translate the English into the Urdu. (correct)  I saw a French speaking the French language(correct)
 Translate English into Urdu(wrong)  I saw the French speaking the French language( wrong)
6.Before the armed forces, govt. branches ,political parties:
 The Army (Correct)  The judiciary ( correct)
 Army( wrong)  Executive (wrong)
 The Airforce ( correct)  The Peoples Party ( correct)
 Airforce (wrong)  Peoples part (wrong)
7. Before the musical instruments and inventions:
 The Tabla (Correct)  We are watching TV(Correct)
 I have to learn the piano(correct)  We are watching a TV.(wrong)
 I have to bought the piano( wrong)  The Harmonium(correct)
 I have to bought a piano.(correct)  Guitar( wrong)
 He has to bought a TV( correct)  The Guitar(correct)
Exceptions:
We do not use “the” with TV.
8. Before the parts of body:
 She hit me on the head(correct)
 She looked her into the eyes.(correct)
 He was shot in the leg.(correct)
 He was shot in leg(wrong)
Exceptions:
On foot at hand in hand
9. Before Title or post:
The Chief minister the chief minister the director
10.before common noun used in Noun in apposition
 Muhammad ali Jinnah, the leader was honest
 Babar azam, the cricketer is legend.
Case of No Article
1. Man, Woman, nature, life, death, science, society, humanity, parliament and mankind in general sense we don’t use any article.
Examples;
 Man is mortal (correct)
 The man is mortal (wrong)
 These are miracles of science. (Correct)
 These are miracles of the science (wrong)
2. Real purpose of School,collage,university,markete,jail,court,church,temple,bed,hospital etc.
 The prisoners were kept in the jail. (wrong)
 The prisoners were kept in jail( correct)
 I am going to school for teaching (correct)
 I am going to bazaar for shopping (correct)
 I am going to market to meet my friend (wrong)
 I am going to university to meet my fellows(wrong)
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Lecture 08
Pronouns
1.Personal Pronoun

Case First Person Second Person Third Person

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative I We Thou, You You He, She, It They

Thy, Thine, Your, Yours Their, Theirs

Possessive My, Mine Our, Ours Your, Yours His, Her, Hers, Its

Objective Me Us Thee You Him, Her, It Them

People and Their Professions/Occupations Possessions and Ownership Locations and Actions

Mr. Nauman is a professor. This book is yours. I love my country.

He is a Pakistani. You are our best player. They gave him a prize.
Asim lives in Bahawalpur. Your books are in the bag. They are going to Gujranwala today.
Order of pronoun:
1. Reflexive Emphasis: When emphasizing one's own actions or feelings in relation to others, the standard
order is: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person.
 E.g., "I myself will go with you and him to the movies."
2. Courtesy or Politeness: Typically, the order is: 2nd, 3rd, and 1st person. This places the other person(s)
before oneself, showing deference or courtesy.
 E.g., "You, him, and I should form a team."
3. In Negative Contexts: In contexts where blame or a negative action is being discussed, the order might be: 1st,
2nd, and 3rd person. This places oneself first, taking on the primary responsibility.
 E.g., "I didn't see it, and neither did you or him."
4. Listing Multiple Actions: When discussing what multiple people are doing, it's common to use the order:
3rd, 2nd, and 1st person.
 E.g., "He will go to the store, you will pick up the dry cleaning, and I will handle dinner."
5. With "and": When "and" is used, the order is often: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person.
 E.g., "You and I will decide on this."
6. With "between": When "between" is used, the typical order is: 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person.
 E.g., "The choice is between you and me."
Reciprocal Additional Information Examples (Sentences)
Pronoun
each other Used for two entities. The two friends looked at each other.
John and Mary hugged each other.
one another Traditionally used for more than two entities. The team members helped one another.
The birds were chirping at one another.
Relative Examples (Sentences) Rules/Usage with
Pronoun
Who The girl who sings is my cousin. Refers to humans, often in the subject position.
People who exercise regularly are often healthier.
Whom The man to whom I spoke is the principal. Refers to humans, often in the object position.
This is the author whom I admire greatly.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Whose The lady whose car broke down seemed worried. Indicates possession.
I met a boy whose father is a pilot.
Which The book which is on the table is mine. Refers to animals and things.
The song which she sang became a hit.
That The house that I bought is spacious. Used in restrictive clauses, which provide essential
The pen that writes smoothly is out of ink. information about the noun they modify.
The shoes that she wore to the party were red.
The movie that he recommended was excellent.
Pronoun Vs Adjective
Pronoun Examples (Sentences) Specific Rules/Usage Pronoun Vs Adjective

Each Each student received a certificate. - Refers to members individually. - Pronoun: Each is the best.
Each of these apples is fresh. Typically used for 2 or more items. Adjective: Each student is
intelligent.

Every Every child love candy. - Refers to all members of a group Pronoun: (Only act as an
Every answer was correct. without exception. - Used only adjective)
when referring to more than 2 Adjective: Every book is
items. interesting.

Either You can take either the red ball or - Refers to one out of two Pronoun: I don’t like either.
the blue one. items/choices. - Implies any one of Adjective: Either choice is
Either door will lead to the garden. the two but not both. good.

neither Neither answer is correct. - Denotes not one or the other out Pronoun: Neither is
Neither of the restaurants is open. of two choices. - Often contrasts acceptable.
with "either". Adjective: Neither option
is suitable.
Both Both are excellent. - Specifically refers to two items or Pronoun: Both are excellent.
Both the movies were thrilling. choices in tandem. - Emphasizes Adjective: Both movies were
inclusivity of two items. thrilling.

Any I don’t want any. - Refers to an indefinite quantity. - Pronoun: I haven't seen any.
Any child can answer this question. Often used in negative sentences Adjective: Any book will do.
and questions.

None None was left. - Used to indicate not a single one Pronoun: None was left.
None of the answers was correct. or zero quantity. - Can be Adjective: None of the books
is useful.
followed by singular or plural
verbs, depending on context.

Indefinite Specific Rules Additional Information Examples (Sentences)

someone Refers to an unspecified person, Concrete; Countable; Positive Someone is standing at the gate.
usually in singular contexts. Someone should understand
the essence of true love.
everyone Refers to all individuals in a group. Concrete; Countable; Positive Everyone in the town attends
the festival. Everyone
desires respect.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

somebody Similar to "someone" in meaning, Concrete; Countable; Positive Somebody left their bag here.
refers to an unspecified person. Somebody cherishes the idea
of peace.
nobody Refers to the absence of any person. Concrete; Countable; Negative Nobody in our team was late.
Nobody understands the
depth of loneliness.
everything Refers to all things in a given Abstract/Concrete; Uncountable; Everything is a part of the
context. Positive grand design. Everything in the
room is placed perfectly.
something Refers to an unspecified thing or Abstract/Concrete; Uncountable; Something about freedom
matter. Positive attracts us all. Something on
the table looks delicious.
nothing Refers to the absence of anything. Abstract/Concrete; Uncountable; Nothing is more precious than
Negative time.
There's nothing in the jar.
Other Used to refer to those remaining or Concrete; Countable; Other emotions might take
the alternative of a group. Positive/Negative over, like joy or sadness. Some
people enjoy rain,
others sunshine.
Many Refers to a large but unspecified Concrete; Countable; Positive Many dreams go unfulfilled.
number. Many apples were picked from
the tree.
many a Used to emphasize each individual Concrete; Countable; Positive Many a soldier fell in the battle.
case or item. Many a time I've thought
about it.
Few Refers to a small but unspecified Concrete; Countable; "few" Few truths remain
number. (negative), "a few" (positive), "the unchallenged.
few" (specific quantity) A few of these ideas are
innovative.
The few days she spent there
were enlightening.
Little Refers to a small, often insufficient Abstract; Uncountable; "little" Little knowledge can be
amount. (negative), "a little" (positive), "the dangerous.
little" (specific quantity) A little kindness can make a
difference.
The little water we had was
used sparingly.
Some Refers to an unspecified quantity or Abstract/Concrete; Some wisdom comes with age.
a part of a whole. Countable/Uncountable; Positive Some bread would be nice.
Some people never change.

Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. It's used to make sentences more
complex or more interesting.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
These conjunctions are used to link words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. The most common
coordinating conjunctions are "and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," and "yet" (remembered by the acronym
FANBOYS).
Examples:
 I like to play basketball and soccer.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 I wanted to go to the party, but I had to study for my test.

 You can have ice cream or cake.
 She neither dances nor sings.
 He was tired, yet he continued to work.
2.Subordinating Conjunctions:
These conjunctions are used to link a dependent clause to an independent clause. Some common subordinating
conjunctions are "because," "although," "while," "since," "after," "before," "unless," and "if."
Examples:
 I will go to the party because I finished my homework.
 Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.
 I usually read a book while I am eating breakfast.
 He hasn't seen her since they graduated.
 Before you go to bed, remember to turn off the lights.
3.Correlative Conjunctions:
These conjunctions work in pairs to join words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance. The common
pairs are "either...or," "neither...nor," "not only...but also," "both...and," "whether...or."
Preposition: (Pre Position)
The words used before noun or pronoun is called prepositions.
Function of preposition: Preposition is used to relate noun or pronoun with verb.
Preposition Types:
We shall study about following types of preposition.
 No Preposition
 Fixed Preposition
 Proposition of Time
 Proposition of Place
 Proposition of Direction
 Proposition of Location
 Proposition of Spatial Relationship
 Prepositional Phrase
We shall discuss about the following preposition words;
From, off, of, since, for, with, in, At, on, upon, 0nto, to, towards, under, beneath, underneath, except, between,
among, amongst, over, above, below, up, down, upwards, downwards, about, ago, inside, outside, within,
without, after, before, next to, adjacent, beside, besides, ahead of, behind, in front of, right to, left to,
immediate right to, immediate left to, along, alongside, beyond, across, during, opposite, against, out of,
through, around, throughout, up to, till, until, via
No preposition:
1. Attack:
USA attacked on Afghanistan in 2001 (wrong)
USA attacked Afghanistan in 2001 (Correct)
2. Approach:
He was approaching to her. (wrong)
He approached the success. (Correct)
3. Avoid:
I avoid to smoking. (Wrong)
I avoid smoking. (Correct)
4. Answer:
Answer to these questions (wrong)
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Answer these questions (correct)

5. Advise:
Her mother advised to her. (wrong)
Her mother advised her. (Correct)
6. Board:
I boarded for a new car. (wrong)
I boarded a new car(Correct)
7. Compliment:
He complimented to her beauty. (wrong)
He complimented her beauty. (Correct)
8. Comprise:
Class comprised of 20 students. (wrong)
Class comprised 20 students. (Correct)
9. Consider:
Let us consider to the example (Wrong)
Let us consider the example (Correct)
10. Contact:
They contacted to me at late night. (wrong)
The contacted me late night(Correct)
11. Congratulate:
I congratulated to her(wrong)
I congratulated her(Correct)
12. Deny:
He denied to my proposal. (wrong)
He denied my proposal. (Correct)
13. Describe:
I will describe about preposition today. (wrong)
I will describe preposition today. (Correct)
14. Discuss:
Let discuss about PPSC exam. (wrong)
Let discuss PPSC exam. (Correct)
15. Demand:
He demanded for a pen (wrong)
He demanded a pen (Correct)
16. Despite:
I will attend my class despite of ill. (wrong)
I will attend my class despite of ill. (Correct)
17. Enter:
Please let me to enter in the room. (wrong)
Please let me to enter the room. (Correct)
He entered into her love (True/exceptional case)
18. Emphasize:
I want to emphasize on this topic. (wrong)
I want to emphasize this topic. (Correct)
19. Explain:
Please explain to me. (wrong)
Please explain me(Correct)
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

20. Face:
Salma is facing to domestic issues. (wrong)
Salma is facing domestic issues. (Correct)
21. Hate
I hate to you. (wrong)
I hate you. (Correct)
22. Inform
I inform to him. (wrong)
I inform him (Correct)
1. Investigate:
Inspector will investigate about the crime. (Wrong)
She is investigating for me. (Correct)
2. Join:
Join with us on whatsapp. (wrong)
Join us on whatsapp. (Correct)
3. Like:
She likes to go outside. (wrong)
She likes go outside. (Correct)
4. Love:
They love to each other. (wrong)
They love each other(Correct)
5. Lack:
They lack of knowledge. (Wrong)
They lack knowledge. (Correct)
6. Next
We shall meet on next day (Wrong)
We shall meet next day. (Correct)
7. Obey:
Obey to your Boss. (Wrong)
Obey your boss. (Correct)
8. Meet
I want to meet to you alone. (wrong)
I want to meet you alone(Correct)
9. Resemble:
She resembles with her mother. (wrong)
She resembles her mother. (Correct)
10. Order:
I ordered for a pizza yesterday. (wrong)
I ordered a pizza yesterday. (Correct)
11. Obey:
He advised to him, obey to your parents. (wrong)
He advised him, obey your parents. (Correct)
12. Pass
She passed to me very fast. (Wrong)
She passed me very fast. (Correct)
13. Qualify:
Lahore Qalandar will qualify to the Final Match. (Wrong)
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Lahare Qalandar will qualify the final match. (Correct)

14. Return:
I shall return to you soon.(Wrong)
I shall return you soon. (Correct)
15. Read
Read from your book. (Wrong)
Read your book. (Correct)
16. Reach:
I reached to home safe and sound. (wrong)
I reached home safe and sound. (Correct)
17. Request:
They requested for a job. (wrong)
The requested a job. (Correct)
18. Resign:
She resigned from her job. (wrong)
She resigned her job.(Correct)
19. Sign:
He signed at the agreement letter. (wrong)
He signed the agreement letter. (Correct)
20. Tell:
Tell to me your name. (Wrong)
Tell me your name. (Correct
23. Thank
She thanked to me for her help.(Wrong)
She thanked me for her help. (Correct)
24. Visit:
She visited to my office.(Wrong)
She visited my office. (Correct)
25. Watch:
I am watching to the movie. (Wrong)
I am watching the movie. (Correct)
Fixed Preposition:
To
 Adapt to  Add to  Agree to  Apologize to  Consent to  Devote to  Happen to
 Lead to  Object to  React to  Refer to  Reply to  Speak to  Turn to
For
 Admire for  Apologize  Apply  Ask for  Blame for  Care for  Excuse for
for for
 Head for  Pay for  Pray for  Prepare  Scold for  Search for  Vote for
for
 Wait for  Wish for  Work for
From
 Borrow from  Escape from  Graduate  Hide from  Infer from  Prevent from
from
 Prohibit from  Protect from  Recover  Rescue from  Resign from  Retire from
from
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Save from  Separate from  Stem from  Suffer from

At
 Aim at  Arrive at  Glance at  Guess at  Laugh at  Look at
 Marvel at  Peer at  Point at  Smile at  Stare at  Wink at
On
 Base on  Be on  Comment on  Concentrate  Congratulate  Count on  Depend on
on on
 Elaborate  Impose on  Insist on  Play on  Pride on self  Rely on
on
With
 Associate with  Acquaint with  Charge with  Compare with  Comply with
 Confront with  Confuse with  Cover with  Deal with  Discuss with
 Help with  Temper with  Trust with  Agree with
In
 Arrive in  Believe in  Confide in  Implicate in  Involve in
 Participate in  Result in  Specialize in  Trust in  Succeed in
 Be Engrossed in  Absorb in
About
 Argue about  Ask  Be about  Boast about  Care about  Concern  Decide about
about about
 Dream about  Forget  Know about  Laugh about  Protest  Think about  Worry about
about about
UP  Bring up  Grow up

Preposition of place
(in, at, on)
We divide the places into following types
1) Dependent Place (at)
2) Independent Place (in)
3) Open Place (at)
4) Closed Place (in)
5) Surface (on)

Examples:
 I live at Gujranwala in Pakistan.
 I shall meet you at class in university
 They live at defense in Lahore.
 They are sitting at café in college.
 The watch man is standing at gate
 Book is on the table.
 We met at lawn.
 She is sitting in the car
 The busses are coming at bus stop
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 They are celebrating his birthday at Kinara hotel in Gujrat.

 She is sleeping at class room in school.
 Ball is on the table.
 Sit onto the chair.
 He is on phone call.
 Shaheen Afridi is on fire
 He is working on computer.
 Ball is in the box.
 He lives in Pakistan
 I live in Gujranwala.
 Children were bathing in river.
Preposition of Time
(In, on, at, within, by, for, since, during, from-to)
We divide the time in two types.
1. Clock (Hours, Minutes, Seconds) (at)
2. Calendar
Years, Months (in) Days and date (on)
3. Point of time (since)
4. Duration of time (for)
Examples:
1) I go to Lahore at 8 O clocks.
2) See you in the morning.
3) See you in the evening
4) See you in the afternoon.
5) See u at night.
6) It is raining since day before yesterday.
7) She has been here for 10 days.
8) I shall meet you at Eid.
9) I shall meet you on Eid day.
10) I shall meet you at 5pm.
11) My exams are in June.
12) She is getting marriage in December.
13) Suzuki launched new car in 2022-12-22.
14) My father is coming on 3rd June.
15) I will come to your home on Monday.

Preposition of direction
(In, to, into, on, onto, towards, by, through, off)
We divide the directions into following types
1) Towards 2) Away
3) Up 4) Down
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Examples:
1) I am going to school.
2) He goes to school by car.
3) He traveled by Bus.
4) She is coming to me.
5) She gave money to him.
6) Ball is going towards the boundary.
7) I am coming towards bus station.
8) Our lecture timing is 7pm to 8pm.
9) There were 300 to 400 people in marriage hall
10) She is coming from school.
11) I wrote it from the book.
12) I heard it from Ali.
13) I am coming from office.
14) Ball is on the table.
15) Cat jumped onto the table.
16) Sit onto the chair.
17) He is working on computer.
18) He jumped into the water.
19) Children were bathing in river.
20) She is jumping through the window.
21) I can see you through this pipe.
22) The snake is sneaking through hole.
23) The snake is going into the hole.
24) I have picked the mobile off the bed.
25) Monkey jumped off the tree.
26) Move the cup off the table.
27) He is getting off the bus.
Preposition of Position
(On, off, in, above, over, under, below, underneath, beneath)
We divide positions as follow.
1) left/right/front/back 2) under 3) above 4) touched / untouched
 Under/below /above: (Subject and objects are not fully touched and no movement it is for level)
Examples:
1) Ali is hidden under the Bed
2) Fan is above my head
3) 60% population living below poverty line.
 Beneath/Underneath/Over :( Subject and object are fully touched there may or may not movement it is for
height)
Example:
1) Your house is beneath my house.
2) He puts blanket over the child.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

3) Bridge is over the river.

 On: (Subject and object are touched but not fully covered)

Example:
The book is on the table.
 In: (Subject and object are touched and covered or contained)

Example:
The book is in the case.

Lecture 09
Phrasal Verb:
Preposition of verbs/Phrasal verb
(Look, Call, Put, take, Look, Read, Break)
Definition: When we add a preposition with a verb then it is called phrasal verb.

Look:
1. Look at= watch:
 They are looking at each other and smiling.
 They are watching each other and smiling
2. Look up = searching reference, consult, slowly Improvement:
 He is looking up for meaning of the word in the dictionary.
 Economy is looking up.
 Patient is looking up.
3. Look for = searching the hidden/lost:
 He is looking for his book
 He was looking for a job.
4. Look up to = to respect someone:
 We should look up to our parents.
 He looks up to his elder brother.
5. Look down on/upon = to insult someone:
 The poor’s should not be looked down upon.
 The boss looked down upon his employees.
6. Look over/through = Examine carefully:
 We looked over the house again before we decide to rent it.
 Can you look through your book?
7. Look into= investigate:
 Police officer is looking into the matter.
 Police officer investigated the matter.
8. Look forward to= hope/expect/anticipate:
 The students are looking forward to good results.
 I am looking forward to meet you.
9. Look after=care/tend:
 She looks after her mother.
 We should look after the old patient carefully.
10. Look on= To see what is happening without doing anything:
 When the old man fell over, two women ran over to help him, but everyone else just looked on.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 He was looking on the matter but not interfering.

11. Look on as= regard/consider:
 I always looked on him as my ideal teacher.
 Interviewer looked on him as a favorite candidate for the job.
12. Look to= consider for improvement:
 Look to your manners
 We need to look to ways of improving our marketing.
13. Look out=be careful about:
 You should look out when cross the road.
 We should look out to go in relation with anyone.
Call:
1. Call off= cancelation:
 Due to heavy rain the match was called off.
 The meeting was called off due to unknown reason
2. Call in= To visit someone indoor for help:
 We had to call in the electrician as all the light went off.
 She called in the plumber.
3. Call up= call via phone/remember/recollect/summon someone
 We called up yesterday, but you did not respond.
 She called up her childhood memories.
 My son was called up in the court.
4. Call at= Visit at a place:
 I called at medical store.
 I called at the university yesterday.
5. Call on= Visit a person:
 I called on my grandmother yesterday.
 The doctor called on my mother.
6. Call around/round = visit a person for a short interval:
 I will call around him to convince.
 The political leader called round his constituency.
7. Call by= Visit a person briefly on your way to somewhere else:
 Would it ok to be calling by this afternoon on our way to the play ground?
 I will call by you tomorrow on the way to university.
 Let’s call by her for a cup of tea on our way to home.
8. Call out= to speak loudly:
 The teacher called out the names of the student.
 The announcement was called out twice
9. Call for=Publically demand ask for action, necessary requirement:
 Your behavior calls for explanation.
 After the fire, the residence called for rescue operation and safety procedure.
 This job calls for excellent communication skill.
10. Call forth= to cause something, to make a thing happen:
 The protest called forth a strong response.
 His hardworking passion called forth his success.
11. Call after= To give child the same as someone else:
 She was call Ayesha after her grandmother.
 He called after his farther.
12. Call upon= to formally ask a person/organization to do something/ invite:
 He was called upon to give a speech at the award ceremony.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 I called upon her on my wedding ceremony.

Put:
(Put means decide to own or stay)
1. Put off: (postpone, delay)
2. Put out: (Extinguish, sad, publish)
3. Put down: (writings, Crush, suppress)
4. Put up: (stay, display, construct)
5. Put up with: (Tolerate/bear)
6. Put aside: (Ignore, saving money
7. Put by: (save something for future)
8. Put on: (wear, gain, pretend)
9. Put in: (Efforts, request)
10. Put forward: (suggest an idea, give an opinion)
11. Put across: (crystal clear explain idea)
12. Put through: (facing whole problem)
Examples:
1) I cannot ----- him anymore, he is making noise.
a) A)Put up b) B) put out c) C) put off d) D) put up with
2) The fire man ---the fire.
a) A) Put up b) B) put out c) C) off d) D) put up with
3) Can we -----the lecture until Wednesday?
a) A) Put up b) B) put out c) C) put off d) D)put up with
4) He ------- all the time, I don’t know why she’s with him.
a) Puts her down b) puts her in c) puts her up d) put her up with
5) They --------- a new newsletter every Friday. It’s worth reading.
a) Put up b) put out c) put off d) put through
6) I am trying to-------- my point of view but no one is listening to me.
a) Put up b) put out c) put across d) put up with
7) I ---------- a beautiful dress on my wedding anniversary.
a) Put off b) put out c) put on d) put up with
8) I can’t---------the tent. I think it’s broken.
a) Put up with b) put up c) put off d) put aside
9) I don’t know how you-------- your boss. He’s such a mad man.
a) Put up b) put out c) put off d) put up with
10) My father --------- the money to buy the house.
a) Put up b) put by c) put off d) put up with
11) He -----------for a leave. But it was refused.
a) Put up b) put out c) put in d) put up with
12) They------------ their differences because they love each other.
a) Put up b) put out c) put off d) put up with
13) Will you help me to ------------ the poster?
a) Put up b) put out c) put forward d) put up with
14) The amount of money you make depends on the efforts----------?
a) Put up b) put in c) put off d) put up with
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
Govt. Jobs Test Preparation with Sufian Goraya
For online Regular session: Join us on YouTube by searching “sufian Goraya” Or whatsapp 0343 66 33 103
!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

15) He found it difficult---------- what he wanted to say at the meeting.

a) Put up b) put out c) put across d) put forward

Lecture 10
Conjunction and Interjection
Conjunction:
Conjunctions are joining words of word, phrase, clause and sentences. For example

1) We shall meet at office or cafeteria.

2) He said that he would come.
Types:
a) Coordinating Conjunction: Connects equal grammatical elements. Example: and, but, or.
b) Subordinating Conjunction: Connects dependent clauses to independent clauses. Example: because, although,
while.
c)Correlative Conjunction: Used in pairs to connect elements. Example: either...or, neither...nor, both...and.
d) Conjunctive Adverb (Adverbial Conjunction): Connects independent clauses and functions as an adverb.
Example: however, therefore, furthermore.

Difference between prepositions and conjunctions:

 The police man ran after the thief.
 She came after I had left.
 I have not met him since January
 I have not met her since he left.
 He died for his country
 He could not come for he was ill.
Interjection:
Interjections express feeling or emotions. These are also called exclamation words.
Interjection is the only part of speech which is itself a complete sentence
Examples:
Hurrah! I passed the paper.
Ah! I lost my friend.
Assignment Paragraph:
"Yesterday, she quickly ran to the park where she found a beautiful flower that had been carefully
nurtured by the gardener for many years, and with a sense of joy and gratitude, she picked it delicately."

Lecture 11
Narration:
Direct and Indirect Speech
When changing from direct to indirect speech, pronouns may change based on the subject or object of the
reporting speech.
Example:
Direct Speech: He said to me, "You are my best friend".

General Rule:

 If First Person (I, We) – Change according to the subject of the Reporting Speech.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 If Second Person (You) – Change according to the object of the Reporting Speech.
 If Third Person (He, She, They, Any name) – No change.
Chart 1: Change in Pronoun:

Person Pronoun Family in Direct Speech Corresponding Change in Indirect

Speech
First Person (I, We) I, We, My, Mine, Me, Myself, Our, Ours, Us, Change according to the subject of
Ourselves the Reporting Speech

Second Person You, Your, Yours, You, Yourself/Yourselves Change according to the object of
(You) the Reporting Speech

Third Person (He, He, She, They, It, His, Her, Hers, Their, Theirs, No change in Indirect Speech
She, They, It, Any Him, Her, Them, Himself, Herself, Themselves,
Name) Itself

Example for First Person:

Direct Speech: We say, "Our task is difficult".

Indirect Speech: We say that our task is difficult. (No change as 'we' is the subject of the reporting speech)

Example for Second Person:

Direct Speech: He said to me, "You are my best friend".

Indirect Speech: He told me that I was his best friend. (‘You’ changes to ‘I’ as 'me' is the object of the
reporting speech)

Example for Third Person:

Direct Speech: He says, "She is my sister".

Indirect Speech: He says that she is his sister. (No change in pronoun)
Chart 2: Change in Tense & Modal in Direct to Indirect Speech:

Tense in Direct Speech Tense in Indirect Speech

Present Indefinite (Do / Does) Past Indefinite (Did)

Present Continuous (Is/Am/Are) Past Continuous (Was/Were)

Present Perfect (Has/Have) Past Perfect (Had)

Present Perfect Cont. (Has been/Have been) Past Perfect Cont. (Had been)

Past Indefinite (Did) Past Perfect (Had)

Past Continuous (Was/Were) Past Perfect Cont. (Had been)

Past Perfect (Had) No Change

Past Perfect Cont. (Had been) No Change

Future Tense (Will) Conditional (Would)

 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Change in Modal Verbs:

Modal in Direct Speech Modal in Indirect Speech

Shall Should

Can Could

May Might

Must Had to / Must

Has to / Have to Had to

Chart 3: Change in Adjectives/Adverbs/Time in Direct to Indirect Speech

Example: He said to me, "I will come tomorrow".

Expression in Direct Speech Expression in Indirect Speech

This That

This day That day

These Those

These days Those days

Here There

Now Then

Tomorrow The following day / Next day

At the moment At that moment

Last night The night before

Last year The year before / Previous year

Next year The following year

Today That day

Yesterday The day before

Tonight That night

Ago Before / Earlier

Chart 4: Changes in Expressions in Direct to Indirect Speech

Type of Sentence Expression in Direct Speech Expression in Indirect Speech

 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

(To order/To request/To advise)

Sentences
Imperative

"Do your homework!" He ordered/instructed me to do my homework.

"Please come early." He requested/urged me to come early.

"Drive safely." He advised/suggested that I drive safely.

(Expression of joy, sorrow, regret, applause,

Sentences
Exclamatory

or wonder/surprise)

"Oh! I lost my pen." He exclaimed with regret that he had lost his pen.

"What a beautiful view!" He exclaimed with wonder/surprise at the beautiful

view.

(To pray/To wish/To bid)

Sentences
Optative

"May you have a long life." He prayed/wished for me to have a long life.

"Goodbye! Stay safe." He bade me goodbye and to stay safe.

Lecture 12
Rules for Direct and Indirect Speech
1. Direct Speech:
 The exact words of the speaker are quoted.
 Example: Rama said, ‘I am very busy now.’
2. Indirect (or Reported) Speech:
 The speaker's words are reported without quoting the exact words.
 Example: Rama said that he was very busy then.
Key Points:
 Direct Speech uses inverted commas to mark the exact words of the speaker, while Indirect Speech
does not.
 There are certain changes when converting Direct to Indirect Speech:
i. Introduction of conjunction "that" before the Indirect statement.
ii. Change in pronouns.
iii. Change in tense. iv. Change in adverbs.
Guidelines for Changing Tenses:
When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense:
a. Simple present becomes a simple past. –
Direct: He said, ‘I am unwell.’
Indirect: He said (that) he was unwell.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

b. Present continuous becomes a past continuous.

- Direct: He said, ‘My master is writing letters.’
Indirect: He said (that) his master was writing letters.
c. Present perfect becomes a past perfect. –
Direct: He said, ‘I have passed the examination.’ –
Indirect: He said (that) he had passed the examination.
Note:
 The "shall" of the Future Tense is changed to "should."
 The "will" of the Future Tense is changed to "would" or "should." Typically,
the simple past in Direct becomes the past perfect in Indirect. Exceptions:
Tenses may not always change if:
 The statement is still relevant.
 It's a universal truth.
 One can often choose whether to keep the original tenses or change them. For
example, uncertain statements or objective reporting often use the past tense. Effect
of Reporting Verb in Present Tense on Direct and Indirect Speech
When the reporting verb is in the Present Tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change.
Examples:
1. Direct: He said, ‘I am unwell.’
 Indirect: He says he is unwell.
2. Direct: He just said, ‘My master is writing letters.’
 Indirect: He has just said his master is writing letters.
3. Direct: He said, ‘I have passed the examination.’
 Indirect: He says he has passed the examination.
4. Direct: He said, ‘The horse died in the night.’
 Indirect: He says the horse died in the night.
Changes in Pronouns:
The pronouns of the Direct Speech are modified as needed to ensure their relations align with the reporter
and the listener, rather than with the original speaker.
Example:
Direct: He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you.’
Indirect: He said he didn’t believe me.
Direct. She said to him, ‘I don’t believe you.’
Indirect. She said she didn’t believe him.
Direct. I said to him, ‘I don’t believe you.’
Indirect. I said I didn’t believe him.
Direct. I said to you, ‘I don’t believe you.’
Indirect. I said I didn’t believe you.
Reporting Questions in Indirect Speech
1. Introduction by Verbs: When reporting questions, the Indirect Speech typically begins with verbs like
asked, inquired, and so on.
2. Usage of "whether" or "if": If the question doesn't begin with an interrogative word (like what, where,
why, how, etc.), the reporting verb can be followed by the conjunctions whether or if.
Examples:
 Direct: He said to me, ‘What are you doing?’
 Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
Direct: ‘Where do you live?’ asked the stranger.
 Indirect: The stranger inquired where I lived.
Direct: The policeman said to us, ‘Where are you going?’
 Indirect: The policeman inquired where we were going.
Direct: He said, ‘Will you listen to such a man?’
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Indirect: He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.

Alternative Indirect: Would they, he asked, listen to such a man?
Reporting Commands and Requests in Indirect Speech:
1. Introduction by Verbs: When reporting commands or requests, the Indirect Speech is introduced by verbs that express
the command or request.
2. Changing the Mood: The imperative mood in Direct Speech is typically changed to the Infinitive in Indirect Speech.
Examples:
 Direct: Rama said to Arjun, ‘Go away.’
 Indirect: Rama ordered Arjun to go away.
 Direct: He said to him, ‘Please wait here till I return.’
 Indirect: He requested him to wait there till he returned.
 Direct: ‘Call the first witness,’ said the judge.
 Indirect: The judge commanded them to call the first witness.
 Direct: He shouted, ‘Let me go.’
 Indirect: He shouted to them to let him go.
 Direct: He said, ‘Be quiet and listen to my words.’
 Indirect: He urged them to be quiet and listen to his words.
Reporting Exclamations and Wishes in Indirect Speech:
1. Introduction by Verbs: Exclamations and wishes are reported in Indirect Speech with verbs that express the emotion or
sentiment conveyed in the Direct Speech.
2. Conversion: While converting exclamations and wishes from Direct to Indirect Speech, it's essential to maintain the
essence or sentiment of the original statement.
Examples:
 Direct: He said, ‘Alas ! I am undone.’
 Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was undone.
 Direct: Alice said, ‘How clever I am !’
 Indirect: Alice exclaimed that she was very clever.
 Direct: He said, ‘Bravo ! You have done well.’
 Indirect: He applauded him, saying that he had done well.
 Direct: ‘So help me, Heaven!’ he cried, ‘I will never steal again.’
 Indirect: He called upon Heaven to witness his resolve never to steal again.

Lecture 13
Voice in Grammar
Voice indicates the relationship between the subject and the verb in a sentence, specifically, who is doing the action
and who is receiving it. There are two primary voices in English grammar:
1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice
1. Active Voice
In the active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action.
Definition: When the verb indicates that the subject performs an action, it is in the Active Voice.
Example:
 Ram eats an apple. (Here, "Ram" is the subject and he is the one doing the action of eating.)
2. Passive Voice
In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is acted upon or receives the action.
Definition: Passive Voice shows that an action is done to the subject.
Example:
 An apple is eaten by Ram. (Here, "an apple" is the subject but it is not doing any action. Instead, it is being acted
upon by "Ram".)
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Reasons for Using Passive Voice:

1. Obvious Subject: When the doer of the action is clearly understood, it might be omitted in the passive voice.
 e.g., The letters were delivered (by the postman).
2. Unknown Subject: When we don't know who performed the action, passive voice is useful.
 e.g., My pen was stolen.
3. Concealing the Identity: Sometimes, for various reasons including sensitivity or politeness, the doer's identity
might be intentionally omitted.
 e.g., He was dismissed from his job. (Here, it's not specified who dismissed him.)
2. Scientific Writing: In scientific processes, methods, or reports, the focus is often on the procedure or
result rather than who conducted it.
 e.g., Twenty milliliters of Sulphuric acid was taken in a test-tube and heated.
3. Emphasizing the Action Over the Doer: In some cases, the action or result is more significant than
who did it.
Changing Active Voice to Passive Voice: Rules and Examples
Basic Rules:
1. Swap Subject and Object
 The object of the verb in active voice becomes the subject in passive voice.
2. Introduce the Agent with "by"
 The original subject from the active voice (the "doer" of the action) usually becomes the object in the passive voice,
often introduced by the preposition "by".
3. Retain the Tense
 The tense of the verb remains consistent between the active and passive voices.
4. Use the Past Participle Form
 The verb in the passive voice will always be in its past participle form (third form).
5. Employ the Correct "Be" Verb Form
 Depending on the tense and subject, the appropriate form of "be" (is, am, are, was, were, been, have been, had
been, will be, shall be) is used in conjunction with the past participle.
Passive Voice for Interrogative Sentences
Interrogative sentences beginning with auxiliary verbs:
1. Questions with do/does/did
 Active: Do many people watch this serial?
Passive: Is this serial watched by many people?
 Active: Did you complete your work in time?
Passive: Was your work completed by you in time?
2. Questions in continuous tense
 Active: Is she making coffee?
Passive: Is coffee being made by her?
3. Questions with has/have/had
 Active: Has he written the letter?
Passive: Has the letter been written by him?
4. Questions with modal auxiliaries
 Active: Can you sing this song?
Passive: Can this song be sung by you?
Interrogative sentences with "wh" words:
For questions beginning with "wh" words, the order typically goes: "wh" word + auxiliary verb + subject
+ main verb.
 Active: Why did you cut down the tree?
Passive: Why was the tree cut down by you?
 Active: Where do you keep your books?
Passive: Where are your books kept by you?
For questions starting with "who", the pattern becomes: "by whom" + auxiliary verb + subject + verb in its third form.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 Active: Who will make a kite?

Passive: By whom will a kite be made?
 Active: Who will bell the cat?
Passive: By whom will the cat be belled?
Key Takeaway: When converting active interrogative sentences to passive, the general rule of thumb is to keep the
interrogative nature intact, while making necessary adjustments to ensure the passive structure and meaning are
accurate.
Lecture 14
Change of Voice Involving Tenses:
1. Simple Present (Indefinite) Tense
Rule: Use is/am/are + III (past participle) form of the verb.
Examples:
 Active: Mohan sings a song.
Passive: A song is sung by Mohan.
 Active: Uncle Podger hangs a picture.
Passive: A picture is hung by Uncle Podger.
2. Simple Past (Indefinite) Tense Rule: was/were + III form of the verb Examples:
 Active: Kapil Dev broke the record.
Passive: The record was broken by Kapil Dev.
1. Future Indefinite Tense
Rule: will/shall + be + III form of the verb
Examples:
 Active: He will play two matches.
Passive: Two matches will be played by him.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Rule: is/am/are + being + III form of the verb
Examples:
 Active: He is telling a story.
Passive: A story is being told by him.
3. Past Continuous Tense
Rule: was/were + being + III form of the verb
Examples:
 Active: The boys were playing football.
Passive: Football was being played by the boys.
4. Future Continuous Tense
Note: Sentences belonging to this tense cannot be changed into Passive Voice.
5. Present Perfect Tense
Rule: has/have + been + III form of the verb
Examples:
 Active: I have won the match.
Passive: The match has been won by me.
6. Past Perfect Tense
Rule: had + been + III form of the verb
Examples:
 Active: The gardener had watered the plants.
Passive: The plants had been watered by the gardener.
7. Future Perfect Tense
Rule: will/shall + have + been + III form of the verb
Examples:
 Active: They will have taken their lunch.
Passive: Their lunch will have been taken by them.
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Tense Rule Active Voice Passive Voice

Present is/am/are + V3 My mother bakes cakes. Cakes are baked by my mother.

Indefinite

Present is/am/are + being + V3 My mother is baking cakes. Cakes are being baked by my mother.
Continuous

Present Perfect has/have + been + V3 My mother has baked cakes. Cakes have been baked by my mother.

Past Indefinite was/were + V3 My mother baked cakes. Cakes were baked by my mother.

Past Continuous was/were + being + V3 My mother was baking cakes. Cakes were being baked by my mother.

Past Perfect had + been + V3 My mother had baked cakes. Cakes had been baked by my mother.

Future Indefinite will/shall + be + V3 My mother will bake cakes. Cakes will be baked by my mother.

Future Perfect will/shall + have + been My mother will have baked Cakes will have been baked by my
+ V3 cakes. mother.

Lecture 15
MISCELLANEOUS TYPES OF SENTENCES
1. PASSIVE VOICE WITH MODAL AUXILIARIES:

Rule: Modal auxiliary (would/should/can, etc) + be + III form of verb + by + agent (if necessary)

Active Voice Passive Voice

I can do this. This can be done by me.

My friend cannot help me. I cannot be helped by my friend.

Will you paint a picture? Will a picture be painted by you?

PASSIVE OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:

Rules:
1. An imperative sentence is a sentence showing order, or request. So, in the passive voice, we use: "You are
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

requested/ordered/advised + infinitive with 'to'."

2. Sentences involving order/advice are preferably changed into passive by using the word 'let' or 'should'.
Active Voice Passive Voice

Please close the door. You are requested to close the door.

Save your soul. Your soul should be saved. Let your soul be saved.

Do it. Let it be done. It should be done.

PASSIVE OF SENTENCES IN WHICH THE PREPOSITION 'BY' IS NOT USED

Active Voice Passive Voice

I know you. You are known to me.

This news alarmed us. We were alarmed at this news.

People lined the road on both The road was lined with people on both sides.
sides.

This pot contains milk. Milk is contained in this pot.

Can you please her? Can she be pleased with you?

Your behavior displeased me. I was displeased at your behavior.

Spectators thronged the field. The field was thronged with spectators.

SUBJECT UNDERSTOOD TYPE

In some sentences, the subject has to be supplied according to the context while changing them into the active form.
Passive Voice Active Voice (with implied subject)

He has been asked to resign. (His boss) has asked him to resign.

The thief was arrested. (The police) arrested the thief.

PREPOSITIONAL VERBS
Rule: Prepositions attached with the verbs in the Active form continue to be attached with them even in the Passive
form.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Please listen to him. You are requested to listen to him.

He turned down my proposal. My proposal was turned down by him.

DOUBLE OBJECT TYPE

Rule: In the case of a verb having two objects in Active voice, either of them can be retained in the passive.

Active Voice Passive Voice 1 Passive Voice 2

 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Hari gave me an apple. I was given an apple by Hari. An apple was given to me by Hari.

He teaches us English. We are taught English by him. English is taught to us by him.

INFINITIVES:
Rule: to be + III form of the verb
For the sentences that begin with "It is time to ....................................... ", the form is changed
as: "It is time + for + object + to be + III form."
Active Voice Passive Voice

He wants to buy a car. He wants a car to be bought.

It is time to take lunch. It is time for lunch to be taken.

You have to do it. It has to be done by you.

Active Voice Passive Voice

One must endure what one cannot cure. What cannot be cured must be endured.

They say that honesty is the best policy. It is said that honesty is the best policy.

God helps those who help themselves. Those who are helped by themselves are helped by God.

One expects better behaviour of a man like you. Better behaviour is expected of a man like you.

Fortune favours the brave. The brave are favoured by fortune.

Let them play the match. Let the match be played by them.

Let him come. He should be allowed to come.

He begged the teacher to forgive him. He begged the teacher that he might be forgiven.

Bad intentions pave the road to hell. Road to hell is paved with bad intentions.

Let her sing. It is proposed that she should sing.

May you prosper! It is prayed that you may prosper.

I like playing hockey. Playing hockey is liked by me.

This exercise needs correcting. This exercise needs to be corrected.

 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

May I speak? Am I allowed to speak?

You cannot gather grapes from thistles. Grapes cannot be gathered from thistles.

Many persons went to see the hanging of the Many persons went to see the patriot being hanged.
patriot.

They took no notes. No notes were taken by them.

We consumed whatever we had in a day or two. Whatever we had was consumed in a day or two.

Lecture 16
Punctuation
1. Comma (,)
Rule 1: Use commas to separate items in a list.
Examples:
 I love reading, writing, hiking, and dancing.
 She needs sugar, flour, butter, and eggs to make the cake.
 The colors of the rainbow include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Rule 2: Use a comma to separate independent clauses when they are joined by words like and, but, or, nor,
for, so, yet.
Examples:
 I wanted to play soccer, but I was too tired.
 He was late for the meeting, so he took a shortcut.
 The movie was long, yet I never felt bored.
Rule 3: Use a comma after introductory words or phrases.
Examples:
 On the other hand, I think she's right.
 Before you leave, remember to lock the door.
 Surprisingly, he managed to finish all his assignments.
 Rule 4: Use a comma to set off non-essential information.
 Examples:
 My sister, who is a doctor, lives in Boston.
 The Eiffel Tower, standing in Paris, is a popular tourist destination.
 His latest book, published in 2021, has sold millions of copies.
Rule 5: Use commas to separate adjectives of equal rank.
Examples:
 He wore a long, flowing, white robe.
 The movie was an intense, thrilling, roller-coaster ride.
 She has a quiet, kind, gentle nature.
2. Semicolon (;)
Rule 1: Use a semicolon to separate two related but independent clauses.
Examples:
 He likes to sleep in; I prefer waking up early.
 Some people use PCs; others are loyal to Macs.
 Mary loves classical music; her brother is a fan of rock.
Rule 2: Use semicolons to separate items in a list if any of the items contain commas.
Examples:
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

 We traveled to Seattle, Washington; Dallas, Texas; and Denver, Colorado.

 The conference will have experts from London, England; Cairo, Egypt; and Delhi, India.
 She has lived in Barcelona, Spain; Lyon, France; and Lisbon, Portugal.
Rule 3: Use a semicolon before transitional phrases like however, therefore, for instance, etc., when they
introduce a complete sentence.
Examples:
 I don't like seafood; however, I'll eat shrimp on occasion.
 She didn't study; therefore, she didn't pass the exam.
 He didn't want to go; instead, he stayed home.
3. Colon (:)
Rule 1: Use a colon to introduce a list, especially after phrases like "as follows" or "the following."
Examples:
 We need the following ingredients: eggs, milk, sugar, and vanilla.
 The board members are: Mr. Smith, Mrs. Jones, Mr. Davis, and Dr. Allen.
 The benefits include: free healthcare, a retirement plan, and paid leave.
Rule 2: Use a colon to introduce a quote.
Examples:
 As Helen Keller once said: "Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at all."
 The sign read: "No parking at any time."
 He left a note that said: "Back in 5 minutes."
Rule 3: Use a colon to introduce an explanation or elaboration.
Examples:
 There was only one thing to do: run.
 She had a clear mission: to help those in need.
 There's one rule when you're in the lab: always wear safety goggles.
Rule 4: Use a colon between two independent clauses if the second explains or summarizes the first.
Examples:
 She didn't study: she failed the exam.
 It was a sight to behold: the entire community came together to help.
 He got what he wanted: a promotion at work.
There are following important punctuation marks in English.
Full Stop/Period Question (?)
. mark/Interrogation
Exclamation mark (!) Colon (:)
Comma (,) Quotation mark “………… ”
Semi colon (;) Dash (_)
Apostrophe (‘) Hyphen (-)
Brackets [] Parentheses (-)
ellipsis () Braces {}

Full Stop: (Used to complete the task)

We shall use full stop, when sentence has completed and in abbreviations.
1. e.g. (exampli Gratia)
2. i.e. (Id est)
3. etc (etcetera )
4. A.M. (Anti Meridiem)
5. P.M. (post Meridiem)
6. I have completed my task.
7. I have reached home.
Question Mark: (Used to ask a question)
1. What is your name?
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

2. Did you play cricket?

Exclamation Mark: (Used to express sudden feelings)
If you see any from the following words in the sentence then you can use this sign.
1. So sweet!
2. Get out!
3. Thank you so much!
4. Wow!
5. Amazing!
6. Crazy!
7. Hurrah!
8. Alas!
Comma: (Used to give a short pause, after an introductory adverb, continuity, after yes or No)
1) Aslam, do one thing.
2) Tayab, Come here.
3) I have a pen, book and a bag.
4) I have a car,bike,and a mobile (Oxford comma/Harvard comma)
5) Yes, I agree. No, it’s not mine.
6) Unfortunately, we lost.
7) Finally, we reached.
8) Nervously, she faced me.
9) Suddenly, she listened.
10) Eventually,
Quotation marks :( double & single inverted commas)
1. He said, “How are you”?
2. May dad said, “Never hurt anyone.”
3. My teacher said, “Can you tell me mening of word ‘Flower’ in urdu”.
Apostrophe: (Use it, in Possession,Contraction)
1. Aslam’s pen,
2. boy’s shirt,Boys’ hostel,
3. tayba’s mobile,
4. Anas’s laptop.
5. I’ve , You’re Shan’t, 1’s, how many r’s are in tomorrow. How many the’s are todays lecture.
Colon: (To introduce a quotation, To explain a list,In time and ratio)
1. My Mon Says: “Do not tell a lie”.
2. See you at 7:00pm
3. Find value of 3:4 ::x:6
4. I have: pen, pencil, book and bag.
5. There were: Aslam, Akram and Salar.
6. He Said: Listen, Read, and Write.

Dash:
1. I called her on 22nd, Monday, 24th, Wednesday, and 25th Thursday.
2. He is a self – made person
3. Only non – smoker are allowed in hospital.
4. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) was a great leader.
5. He has a mobile, a computer and laptop, but he needs a bike also.
6. He is an American; she is a Pakistani.
7. (range of numbers, Abrupt change of thoughts)
8. 1988 – 1990, 10am – 9pm
9. She is my best friend – but why I am telling you this?

Hyphen: (join two or more words)

 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

1) Brother-in-law.
2) Well-known.
3) Non-smokers.
4) part-time
Semicolon:
1) We met on 25th, Monday; 28th Thursday; 30th, Saturday; and so on.
2) He has money, property and fame; but he needs wife as well
3) I like his personality, attitude, way of taking etc; but I don’t like his anger.
4) She is my friend; she, sister.
5) He is my teacher; he, brother.

Lecture 17
Capitalization
1. Beginnings of Sentences
Rule: Always capitalize the first word of a sentence.
Example:
 The dog is sleeping.
 What time is it?
2. Proper Nouns
Rule: Capitalize names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes things.
Examples:
 John Smith
 Africa
 Eiffel Tower
 Microsoft
 Catholic Church
3. Personal Pronoun "I"
Rule: Always capitalize the pronoun "I".
Example:
 You and I will meet later.
4. Days, Months, Holidays
Rule: Capitalize the names of specific days, months, and holidays, but not the names of seasons.
Examples:
 Tuesday
 January
 Christmas
 winter (not capitalized)
5. Titles and Honorifics
Rule: Capitalize titles and honorifics when they precede a name.
Examples:
 President Obama
 Doctor Foster
 Mr. Jones
 Queen Elizabeth
6. Initials and Acronyms
Rule: Capitalize initials and acronyms.
Examples:
 U.N. (United Nations)
 J.F.K. (John Fitzgerald Kennedy)
7. Names of Religions and Deities
 !‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔ و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬
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!‫ےبکشروقراراکامکلاہلل۔ے۔و وروردرارمام رافرںو اوررںوںو ےس دنل۔ے۔اذہا مرق لال ےلوص ے ےیفر اہللور نیقر ےتھئوےئآپیکتنحمےساجباحلصرکےنںیم(یمیلعت) دمدرکںیےگ۔اہللامہریاورآپیک دمدرفامےئ۔آنیم‬

Rule: Capitalize names of specific deities, religious books, and religions.

Examples:
 God
 Allah
 Buddhism
 Bible
 Qur'an
8. Nationalities and Ethnicities
Rule: Capitalize names of specific nationalities, ethnic groups, and related adjectives.
Examples:
 Spanish
 English
 Asian
 African American
9. Titles of Works
Rule: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and the important words in titles of books, movies, songs, etc.
Examples:
 The Great Gatsby
 Star Wars: A New Hope
 To Kill a Mockingbird
10. Directions (when referring to regions)
Rule: Capitalize north, south, east, west, and related words when they specify regions. Don't capitalize them
when they indicate direction.
Examples:
 I live in the South.
 Turn south at the next intersection.
11. Courses
Rule: Capitalize specific course titles, but not general academic subjects.
Examples:
 I'm taking Algebra II this semester.
 I'm really good at math.
12. Time Periods & Events
Rule: Capitalize specific periods and events, but not general temporal terms.
Examples:
 the Renaissance
 the Industrial Revolution
 the twenty-first century (not capitalized)
13. Brand Names
Rule: Capitalize brand names.
Example:
 Nike shoes
 Apple computer
14. Geographical Features
Rule: Capitalize specific geographical features.
Examples:
 the Pacific Ocean
 Mount Everest
 the Sahara Desert