Ch -8 Celll -Structure & functions

Introduction
All organisms look different from each other however all of them are made up of
very small units (microscopic )called cells .Therefore a cell may be defined as
structural and functional unit of living organisms.
Discovery of cell
An English scientist Robert Hooke discovered the cell in the year 1665. He
observed slices of cork under his self designed crude microscope. He observed
thin slices of cork under the microscope and noticed a large number of box like
structures partitioned by well defined walls just like an empty honeycomb
.Robert Hooke coined the term cell for each box.
Instruments for studying cells compound microscope:
It is commonly used in the science laboratories to observe tiny objects.
It uses glass lenses and visible lights for observation .
Magnification power ranges from 100 to 1500 times.
Electron microscope :
It is a very large instrument help in observing various internal parts of the
cell .
It uses electromagnets instead of glass lenses and a beam of electrons
instead of light .
Magnification power ranges from 1,00,000 to 5,00,000 times.
Unicellular and multicellular organisms:
unicellular organisms Organisms made up of single cell are called
unicellular organisms .Examples -Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,Bacteria
,Yeast ,etc.
Multicellular organisms :Organisms made up of many cells are called
multicellular organisms. Examples-Trees, grass, insect, birds, cows,human
beings,etc.
Levels of organisation of a multicellular organism
cell e g blood cell,nerve cell ,etc
|
tissue e.g Epithelial tissue ,etc
|
organ e.g liver,stomach,etc
|
organ system e.g digestive system,etc
|
organism e.g plants,animals
Cell :
The structural and functional unit of living organisms .
Tissue :
A group of similar cells performing a specific function join to form tissue.
Organ :
Different tissues join to form an organ .
Organ system :
All the organs that work together to perform a specific function form an
organ system.
Organism:
Various organ systems make a living organism.
Different shapes of cells:
Cells show great variation in their shapes .Cells become specialised to
perform a specific function and exist in different shapes like
Spherical:example eggs of many animals .
Spindle shaped: example smooth muscle cell
Elongated :example nerve cell
Oval shaped :example red blood cell
Branched: example osteocytes.
irregular shape: Some may not have a definite shape
example Amoeba & white blood cells.
Cell size:
 The cells and their organelle are measured by a unit called micron or
micrometre .
The size of a cell varies from a very small cell of bacteria to the very large
egg of the ostrich.
In our body ,red blood cells are the smallest and the nerve cells are the
longest cells .
Parts of the cell :
A typical cell consists of three parts:
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
Nucleus + cytoplasm= protoplasm
Cell membrane or plasma membrane :
Every cell is bound by a delicate membrane called cell membrane .
Functions:
Plasma membrane is porous and allows the entry and exit of only selected
substances and so it is called selectively permeable membrane.
It provides an outer boundary to the cell.
It also protects cell from injury.
Cell wall( in plant cell and bacteria )
An extra outer layer is present only in plant cell surrounding the cell
membrane called cell wall .It is made up of cellulose.
Functions :
It provides protection against temperature variation, high wind speed and
atmospheric moisture.
Cytoplasm :Cytoplasm is thick jelly like fluid inside the cell bound by a cell
membrane. It occupies the space between the cell membrane and the
nucleus.
Nucleus:
The most important component of the living cell is nucleus. Nucleus is
large and special structure present in all cells.It consists of four parts .
Nuclear membrane:
Nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called nuclear
membrane.
Nucleoplasm :
The dense fluid present in the nucleus is called nucleoplasm .
Nucleolus :
It is small spherical body present inside the nucleus. It is rich in RNA
(ribonucleic acid )
Chromosomes:
Some fine thread like structures are suspended in the the nucleoplasm.
These are called chromatin fibres. These are composed of DNA( deoxy
ribonucleic acid ).When chromatin fibres condense they form
chromosomes .These chromosomes carry genes.
Genes:
These are responsible for passing genetic characteristics from the parents
to the young ones .
Functions of nucleus :
The nucleus controls all metabolic activities of the cell.
It is responsible for passing genetic characteristics from the parents to
offspring.
Cell organelles:
These are small structure scattered in the cytoplasm some of these are as
follows :
Mitochondria (singular mitochondrion) These are small rod like structure
found in all cells.
Function :They provide energy for all the activities thus they are called
powerhouse of the cell.
Vacuoles :
These are sac like structure. These are larger in plant cell .
Functions: Vacuoles store soluble food ,waste and secretions of cell
dissolved inwater called as cell SAP.
Endoplasmic reticulum: It is a network of tubules and channels.
Function: It is involved in the synthesis, storage and transport of cell
products.
Ribosomes :
These are small granular structures scattered in the cytoplasm .
Function:
These are sites of protein synthesis.
Golgi bodies:
These are made up of tubules and vesicles.
Function:
These are responsible for secretion of chemical substances like enzymes
,hormones and proteins.
Plastids:
Plastids present only in plant cells. Plastids contain certain pigments.
These are of following three types :
Chloroplast :These are green plastids that contain chlorophyll (green
pigment )which help in photosynthesis .
Chromoplast :These contain non green pigments which give colour to
flowers, fruits ,etc.
Leucoplast :
These are colourless plastids which help in storage of food as in certain
roots.
Centrosome :
It is found only in animal cell near the nucleus .It is involved in cell division.
Classification of cells on the basis of nuclear organisation Prokaryotic cell
and Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell: (Pro- primitive karyon -nucleus,in Greek) The cells which
do not have a well organised nucleus due to the absence of nuclear
membrane are called prokaryotic cells .examples bacteria & blue green
algae.
Eukaryotic cells:( Eu-true ,karyon- nucleus in Greek) The cells which have a
well organised nucleus with nuclear membrane are called Eukaryotic cells.
example -plants and animals protozoa, etc.
Cell division and growth:
After maturation cell divides to form more cells .During division, first the nucleus
of cell splits into two ,their cytoplasm divides into two separate parts across the
middle. The process is called cell division and two new daughter cells are formed.
Note down the differences between plant and animal cells from your book, page
number 122 table 8.1
Make the diagram of plant cell and animal cell from your book ,page number 121