INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
O/N18/22/Q8
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
M/J18/21/Q7
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
M/J18/22/Q7
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
O/N17/22/Q3
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
M/J17/21/Q4
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
O/N16/21/Q5
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
M/J16/22/Q9
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
O/N15/21/Q3
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
M/J15/22/Q4
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
M/J14/21/Q6
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
M/J14/22/Q2
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
O/N13/22/Q5
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
O/N12/22/Q2
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
Mark Scheme (2018-2012) Both variants
O/N18/22/Q8
8(a) (discontinuous)
idea of few + phenotypes / categories AW OR no intermediates ;
inherited / passed to next generation ;
genes / genetic / genotype / alleles ;
correct example (e.g. blood group, eye colour, sex, ear lobes, tongue roll) ;
bar chart / bar graph ;
(continuous)
idea of many
+ phenotypes / categories AW OR intermediates / range ;
genes / genetic / genotype / alleles
+ environment ;
any named environmental factor (e.g. diet / sunlight exposure) ;
correct example (e.g. skin colour / hair colour / height / weight) ;
normal distribution ;
8(b) DNA / deoxyribonucleic acid ;
chromosomes / genes / alleles ;
copied / replicated ;
passed to next generation / from parents ;
gametes / egg / sperm
M/J18/22/Q7
7(a) form / version ;
gene ;
reference to codes for / specifies production of + protein ;
reference to dominant / codominant / recessive ;
2
7(b) BB ; x Bb ;
B+B+B+b;
BB + Bb ;
Bb (black) ; x bb (white) ;
B+b+b+b;
Bb + bb ;
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
M/J18/22/Q7
7(a) 1 inherited / genetic AW ;
(Down’s syndrome)
2 mutation + chromosome ;
3 reference to chromosome 21 ;
4 one extra or 3 instead of 2 or 47 not 46 or 24 not 23 in +
gamete/egg/sperm ;
(sickle cell anaemia)
5 mutation + gene ;
6 homozygous recessive / two recessive alleles ;
3
7(b)(i) 1 IBIO + IAIO or BO + AO ;
2 IB + IO + IA + IO or B + O + A + O
or gametes correct for stated parent genotypes ;
3 IAIB + IBIO + IAIO + IOIO or AB + BO + AO + OO
or possible genotypes of child correct for stated gametes ;
4 AB + B + A + O
or possible blood groups of child correct for stated genotypes ;
4 Allow any order within each marking point
7(b)(ii) (same sex)
50% / half / ½ / 0.5 / 2 in 4 / 1 in 2 / 1:1 ;
(same blood group)
25% / quarter / ¼ / 0.25 / 1 in 4 / 1:3 ;
2
7(b)(iii) codominance / codominant ;
O/N17/22/Q3
3(a) blue ;
3(b)(i) (G) Bb / heterozygous ;
(H) Bb / heterozygous ;
(J) bb / homozygous + recessive ;
3(b)(ii) G + H ;
3(c) 1 parent genotypes / gametes correct from G and H in (b)(i) ;
2 offspring genotypes correct for parent genotypes / gametes ;
3 offspring phenotypes correct for stated genotypes ;
4 genotype / phenotype ratio correct ;
5 correct use of the terms gamete + genotype / phenotype ;
M/J17/21/Q4
4(a)(i) section of / made of / piece of + DNA / chromosome ;
controls production of one protein ;
may be copied ;
unit of inheritance / passed on to next generation ;
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
4(a)(ii) mutation ;
4(b) Tt + Tt ;
t+t;
tt ;
tt offspring clearly indicated as white ;
3 ⋅ labels on genetic diagram correct ;
A parent / offspring / gamete / genotype / phenotype
4(c) (unaffected by fur colour)
(controlled by) different gene(s) ;
(unique to each individual)
alleles ;
(as a result of) mutation(s) ;
meiosis AW ;
different combinations (of alleles) ;
reference to some may be homozygous / heterozygous ;
reference to codominance ;
O/N16/21/Q5
5 chromosome ;
allele(s) ;
dominant ;
mutation ;
radiation / named radiation / radioactivity ;
M/J16/22/Q9
9 (a) (i) 1. allele(s) ;
2. responsible for a
character(istic) / trait ;
3. only one needs to be
present / reference to
heterozygote AW ;
4. for the character to appear / be
expressed (in phenotype) AW ;
5. e.g. I
AI
O + group A / I
BI
O + group
B/I
AI
B + dominant to I
O;
A A, B, O instead of I
A, I
B, I
O
[max 3]
(ii) 1. two alleles ;
2. neither being recessive / (equally)
dominant ;
3. both have an effect / are
expressed / phenotype
intermediate ;
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
4. reference to heterozygote AW ;
5. I
AI
B
/ AB ;
[max 3]
(b) 1. number of chromosomes in a
gamete is half those in a somatic
or body cell ORA / one versus two
sets of chromosomes ;
2. correct use of the terms haploid +
diploid ;
3. 46 v. 23 ;
4. gametes / haploid cells are the
result of meiosis / reduction
division ;
5. somatic / body cells occur
in / produced by mitosis ;
6. (diploid) number restored + at
fertilisation ;
7. each parent has equal share in
genotype of offspring AW ;
A sex cell = gamete / one named
gamete
[max 4]
O/N15/21/Q3
3 (a) (i) discontinuous ; [1]
(ii) no intermediate values / distinct / separate categories ; [1]
(iii) (63 / 100) × 10 ;
6.3 million / 6 300 000 / 6.3 × 106 ;
[2]
award 2 marks for correct
answer alone
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
(b) (i) 4 (%) ; [1]
(ii) ref. alleles / genes ;
each person has two (for blood group) ;
different (allele / gene) frequency in different populations ;
ref. inbreeding (of separate groups) AW ;
[max. 2]
A example of inbreeding e.g.
geographical isolation / culture
(c) blood transfusion / tissue (A blood donor) / organ transplant ;
clotting with ref. to blood / prevent rejection ;
to check paternity ;
[max. 2]
A if ref. is to donor or recipient
A ORA
(d) IAIo + IBIo ;
A+B;
[2]
M/J15/22/Q4
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
(d)
1. parents with normal
phenotype / appear normal / do not
have mutational condition ;
2. heterozygotes / carriers of
recessive allele ;
3. greater chance (correctly
qualified) ;
4. children + inheriting 2 recessive
alleles / being homozygous ;
5. suffering from mutational
condition ;
M/J14/21/Q6
6 (a) continuous variation ;
gradual change / range ;
between extremes ;
genes + environment ;
discontinuous variation ;
few and distinct differences ;
controlled by genes alone ;
any correct example of one or the other correctly linked ;
(b) some variations are advantageous ;
competition ;
in the organism’s habitat / environment ;
organism survives / differential survival / ORA ;
breeds / reproduces ;
passes on the advantage / beneficial gene / allele ;
over many generations / ref. time ;
continuous adaptation to the changing environment ;
evolution / natural selection / AW ;
changes that result from the environment not so important ;
M/J14/22/Q2
2 (a)
combination of letters
on each occasion
number of times each
combination of letters is recorded
A and A 20
A and a 40
a and a 20
[1]
(b) expected are theoretical or statistical / spinning is random or
due to chance ;
INHERITANCE QUESTIONS 5090 P2
disc poorly made / toothpick doesn’t pass through middle / AW;
error in counting ;
[2]
Ig wind / force of spin
A ‘it’ is random
(c) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
parents (cells) / genotypes / gonads or both named ;
meiosis / reduction division / gamete (formation) / fertilisation ;
genes / alleles / chromosomes / gametes ;
[3]
R genotype
(d) Correct alleles, A, B and O (with or without I) ;
one disc with A and B and one disc with A and O ;
each disc with correct numbers of alleles, i.e. 3 for discs
given in question ;
representing father and mother ;
spin several / many times ;
results recorded / counted ;
O/N13/22/Q5
5 (a) biotechnology / fermentation / culturing; 1
(b) to control / lower / the temperature; 1 A maintain
(c) enzymes;
prevention of denaturation / destruction / prevents death of fungus /
microorganism / bacterium;
optimum / best / better / + for growth / reproduction;
high(er) yield; 2
(d) any ref. sterile;
(H) for introduction of microorganism or named;
and food / nutrients / culture medium;
e.g. amino acids / protein / carbohydrates or named;
(J) for introduction of air / oxygen;
bubbles / large surface area (as O2 passes through grille) / sparger;
for respiration;
O/N12/22/Q2
2 (a) genes / mutation / named common mutagen;
environment / habitat / named environmental factor; [2]
(b) evolution / speciation; [1]
(c) different/changed environment;
mutation(s);
variations + advantageous AW / better adapted;
survive;
reproduce / passed on;
cumulative effect / over many generations;
leading to change in phenotype / appearance / or e.g.; [Max 4]
(d) difference in genes/DNA;
difference in chromosomes;
ref to problems with fertilisation;
no sexual attraction / incompatible;
geographical separation; [Max 2]
