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APPENDIX 7.7
DESIGN FOR RAPID GRAVIIY FILTER
Problem Statement
1.
Design rapid gravity filter for producting a net filtercd water flow of 250 m³/hr. The
rcleant datais
) Quantity ot backwash water uscd
3% of filter output
G) Time lost during back washing 30 minutes
(ii) Dcsign rate of filtration 5 m²/m³/hr.
(iv) Length of width ratio 1.25 to 1.33:1
(v) Under drainage system Central manifold with laterals
(vi) size of perforations 9 mn
IL Solution
(a) Filter Dimensions
Required flow of filtered water 250 m³/hr.
Design flow for filter after accounting 250 x(1 +0.03) x24 m²hr.
for backwash water and time 23.5
263 m/hr.
263 =52.6 m
Plan area of filter required 5
Provide two filter units, two being minimum number to be provided
Length X width = 26.3
Assume length to width ratio
1
as 1.3:1
Width of the filter =
26.3 F = 4.50 m
1.3
Length of the filter = 5.85 m
Provide two filter units, each with a dimension of 5.85 × 4.50 m
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(b) Estimation of sand depth
effective size of sand as 05 e
Assumc a depth of sand as 60 cm as and
sand bcd
The depth can be checked against break through of floc through by
minimum depth required by Hudson formula.
Qh
calculating
In FPS units - Bx29323
Where Q is the rate of filtration in gpm/sft, d is the sand size in cm, h is the terminal lo
of head in ft.. 1 is the depth of bed in inches and B is a break through index whose val
ranges between 4 x 104 to 6 x 10-3 depending on respose to coagulation and degree t
pretreatment n filter influent,
In metric units Qd²h - B×29323
Where Q is in m/m/h, d in mm and h and 1 are in m.
Assume B - 4 x 10 for poor response to filtration and average degree of pretreatment
terminal head loss of 2.5m, rate of filtration - 5.0 x 2 = 10 m/m/hr. (assuming 10
overloading of filter under emergencies), and assuming d - 0.6 mm as mean diameter.
10x(0.6)³ x2.5
= 4×104 x29323
Minimum depth of sand required to avoid breakthrough - 46 cm Hence the assumed
depth of 60 cm to adequate to avoid break through of floc.
(C) Estimation of gravel and size gradation
Assumne a size gradation of 2 mm at top to 50 mm at the bottomn. The requisite deptn
I in inches of a component gravel layer of size d in inches can be computed from empirical
formula
I = k (log d + 1.40)
where k varies from 10 to 14. The equivalent formula in mnetric units where 1 is in C
and d in mm is
1- 2.54 k (log d)
For k = 12, the depth of various layers of gravel are
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2 10 20
40
49
9.2 21.3 30.5
Depth, Cm
9.2 12.1 9.2 9.5
IncremCOt, Cm
of 50 cm.
Provide a gravel depth
drainage system
(d) Design of under
each filter 5.85 x 4.50 - 26.33 m²
Plan arca of
3 X 10 x Area of filter
Total area of perforation
0.0789 m²
790 cm?
790 1241.8
perforations of 9 mm dia
Total number of Eo90)2
Say 1242
perforations
3 X Area of
area of laterals
Total cross sectional 2370 Cm²
3 x 790 =
laterals
2 x Area of
manifold
Area of central
2 x 2370 cm²
4740 cm?
4740 x 4
Cm
Diameter of central manifold
77.7 cm
800 mm
commercially available diameter of
Provide a
laterals,
a spacing of 15 cm for
ASSume 5.85 × 100
= 78
2 X 15
The number of laterals =
598
2730 cm - 30.39 m
Cross sectional area of each lateral =
78
Diameter of lateral 30.39 ×4 6.22 crm
Provide laterals of diameter of 80 mm
1242
Number of perforations per lateral Say 16
78
Length of lateral = [width of filter-dia of manifold)
1
{4.50.8) = 1,85 m
2
1.85 × 100
Spacing of perforation = 11.56 cm
16
Provide 16 perforations of 9 mm dia at centre to centre spacing of 115 mm.
(e) Compute dimensions of was water trough
Assumne a wash water rate of 36 m/m?/hr.
Washwater discharge for one filter 36 x 26.33 m/hr
947.88 m/hr.
0.2633 m/s
Assume a spacing of 1.6m for wash water troughs which will rn parallel to the longer
dimension of the filter unit.
4.50
Number of troughs =
1.6
= 3
0.2633
Discharge per unit trough 3
= 0.0878 m's
For a width of 0.4 m, the water depth at upper end is given by
Q= 1.376 bhr2
0.0878 = 1.376 x 0.4 x hz, h = 0.294 say 0.3m
Assume a free board of 0.1m, provide a depth of 0.4m
Provide 3 troughs of 0.4m wide x 0.4m deep in each filter.
() Computation of total depth of filter box
Depth of filter box sum of depths for (i) underdrains,
(ii) gravel (iii) sand (iv) water depth (v) free board.
0.8 + 0.45 + 0.6 + 1.2 + 0.3 = 3.35 m
(g) Determine initial head loss
The sieve analysis of filter sand is as follows
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Sand size, mm 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.45
9% of sand smaller 0.0 2.0 10.0 27.0
than stated size 50.0 70.0 90.0 100.0
Porosity of sand bed 0.4
Sphericity of sand 1.0
Head loss for a clean filter can be
beds
determined using Kozdeny's cquation for stratificd
2
h -v.yl-g²61 n
f3
i=1
Where h is the head loss, 1the depth of sand bed, k Carman Kozeny
a value of 5, v velocity of filtration, v kinematic viscosity, f porosity of conntant having
clean bed, y grain
sphericity, p, fraction of sand and d geometric mean diameter of sand.
Pi
Computation of
i-l d
Size of % of sand sand fraction d P
sand mm larger than within adjacent cm x 100
stated size sieve size, P,
X 102
0.3 00.00 2 3.5 16
0.4 2.0 8 4.5 40
0.5 10.0 17 5.5 56
0.6 27.0 23 6.5 52
0.7 50.0 20 7.5 36
0.8 70.0 20 8.9 25
1.0 90.0 10 11.8
1.4 100.0
100 233
h 5 x 500 (1-0.40) 6
X 1.01 x10-2 x 233 - 0.337
981 3600 (0.40
Head loss = 0.337 × O0.6 = 0.20 m
Head loss for clean filter bed for given sand is 0.20m.
