Integrated Design System for

Building and General Structures

EUROCODE2
Design Guide
for midas Gen
Introduction
This design example book provides a comprehensive guide for RC design as per Eurocode2-1-1:2002. Specifically,
this guide will review the design algorithms implemented in midas Gen, and go through design tutorials. This book is
helpful in understanding the Eurocode design concept and verifying design results using midas Gen.

CHAPTER 1 Why midas Gen

This chapter describes the main features and advantages of midas Gen and showcases
prominent project applications.

CHAPTER 2 RC Design Algorithms

This chapter discusses the general design concept of EN1992-1-1 and how it has been
implemented in midas Gen. T his enables the user to understand the equations,
formulas, program limitations and development scope of the midas Gen design
features.

CHAPTER 3 RC Design Tutorial

This chapter enables the user to get acquainted with the RC design procedure in midas
Gen as per EN1992-1-1: 2004. It encompasses the overall design procedure, from
generating load combinations to checking design results with updated sections.
 CHAPTER 1

Why midas Gen

Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen
CHAPTER 1
Why midas Gen
Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

2
CHAPTER 1. Why midas Gen

3
Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

4
CHAPTER 1. Why midas Gen

5
Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

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 CHAPTER 2

RC Design Algorithm
Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen
 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

Overview
1.1 Design Scope ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.2 Materials------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
1.2.1 Concrete .....................................................................................................................................3
1.2.1.1 Modulus of Elasticity (Ec) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2.1.2 Poisson’s Ratio -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2.1.3 Weight Density-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.2.1.4 User Defined Materials --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.2.2 Reinforcement ............................................................................................................................5
1.2.2.1 Modulus of Elasticity (Es) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
1.2.3 Design Strength of Materials .......................................................................................................6
1.2.3.1 Design compressive strength of concrete (fcd) --------------------------------------------------------------6
1.2.3.2 Design yield strength of reinforcement (fyd) -----------------------------------------------------------------6
1.2.3.3 Short/Long Term Elasticity Ratio --------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.2.3.4 Partial Safety Factors for Materials -----------------------------------------------------------------------------7
1.3 Design Information ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
1.3.1 Member Assignment...................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Unbraced Length ......................................................................................................................10
1.3.3 Live Load Reduction Factor........................................................................................................10
1.3.4 Imperfections ...........................................................................................................................11
1.3.5 P-Delta Analysis ........................................................................................................................11
1.3.6 Pattern Loading ........................................................................................................................12
1.3.7 Selection of Design Code ...........................................................................................................12

Ultimate Limit State

2.1 Design for flexure without axial force ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.1.1 Requirements ...........................................................................................................................13
2.1.2 Calculating the moment capacity, MRd .......................................................................................13
2.1.3 Design Criteria for Rebars ..........................................................................................................16
2.1.4 Concrete Checking for beams ....................................................................................................17
2.1.4.1 Rebar Input for Beam Checking ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
2.1.5 Design load combinations .........................................................................................................18
2.2 Design for flexure with Axial Force----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
2.2.1 Requirements ...........................................................................................................................19
2.2.2 Magnification of Design Moments .............................................................................................19
2.2.2.1 Slenderness ratio -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
2.2.2.2 Limiting value of slenderness ratio --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
2.2.2.3 Magnification of Moments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
2.2.3 Determination of the Eccentric Axial Load Capacity ...................................................................22
2.2.4 Design Criteria for Rebars ..........................................................................................................26
2.2.5 Concrete checking for columns & walls .....................................................................................26
2.2.5.1 Rebar Input for Column Checking ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
2.2.5.2 Rebar Input for Wall Checking --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
2.2.6 Design load combinations .........................................................................................................27
2.3 Design for Shear ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
2.3.1 Requirements ...........................................................................................................................28
2.3.2 Calculation of Shear Resistance (VRd) .........................................................................................28
2.3.2.1 Members not requiring design shear reinforcement ---------------------------------------------------- 28
2.3.2.2 Members requiring design shear reinforcement --------------------------------------------------------- 28
2.3.3 Design Criteria for Rebars ..........................................................................................................30
2.3.4 Shear in Concrete Code Checking ..............................................................................................31

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

2.3.5 Design Load Combinations ........................................................................................................31

2.4 Verification of Design/Check Results -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
2.4.1 Design Result Dialog box ...........................................................................................................31
2.4.2 Design/Check Reports ...............................................................................................................32

Serviceability Limit State

3.1 Serviceability Type Load Combination ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
3.1.1 Definition of Short Term and Long Term Load ............................................................................34
3.1.2 Classification of Serviceability type Load Combinations .............................................................34
3.2 Serviceability Parameters --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.3 Stress Limitation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
3.3.1 Stress Verification to avoid micro cracking .................................................................................36
3.3.1.1 Un-cracked Sections ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36
3.3.1.2 Cracked Sections -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
3.3.2 Check for linear Creep ...............................................................................................................38
3.3.2.1 Uncracked Sections ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.3.2.2 Cracked sections --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.4 Crack width ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.4.1 Calculate crack widths ...............................................................................................................38
3.4.2 Limiting Crack Width, wmax ........................................................................................................39
3.4.2.1 Exposure Class ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
3.5 Deflection Check ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
3.6 Verification of Results ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40
3.6.1 Check Result dialog box.............................................................................................................40
3.6.2 Design/Check Reports ...............................................................................................................40
Detailing Rules
4.1 Detailing rules for Beam Design -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
4.1.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement ......................................................................................................42
4.1.2 Shear Reinforcement ................................................................................................................42
4.2 Detailing Rules for column design ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
4.2.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement ......................................................................................................43
4.2.2 Shear Reinforcement ................................................................................................................43
4.3 Detailing Rules for Wall design --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
4.3.1 Vertical Reinforcement ..............................................................................................................44
4.3.2 Horizontal Reinforcement .........................................................................................................44

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

1.1 Design Scope

midas Gen provides automatic design of concrete beam, column, shear wall, meshed slab and
meshed wall. The program also supports section checking when relevant data is specified. With
respect to Eurocode, the major capabilities of the program can be summarized as below:
 Ultimate Limit State and Serviceability Limit State design and checking
 Auto generation of load combinations as per Eurocode 1990:2002
 Auto generation of Static Wind Loads as per Eurocode 1991-1-4:2005
 Auto generation of Static Seismic Loads & Response Spectrum Functions as per Eurocode
1998-1:2004
 Capacity design as per Eurocode 1998-1:2004
 Available Section shapes for design:
o Beam: Rectangle, T-shape
o Column: Rectangle, Circular, Hollow circular
o Wall: Rectangle
 Design and checking of meshed slab and meshed wall
 Cracked section analysis of slabs for serviceability checks

The following should be taken care of by the user:

 Torsion check is not provided by midas Gen.
 Irregular wall such as L or H shape cannot be designed.
 Isolated footing design is not supported as per EN 1992-1-1:2004.

This design guide covers the design of frame elements as per EN 1992-1-1:2004 for non-seismic
situations. Aspects of column design, beam design and wall design are discussed in this guide.
For the purpose of component design, midas Gen interacts with midas Design+. midas Design+ is a
collection of handy structural component design and detailing tools, which are easy to use and speed
up the day-to-day design process. midas Design+ is developed to be simple, fast and accurate. It
enables engineers to systematically and consistently manage design reports. midas Design+ supports
Column design, Wall Design and Strip Footing Design as per Eurocode.

[Table 1.1] Capabilities of midas Gen with respect to Eurocode

Ultimate Limit State Serviceability Limit State
Flexure Shear Axial Torsion Stress Deflection Crack Control
Beam
Column
Wall
Meshed Slab
Meshed Wall

1.2 Materials
1.2.1 Concrete
EN 1992-1-1:2004 (Table 3.1) provides specifications about strength and deformation characteristics
of concrete. midas Gen supports a material database as per the specifications. Any of the materials
can be easily chosen for analysis as well as design. The following are the strength classes of concrete
as identified by the code:
 C12/15
 C16/20
 C20/25
 C30/37
 C35/45
 C40/50

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

 C45/55
 C50/60
 C55/67
 C60/75
 C70/85
 C80/95
 C90/105
Material name C40/50 implies that the cylinder characteristic strength (fck) at 28 days is 40 MPa and
cube characteristic strength (fck,cube) at 28 days is 50 MPa.

The material can be chosen in Material Data dialog Box as shown below. In dialog box, choose Type
of Design as “Concrete”. Standard as “EN04(RC)”. Then from DB drop down list any of the above
materials can be chosen.

1.2.1.1 Modulus of Elasticity (Ec)

For materials selected from EN 1992-1-1:2004, the modulus of elasticity is obtained using the
formula as specified by the code:
𝑓 0.3
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 22 ( 𝑐𝑚 ) (1.1)
10 EN1992-1-
1:2004
𝑓𝑐𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 8 (MPa) (1.2) Table 3.1

Note for Italian users

For Italian user, the program supports the UNI material database. The database includes the
following materials:
 Rck 10
 Rck 15
 Rck 20
 Rck 25
 Rck 30
 Rck 35
 Rck 40
 Rck 45
 Rck 50.
For these materials, the user needs to choose the Standard as “UNI(RC)” and then select the desired
material.

1.2.1.2 Poisson’s Ratio

The default value of Poisson’s ratio is used as 0.2. For a different value of Poisson’s ratio user defined
material needs to be specified as per Section 1.2.1.4 of this guide.

1.2.1.3 Weight Density

The weight density is used as 25 kN/m3 for all the material from the database. For a different weight
density user defined material needs to be specified as per Section 1.2.1.4 of this guide.

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

 Model > Properties > Material

[Figure 1.1] Material Data dialog box

1.2.1.4 User Defined Materials

User defined Concrete Material can be specified. Type of Design should be used as Concrete,
otherwise the design cannot be performed for the specified material. Then select the Standard as
None to input the user defined material properties. Type of design should not be selected as User
Defined.

1.2.2 Reinforcement
The reinforcement material can be specified in Modify Concrete Materials dialog box as shown in
Section 1.2.3. If the material is not specified there, then the default material will be taken as specified
in Design/Load Code Environment in Tools > Preferences. Then under Concrete heading user can
specify the database for Rebar. The available rebar materials as per Eurocode are as follow:
[Table 1.2] Available Rebar Materials as per EN 1992-1-1:2004
Rebar Material Yield Strength (fy) (MPa)
Class A 400
Class B 500
Class C 600

Note for Italian users

For Italian users, the program supports the UNI database consisting of the following materials:
 FeB22k
 FeB32k
 Feb38k
 Feb44k
To select the above materials, we need to specify the Material Code as “UNI(RC)”.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

 Tools > Preferences

[Figure 1.2] Preferences dialog box EN1992-1-

1:2004
3.1.6(1)
1.2.2.1 Modulus of Elasticity (Es)
For all the reinforcing materials, modulus of elasticity is used as 200 GPa. Different value of Modulus
of Elasticity cannot be specified for reinforcing materials.

1.2.3 Design Strength of Materials

1.2.3.1 Design compressive strength of concrete (fcd)
The code specifies the following equation for the calculation of the design compressive strength:
𝛼 𝑓
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝑐𝑐 𝑐𝑘 (1.3)
𝛾𝑐
where,
fck: If standard material is used, the value is taken automatically as specified in the code. For a
user defined material, we need to specify the fck in Modify Concrete Materials dialog box shown
below.
αcc: Coefficient to account for:
1. Long term effects on the compressive strength
2. Unfavorable effects resulting from the way the load is applied. EN1992-1-
It can be specified in the Partial Safety Factor for Materials dialog box as shown in Section 1:2004
1.2.3.4. 3.1.6(2)
γc : The partial safety factor for concrete. It depends on the design situation. It can be specified in
the Partial Safety Factor for Materials dialog box as shown in Section 1.2.3.4.

1.2.3.2 Design yield strength of reinforcement (fyd)

The yield strength specified for reinforcing material will be used to calculate the design yield strength
as per the following specification of code:
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = (1.4)
𝛾𝑠
where,
fyk: The characteristic yield strength of reinforcement.
γs : The partial safety factor for steel. It depends on the design situation. It can be specified in the
Partial Safety Factor for Materials dialog box as shown in Section 1.2.3.4.

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify Concrete Materials

[Figure 1.3(a)] Modify Concrete Material dialog box

In the above dialog box, the concrete and rebar material properties can be specified for design.
If standard material is used, the value is taken as specified in the code. In that case, this step is not a
mandatory step. If material is user defined, then select 'None' in the Code field and enter the name
of material to be used in the Name field. Then, each data field is activated and the strength of
materials can be entered.
Lightweight Concrete Factor (Lambda): This is irrelevant for design as per Eurocode.
Grade of Main Rebar: The material specified here will be used for the longitudinal reinforcement.
Grade of Sub Rebar: The material specified here will be used for the stirrups.

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify Concrete Materials> …

[Figure 1.3(b)] Short/Long Term Elasticity Ratio dialog box

1.2.3.3 Short/Long Term Elasticity Ratio

For serviceability check as per Eurocode 2, the ratios of the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
to the modulus of elasticity of concrete for short-term and long term can be entered.
The default value for short-term ratio is Es/Ec and 2(Es/Ec) for long-term ratio.
The ratio can be edited in the Modify Concrete Materials Dialog Box. The button next to the Name
field, provides access to the Short/Long Term Elasticity Ratio dialog box.

1.2.3.4 Partial Safety Factors for Materials

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Partial Safety Factors for Material Properties

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

[Figure 1.4 Partial Factors for Material Properties dialog box]

[Table 1.3] Recommended Values of Partial Safety Factors for Materials

Design Situations γc γs
Persistent & Transient 1.5 1.15
Accidental 1.2 1.0

As per EN1990:2002, design situations are classified as:

a. Fundamental Design Situations:
1. Persistent Design Situations
Relevant during design working life of structure
2. Transient Design Situation
Relevant for a shorter duration. eg: execution or repair
b. Seismic Design Situation
Relevant during the earthquake
c. Accidental Design Situation
Exceptional conditions like fire events, explosions, blast etc.
Specification 5.2.4(2) of EN1998-1:2004 “If more specific data are not available, the values of the
partial factors γc and γs adopted for the persistent and transient design situations should be applied”.
midas Gen uses the same values of γc and γs for all three design situations i.e Persistent, Transient &
Seismic Design Situations.

The design situation is identified automatically by the program as per the following table:
[Table 1.4] Classification of Design Situations
Design situations Description
Fundamental and Load combinations not covered in “Accidental Situation”
Seismic
Accidental Load Combination including any of the following type of
load case, will be classified in Accidental Situation:
Live Load Impact (IL)
Collision Load (CO)

Load Case type is specified in the dialog box below:

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

 Load > Static Load Cases

[Figure 1.5] Static Load Cases dialog box

After identifying the design situation respective partial safety factors for materials are used by the
program in design.

1.3 Design Information

1.3.1 Member Assignment
The program offers to consider a number of line elements as a single member for the purpose of
design. The design forces and the section capacities will be calculated at the i, ¼ , ½ , ¾ , j-point of the
member and not of the element. Also, the span for the design will be considered as per the
specifications of the member and not of the element.

The unbraced length will be taken on a member basis, instead of element basis. Laterally Unbraced
Length is taken from the member.

[Figure 1.6] Unbraced Length for column

If the elements to be assigned to a member retain different material and section properties, or the
directions of the node connections are different, a member cannot be assigned.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

 Design > General Design Parameter > Member Assignment

[Figure 1.7 Member Assignment dialog box]

1.3.2 Unbraced Length

When members are defined by Member Assignment, unbraced lengths about the member’s strong
axis (y-Axis) and weak axis (z-Axis) are automatically calculated by the program considering the
connectivity of the members.
If members are not defined then the unbraced length is taken equal to the length of the element for
bending about both axis.

The unbraced length can also be specified by the user in Unbraced Length dialog box as shown
below. If unbraced length is specified as 0, then program will take the unbraced length as the length
of the member or the length of the element, whichever is applicable.

 Design > General Design Parameter > Unbraced Length

[Figure 1.8] Unbraced Length dialog box

1.3.3 Live Load Reduction Factor

When calculating the Forces for design, the effect of live load can be reduced. Axial force, moments
and shear forces due to actions can be reduced. The reduction factor can be specified in the Modify
Live Load Reduction Factor dialog box. In order to specify the live load to be reduced to 80%, the
factor of 0.8 should be added for the respective forces.

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

 Design > General Design Parameters > Modify Live Load Reduction Factor

[Figure 1.9 Modify Live Load Reduction Factor dialog box]

The live load reduction factor needs to be calculated manually. The formula specified by EN 1991-1-
1:2002 is: EN 1991-1-
2+ (𝑛+2)𝜓0
𝛼𝑛 = (1.5) 1:2002
𝑛 6.3.1.2(11)
where:
n is the number of storys (>2) above the loaded structural elements from the same category.
Ψ0 is the factor for combination of variable actions. It is provided in EN 1990, Annex A1, Table
A1.1.

1.3.4 Imperfections
Eurocode 1992-1-1:2004 specifies that the unfavorable effects of possible deviations in the geometry
of the structure and the position of loads shall be taken into account in the analysis of members and
structures. The imperfections should be modelled manually by the user.
In order to consider the effect of these imperfections, the code provides equivalent transverse forces
for these imperfections in Section 5.2 using equations from 5.4 to equation 5.6. These forces need
to be calculated and applied manually by the user.

1.3.5 P-Delta Analysis

The amplification of the moments due to second order effects is specified by the code. Second order
effects due to both the change of geometry of structure (P-Δ) and the curvature of member (P-δ)
need to be considered.
The second order effects can be easily considered in the program by performing P-Delta Analysis.
The program performs both P-Δ as well as P-δ analysis. The corresponding magnified moments can
be used for the design of the members. In case the P-delta analysis is not performed, the provisions
of code will be used to obtain the second order moments. The method of moment magnification as
per Eurocode 2 will be discussed in Section 2.2.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

 Analysis > P-Delta Analysis Control

[Figure 1.10] P-Delta Analysis Control dialog box

1.3.6 Pattern Loading

At the moment, the program doesn’t support the auto generation of the pattern load combinations.

1.3.7 Selection of Design Code

The design code can be selected in the Concrete Design Code dialog box as shown below:

 Design > Concrete Design Parameters > Concrete Design Code

[Figure 1.11] Concrete Design Code dialog box

In addition to the recommended values, the program supports the following National Annexes
for design:
 Italy
 Sweden
 Singapore

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

2.1 Design for flexure without axial force

2.1.1 Requirements
Moment capacity of the section (MRd) should be greater than the design moment for the section
(MEd).
To satisfy limit state of moment resistance the following condition should be met:
MEd≤MRd

2.1.2 Calculating the moment capacity, MRd

The distribution of strain and stresses in the section is as follows:

Ref:
EN 1992-1-1:2004
Figure 3.5

[Figure 2.1] Distribution of strain and stresses in the section

where,
λ: factor defining the effective height of the compression zone.
η: factor defining the effective strength of concrete.
x: distance of the neutral axis from the extreme compression fiber

To calculate the moment capacity Cc, Cs and Ts are required. In order to determine all these forces
depth of the neutral axis, x, needs to be calculated.
For this, an iterative process is used. The following steps are involved in the iteration:
Initial value of x=d/2
Assume neutral Axis depth, x (d = effective depth)

Calculate Cc (concrete compression)

No
Calculate Ts (tension in steel)
Calculate Cs (compression in steel)

Cc + Cs = C ; Ts = T ; C-T=0

Yes
Assumed x is the depth of neutral axis
[Figure 2.2] Flow chart to calculate depth of Neutral Axis
Note for design of flanged section
For a flanged section, we need to specify the shape of the section as “T-section” in the Section
Data dialog box.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

1. Determination of λ & η
EN1992-1-1:2004
[Table 2.1] Factor for effective height of compression zone and factor for effective strength of concrete
3.1.7(3)
Condition λ η
fck ≤ 50MPa 0.8 1.0
50 < fck ≤ 90MPa 0.8-(fck-50)/400 1.0-(fck-50)/200
fck > 90MPa 0.7 0.8

2. Initial depth of the neutral axis.

Initial depth is assumed to be d/2, where d is the distance between extreme compression
fiber and center of tension reinforcement.

3. Calculate force of concrete, Cc

𝐶𝑐 = 𝜂 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∫𝑑𝐴 𝜆 𝑥 (2.1)

4. Calculate force of reinforcement, Ts and Cs

𝐶𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐 (2.2)
𝑇𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑠𝑡 (2.3)
where,
Asc: The cross sectional area of compressive reinforcement.
fsc: The stress at the center of the compressive reinforcement.
Ast: The cross sectional area of tensile reinforcement.
fst: The stress at the center of the tensile reinforcement.

In order to calculate the stress of reinforcing steel, f st or fsc, the appropriate strain is
calculated by the strain compatibility condition as follows:
a) At the extreme compression fiber of concrete, strain equal to εcu is assumed. Then the
strain is calculated at the center of reinforcement assuming a linear stress strain
distribution as per Figure 2.1.
dt  x
s   cu (2.4)
x
where,
εs : The strain at the level of the reinforcement.
εcu: The ultimate compressive strain in the concrete. (εcu = εcu1)
x : Neutral axis depth.
dt : Distance of the rebar from extreme compression fiber

[Table 2.2] Ultimate Strain ( εcu1) in Concrete

EN1992-1-1:2004
Condition εcu1
Table 3.1
fck ≤ 50MPa 0.0035
50 < fck ≤ 90MPa [2.8+27{(98-fcm)/100}4]/1000, fcm=fck+8MPa
fck > 90MPa 0.0028

EN1992-1-1:2004
Figure 6.1

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

[Figure 2.3] Possible strain distributions in the ultimate limit state

b) Calculate the reinforcement stresses corresponding to the calculated reinforcement

strains. (from the stress-strain idealizations)
 s E s ( s   yd )
fs   (2.5)
 f yd ( s   yd )
The forces of tensile reinforcement and compressive reinforcement are calculated in the
above manner.

5. Check if the assumed depth of neutral axis is suitable or not. For this purpose, the
convergence criteria is checked. If the following condition is met, then the assumed x is
used as depth of neutral axis:
𝐶−𝑇
| | < 0.01 (Tolerence)
𝑇
If aforementioned condition is not fulfilled then, new depth of neutral axis is assumed by
“Bisection Method (Numerical analysis)”.
If the above criteria is not met after 20 iterations, then:
 We get output “Not converge” in Message window.
 The model needs to be modified as follows:
o Increase section size.
o Modify the rebar information (position, numbers, spacing, etc.)

6. Calculate moment resistance MRd

Once the neutral axis is obtained, moment resistance can be calculated by multiplying the axial
forces with eccentricity from the neutral axis.
MRd = Ccac + Csasc + Tsast (2.6)

Cs
Asc
acCc asc
x

ast
Ast Ts
[Figure 2.4] Forces and distances from neutral axis depth for MRd

7. Check moment resistance ratio:

𝑀𝐸𝑑
≤1
𝑀𝑅𝑑
where,
MEd : Design bending moment is chosen for the load combinations which are available as per
Section 2.1.5.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

MRd : Moment capacity of the section.

Depending on the ratio, the results are displayed in the various forms as mentioned in Section
2.4.

2.1.3 Design Criteria for Rebars

To choose the size of the rebars which should be used for the reinforcement, the specifications
can be provided in Design criteria for Rebars dialog box as shown below.
The transverse reinforcement data can also be specified in this dialog box.

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Design Criteria for Rebars

[Figure 2.5] Design Criteria for Rebars dialog box

where,
dT represents the distance between center of top rebar and extreme top fiber
dB represents the distance between center of bottom rebar and the extreme bottom fiber
When the value of dT and dB is specified as zero, then the default value is taken as minimum of:
I. max [Hc/10, Bc/10, 2.5”/63.5 mm]
II. 3”/76.2 mm

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Design Criteria for Rebars > Rebar…

[Figure 2.6] Rebar Size dialog box

The following European rebar sizes are available:

P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P16, P20, P25, P32, P40.
Maximum of 5 Rebar Sizes can be selected.

The data specified above will be applied to all the members of a model. If the user wants to
specify different rebar criteria for certain members then that can be specified in Design Criteria
for Rebars by Member dialog box. For that member, information provided here will override the
information defined in Design Criteria for Rebar dialog box.

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Design Criteria for Rebar by Member

[Figure 2.7] Design Criteria for Rebars by Members dialog box

2.1.4 Concrete checking for beams

midas Gen is capable of both design and checking of sections. The difference in design and check
can be explained as below:

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

If the user performs the Concrete Code Design function then based on the section size and the
factored load, rebar data such as rebar size and spacing is determined by the program. Therefore,
the design can be performed when the section size is defined without rebar data.
If the user needs to perform the strength and serviceability check for the user specified rebar
data (rebar diameter, number of rebars and design parameters), then the user can perform the
Concrete Code Check function. The rebar data can be specified as mentioned in the section
below.

2.1.4.1 Rebar Input for Beam Checking

The rebar data for concrete code checking can be specified in the Modify Beam Rebar data. In
midas Gen, both top and bottom rebar must be defined to perform concrete code checking.

The data can be entered for layer 1 and layer 2 of the top and the bottom reinforcement.
The values of dT and dB need to be specified appropriately. dT and dB cannot be specified as
zero.
For transverse reinforcement the rebar size, number of legs and spacing of the stirrups can be
specified.

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify Beam Rebar Data

[Figure 2.8] Modify Beam Rebar Data dialog box

2.1.5 Design load combinations

The load combinations specified as Strength/Stress in the Concrete Design tab of Load
Combinations dialog box will be used for concrete design. The program also supports the Auto
Generation of the load combinations as per EN 1990:2002. The limitations mentioned in the
Section 1.3.6 are applied to the auto generation of the load combinations.

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

 Results>Load Combinations

[Figure 2.9] Load Combinations dialog box

2.2 Design for flexure with Axial Force

2.2.1 Requirements
For limiting the compressive strain in concrete, the following conditions need to be checked:
𝑁
Check for Axial Force 𝐸𝑑 ≤ 1
𝑁𝑅𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑
Check for Biaxial Moment ≤1
𝑀𝑅𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑𝑦
Check for Moment about major axis ≤1
𝑀𝑅𝑑𝑦
𝑀𝐸𝑑𝑧
Check for Moment about minor axis ≤1
𝑀𝑅𝑑𝑧
If any of the above ratios is not satisfied then the section is reported to be Not Good.

2.2.2 Magnification of Design Moments EN1992-1-1:2004

When an element is subjected to an axial load combined with a moment, it will deflect. This 5.8.3.2(1)
deflection will increase the moment at any section in the element by an amount equal to the
axial force multiplied by the deflection at that point. This extra moment will cause the resistance
of the element to be reduced below that calculated ignoring the deflections. In many practical
situations, the effect of deflections is so small that it can be ignored. So, the program compares
the slenderness ratio of the member with the allowable slenderness limit in order to determine
whether the magnification of moment is required or not.

2.2.2.1 Slenderness ratio

The actual slenderness ratio of a member is calculated using:
ʎ = l0 / I (2.7)
where,
l0 is the effective length of the member.
i is the radius of gyration.

Effective Length will be calculated as:

lo,y = Ky x L (2.8)
where,
L is the unbraced length as specified in Section 1.3.2.
Ky is the effective length factor. The effective length factor can be specified as shown

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

below.

 Design > General Design Parameter > Effective Length Factor (K)

[Figure 2.10] Effective Length Factor dialog box

Effective Length factor can also be calculated by the program automatically depending on the
information provided in Definition of Frame dialog box as shown below:
Refer to online help for the explanation of auto calculation.

 Design > General Design Parameters > Definition of Frame

EN1992-1-1:2004
5.8.3.1(1)

[Figure 2.11] Definition of Frame dialog box

2.2.2.2 Limiting value of slenderness ratio

𝐴.𝐵.𝐶
𝜆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (2.7)
√𝑛
where,
A = 1/(1+0.2ϕef). It can be specified by user. Default value is 0.7 (code recommendation)
B = √1 + 2𝜔. It can be specified by user. Default value is 1.1 (code recommendation)
C = 1.7 - rm.
rm = M01/M02
M01 and M02 are end moments of column. M02 is numerically greater of both. M01/M02
> 0 for single curvature bending and less than 0 for double curvature bending.
Code recommends that If rm is not known, C=0.7 may be used. Constant value of C can be
specified. Also, the program can calculate the factor C and rm based on M01 and M02.
n = NEd/Ac fcd. this is the normalized normal force.

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Concrete Design Code

[Figure 2.12] Concrete Design Code dialog box

2.2.2.3 Magnification of Moments EN1992-1-1:2004

5.8.8.2(1)
The slenderness ratio, ʎ (as obtained in 2.2.2.1) is compared to limiting slenderness ratio, ʎmin. If
P-Δ Analysis has not been performed and ʎ > ʎmin, then the moments are magnified as per the
specifications of the code in order to account for the second order moments. If ʎ < ʎmin or P-Δ
Analysis has been performed, then the specifications of the code are not used to magnify the
design moments.

EN 1992-1-1:2004 specifies the following two methods of moment magnification.

i. Based on Nominal Stiffness
ii. Based on Nominal Curvature
midas Gen uses Nominal Curvature Method.

As per Nominal Curvature Method, the overall design moment, M Ed is computed as:

MEd = M0Ed + M2 (2.8)

where,
M0Ed = 0.6 M02 + 0.4 M01 ≥ 0.4 M02

This is valid only if no transverse load exists between supports. In case the transverse load exists
between the supports, M0Ed = M02. In that case, it is recommended to perform P- Δ Analysis.
M2 = NEd x e2 M2 is the additional second order moment.
where,
e2 = (1/r)l02/c e2 is the deflection.
l0 is effective length as specified in Section 2.2.2.1.
c depends on curvature distribution, program uses c = 10 as recommended by code.
The value of c cannot be changed by user.
1/r = Kr Kφ 1/r0 Curvature
Kr = (nu-n)/(nu-nbal) Correction factor for axial load
n = Ned/Ac fcd Relative axial force.
nu = 1 + ω
ω = 0.105. (Recommended) Different value cannot be specified.
nbal = 0.4 (Recommended) Different value cannot be specified.
Kφ = 1 (Factor for accounting creep)
1/r0 = ε yd/(0.45d)

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

ε yd = fyd/Es
The above calculations are performed for major and minor directions separately.
For the wall the magnification is performed for in-plane bending. If design is also performed for
out-of-plane bending, then the above check will also be performed for out-of-plane bending. The
choice of design for out-of-plane bending can be specified in Input Additional Wall Data dialog
box.

2.2.3 Determination of the Eccentric Axial Load Capacity

The following procedure is followed to determine the eccentric load capacity of the column:
1. Calculate the eccentricities of bi-axially loaded column:
ecy = |MEdz/NEd|
ecz = |MEdy/NEd|
e = |MEd/NEd|
Angle of axis of bending = tan-1|Ecy/Ecz|
Angle of rotation of neutral axis at the ultimate limit state is determined by the program.

MEdy NEd

ecz
e
ecy
MEdz

[Figure 2.13] Forces and Moments on a member with eccentric axial load
where,

MEd = √𝑀2𝐸𝑑𝑦 + 𝑀2𝐸𝑑𝑧

2. Calculate the axial load capacity for concentric loading

Maximum Axial Compression
NRd = (η.fcd).(Ag-Ast) + fyd.Ast (2.9)
where,
NRd is Axial load (compression) capacity for concentric loading
η is the factor for effective strength of concrete
fcd is design strength of concrete as mentioned in Section 2.1.3
Ag is the gross area of column Ag = b . h
Ast is the total area of steel in column.
fyd is design yield strength of steel as mentioned in Section 2.1.3

Maximum Axial Tension

NRdt = -fyd . Ast (2.10)
where,
NRdt is Axial Load (Tension) Capacity for concentric loading
fyd design yield strength of steel
Ast is the area of steel

3. Compute capacity of concrete stress block.

Height of compression zone
X is the height of the compression zone. For the first trial, the balanced failure is assumed hence
X=cb.
𝜀
cb = 𝑐𝑢 d Ast (2.11)
𝜀𝑐𝑢 +𝜀𝑠
where,
cb is the depth of neutral axis for section failing in balanced condition
d is the distance of extreme compression fiber from farthest reinforcement

22
 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

dzi

dyi dsi

z εcu

X
η x fcd
d

εs
a=λX

Neutral Axis

[Figure 2.14] Stress strain distribution in concrete column with eccentric axial load

Effective height of compression zone

a = λ . X Ast (2.12)
where,
λ is the factor for effective height of compression zone.
Acom is the effective area of concrete in compression. It is calculated based on a.

Compression Force in Concrete

Cc = η x fcd x Acom Ast (2.13)

Moment due to compression force

MRdCy = Cc . DCcz (2.14)
MRdCz = Cc . DCcy (2.15)
where,
DCcy is distance of centroid of compression zone from geometric center of
section along y-axis
DCcz is distance of centroid of compression zone from geometric center of
section along z-axis

4. Compute capacity of reinforcement

Fsi is force of the ith reinforcement
Fsi = Asi . fsi (2.16)
where,
fsi is stress in the ith reinforcement
 s E s ( s   yd )
fs  
 f yd ( s   yd )
where,
εsi is strain in the ith reinforcement
At the extreme compression fiber of concrete, strain equal to ε cu is
assumed. Then the strain is calculated at the center of reinforcement
assuming a linear stress strain distribution as shown in Figure 2.14.
Asi is the area of the ith rebar
Moment due to force in rebar
i. About the element local y-axes
MRdNyi = Fsi x dzi (2.17)
ii. About the element local z-axes
MRdNzi = Fsi x dyi (2.18)
where,

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

dzi is distance of ith reinforcement from the geometric center of the section
in the element local z-axis (as shown in Figure 2.14)
dyi is distance of ith reinforcement from the geometric center of the section
in the element local y-axis (as shown in Figure 2.14)

Cumulative axial force and moment resistance

Axial force and the moment due to all the rebars are calculated as follows:
Ns = Σ (Fsi)
MRdNy = Σ (MRdNyi)
MRdNz = Σ (MRdNzi)

5. Compute capacity (NRd,MRd) of the section

NRd = Cc + Ns dyi (2.19)
MRdy = MRdCy + MRdNy
MRdz = MRdCz + MRdNz
2 2
MRd = √𝑀𝑅𝑑𝑦 + 𝑀𝑅𝑑𝑧
6. Compare the eccentricity with the actual eccentricity
Eccentricity
ec = MRd/NRd
Actual eccentricity
e = MEd/NEd
If ec = e, then X is the height of the compression zone. For the first trial ec = eb (balanced
eccentricity).
Otherwise new depth is assumed.
Then new value of X is assumed as follow:
e < eb, then section is compression controlled and larger value of x is assumed.
e > eb, then section is tension controlled and smaller value of x is assumed.

[Figure 2.15] Comparison of Tension Controlled and Compression Controlled Column

7. Check P-M Curve

The P-M curve is generated for a fixed angle of rotation of neutral axis.

24
 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

[Figure 2.16] 2D PM Interaction Curve

3D PM Curve is generated by changing the angle of rotation of neutral axis as follows:

[Figure 2.17] 3D PM Interaction Curve

The output is given in the form of 2-D P-M Interaction Curve as well as 3-D P-M-M Interaction
Curve.

Check the ratio

The following ratios are checked to verify the capacity of the axially loaded member
(wall/column):
𝑁𝐸𝑑
≤1
𝑁𝑅𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑
≤1
𝑀𝑅𝑑
𝑀𝐸𝑑𝑦
≤1
𝑀𝑅𝑑𝑦
𝑀𝐸𝑑𝑧
≤1
𝑀𝑅𝑑𝑧
where,
MEd : Design bending moment is chosen for the load combinations which are available as per

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

2.1.5.
MRd : Moment Capacity of the section.
Depending on the ratio, the results are displayed in various formats box as mentioned in Section
2.4.

2.2.4 Design Criteria for Rebars

To choose the size of the rebars that should be used for providing the reinforcement, the
specifications can be provided in Design criteria for rebars dialog box as shown in Section 2.1.3.
The stirrup data can also be specified in this dialog box.
Data can be specified for both wall and column design.
For wall design the End rebar design method and the spacing of the end rebar can be specified in
Input Additional Wall Data dialog box as shown below:

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify Column Rebar Data

[Figure 2.18] Input Additional Wall Data dialog box

2.2.5 Concrete checking for columns & walls

Concrete Code Checking can be performed for column members & wall members as well. The rebar
data can be specified for axially loaded members and Ultimate Limit State and Serviceability Limit
State can be verified based on that rebar data.

2.2.5.1 Rebar Input for Column Checking

The rebar data for the column can be specified in Modify Column Rebar Data dialog box as shown
below.

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify Column Rebar Data

[Figure 2.19] Modify Column Rebar Data dialog box

2.2.5.2 Rebar Input for Wall Checking

The rebar data for the wall can be specified in Modify Wall Rebar Data dialog box as shown below.

 Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify Wall Rebar Data

[Figure 2.20] Modify Wall Rebar Data dialog box

2.2.6 Design load combinations
The specifications in Section 2.1.5 are applied.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

2.3 Design for Shear

2.3.1 Requirements
Shear resistance of the section (VRd) should be greater than the design shear force for the section
(VEd).
To satisfy Limit state of Shear Resistance the following condition should be met:
VEd≤VRd

2.3.2 Calculation of Shear Resistance (VRd)

If VEd is smaller than the shear resistance of concrete, then shear reinforcement is not required
and shear resistance is calculated by concrete only. If design shear force exceeds shear resistance
calculated from concrete then the shear resistance is calculated by shear reinforcement only.

Calculate VRd,c EN1992-1-1:2004

6.2.2(1)

Yes No
VEd > VRd,c?

Shear Reinforcement required. Shear Reinforcement not required.

Calculate VRd,s VRd = VRd,c
VRd = VRd,s VRd = VRd,s
[Figure 2.21] Flowchart to calculate VRd

2.3.2.1 Members not requiring design shear reinforcement

In member for which VEd≤VRd,c, no shear reinforcement is required. In those members the program
provides the minimum specified shear reinforcement as per Section 4.1.2 and 4.2.2.
For such sections, the shear resistance
VRd = VRd,c dyi (2.20)
For calculating the design shear resistance of concrete, larger of the following two values is
adopted:
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐 𝑘 (100𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )1/3 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (2.21)
1/2
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [0.035 𝑘 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 𝑘1 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ] 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (2.22) EN1992-1-1:2004
where, 6.2.1(2)
CRd,c = 0.18/γc
𝑘 = 1 + √200/𝑑 ≤ 2.0
ρl = Asl/(bwd) ≤ 0.02
σcp = NEd /Ac, In beam design, σcp is applied as zero since axial force is not
considered.
k1 = 0.15
Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement, which extends ≥ (lbd + d) beyond the section
considered. For beam section, program considers Asl as the area of the tensile reinforcement provided. For
column sections, the Asl is used as the Ast/2 i.e half of the area of the longitudinal reinforcement.

2.3.2.2 Members requiring design shear reinforcement

For the members for which the design shear force exceeds the shear resistance provided by
concrete, the shear resistance is calculated as the resistance provided by shear reinforcement.
VRd = VRd,s + Vccd + Vtd 𝑑 (2.23)
where,
Vccd :shear component of the force in the compression area, in the case of inclined compression
chord.
Vtd : shear component of the force in the tensile reinforcement, in the case of inclined tensile chord.

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

[Figure 2.22] Shear component for members with inclined chords

Since, inclined chord is not considered therefore the shear resistance is calculated using shear
reinforcement only.
VRd = VRd,s (2.24)

Design of shear reinforcement is based on truss model as specified in Section 6.2.3 of EN 1992-1-
1:2004

[Figure 2.23] Truss model and notation for shear reinforced members

𝜃 is the angle between the concrete compression strut and the beam axis perpendicular to the
shear force. α is the angle between shear reinforcement and the beam axis perpendicular to the
shear force. The program provides the shear reinforcement perpendicular to the beam axis. So, α
= 90o. Any other value of α cannot be specified by the user.
𝜃 can be specified by user in Concrete Design Code dialog box as explained below:

 Design > Concrete Design Parameters > Design Code … EN1992-1-1:2004

6.2.3(4)

EN1992-1-1:2004
6.2.3(3)

[Figure 2.24] Concrete Code Design dialog box

Shear resistance of members with shear reinforcement can be calculated depending on the type
of shear reinforcement as specified in the table below.

[Table 2.3] VRd,s and VRd,max, Asw,max

Parameter Formula Remarks
VRd,s 𝐴𝑠𝑤 (0.9 𝑑) 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 Asw is cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.
cot 𝜃 s is the spacing of stirrups.
𝑠
𝑓𝑐𝑑 (0.9 𝑑 𝑏 ) fywd is design yield strength of the shear reinforcement.
VRd,max
𝛼 𝑣 ν1 is Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear.
cot 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 𝑐𝑤 1
αcw is Coefficient taking account of the state of the stress in
Asw,max 0.5 𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑣1 𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏 𝑠 the compression chord. αcw is always applied as 1.0 in beam
design.
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑

Using, VRd,s = VEd, spacing s of the shear reinforcement is calculated.

VRd,max is the design value of the maximum shear force which can be sustained by the member,
limited by crushing of the compression struts.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

Asw/s is calculated and compared with Asw,max/s.

[Table 2.4(a)] Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear, ν1

fywd< 0.8fywk
National Annex fywd≥ 0.8fywk
fck < 60MPa fck ≥ 60MPa
 f  f ck
Recommended 0.61  ck  0.6 0.9   0.5
 250  200

(0.84-fck/200)(1-0.5 cosα) ≥
 f  0.54(1-0.5 cosα)
Singapore 0.61  ck  0.5
 250  = 0.54
= (0.84-fck/200) ≥ 0.5
[Table 2.4(b)] Strength reduction factor for concrete cracked in shear, ν1
fywd≥ 0.8fywk fywd< 0.8fywk
National Annex
fck ≤ 70MPa fck > 70MPa fck < 60MPa fck ≥ 60MPa

 f  0.9 
f ck
Italy 0.5 0.7 1  ck  0.7 200  0.5
 250  0.85

[Table 2.5] Recommended values of Coefficient αcw

Condition αcw
0<σcp ≤ 0.25fcd 1+σcp/fcd
0.25 fcd <σcp ≤ 0.5fcd 1.25
0.5 fcd <σcp ≤ 1.0fcd 2.5(1-σcp/fcd)

σcp : The mean compressive stress, measured positive, in the concrete due to the design axial force. In
beam design, σcp is applied as zero since axial force is not considered.

2.3.3 Design Criteria for Rebars

Size of the rebar to be used for providing the shear reinforcement can be specified in Design
Criteria for Rebars dialog box. The number of legs to be used for shear reinforcement can also
be specified.

 Design>Concrete Design Parameter> Design Criteria for Rebar…

[Figure 2.25] Design Criteria for Rebars dialog box

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

2.3.4 Shear in Concrete Code Checking

When Beam Checking or Column checking is performed, then checks for shear are also applied. The
data for the transverse reinforcement can be specified in the program. The data can be specified in
Modify Beam Rebar Data, Modify Column Rebar Data and Modify Wall Rebar Data dialog box. Refer
to section 2.1.4.1, 2.2.5.1 and 2.2.5.2 for the usage of these dialog boxes. The program allows the user
to specify rebar size, rebar spacing and the number of legs for stirrup.
For beams the data can be specified for i-end, j-end and the middle section.
For columns the same data can be specified for the two ends of the member and different data can
be specified for center of the column.

2.3.5 Design Load Combinations

The specifications of section 2.1.5 are applied.
In case the shear reinforcement is required, the governing Load combination for shear design is
not decided on the basis of the magnitude of the shear force. The governing load combination is
decided on the basis of the ratio of the shear force and shear capacity.
Now, if there are two shear forces VEd1 and VEd2 such that VEd1>VEd2. VRd,s (Shear Strength provided
by steel) and VRd,c (Shear Strength provided by concrete) will be calculated. If VEd1/VRd,s is less than
the VEd2/VRd,c, then VEd2 will be governing load combination for shear design, even if VEd2 is smaller
of the two shear forces.

2.4 Verification of Design/Check Results

midas Gen provides the results of design/check in various formats. The following design outputs
are available.

2.4.1 Design Result Dialog Box

The design results can be checked in Beam Design Result Dialog/Column Design Result Dialog/
Wall Design Result Dialog box as shown below.

 Design > Concrete Code Design > Beam Design…

[Figure 2.26] Beam Design Result dialog box

Similarly, the design results can be checked for column and walls. The dialog box for design results
of column members can be accessed from Design > Concrete Code Design > Column Design.
The dialog box for design results of wall can be accessed from Design > Concrete Code Design >
Wall Design.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

2.4.2 Design/Check Reports

The program provides the results in the following kind of report formats:
i. Graphic Report
ii. Detail Report
iii. Summary Report

[Figure 2.27] Graphic Report for Beam Design

[Figure 2.28] Detailed Report for Beam Design

32
 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

[Figure 2.29] Summary Report for Beam Design

33
 Chapter 2.3 RC Design Algorithm: EN1992-1-1:2004

Serviceability Limit State

The serviceability limit state is verified only when we perform Concrete Code Check. It is not verified
when Concrete Code Design is performed.

3.1 Serviceability Type Load Combination

The load combinations specified as Serviceability in the Concrete Design Tab of Load Combinations
dialog box will be used for serviceability limit state check. The program supports the auto generation of
the load combinations as per EN 1990:2002.

3.1.1 Definition of Short Term and Long Term Load

For the purpose of crack control, the Load Cases need to be specified as either short term load or
long term load.

Depending on the type of the load case, the program classifies the load cases automatically.
Information regarding the classification of load cases can be viewed/modified in Short/Long term
Load Case dialog box as shown below.

[Table 3.1] Classification of load based on duration

Type of load Description
Long term If the load case is any of the following types, it is classified as long term:
D: Dead Load
L: Live Load.
LR: Roof Live Load.
IL: Live Load Impact
Short term If the type of load case is other than specified above, then it will be
classified as short term load case

 Design> General Design Parameter > Short/Long term Load Case

[Figure 3.1] Short/Long term Load Case dialog box

If a load combination consists of any of the short term load case then the load combination will be
classified as short term type. Otherwise it will be classified as long term type.

3.1.2 Classification of Serviceability type Load Combinations

EN 1990:2002 classifies the serviceability type load combinations in following three types:
i. Quasi-Permanent
ii. Frequent
iii. Characteristic
The load combinations that are auto generated are automatically classified in the above types. The

34
 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

information regarding the classification of the load combinations can be viewed/modified in

Serviceability Load Combination Type dialog box as shown below.

 Design> General Design Parameter > Serviceability Load Combination Type

[Figure 3.2] Serviceability Load Combination Type dialog box

3.2 Serviceability Parameters

Various parameters should be specified for performing the serviceability limit state check. The
default parameters are known to the program. Depending on the national annex selected in
Concrete Design Code dialog box, the parameters are automatically updated. The parameters can
be viewed/modified in the program.

 Design> General Design Parameter > Serviceability Parameters

[Figure 3.3] Serviceability Parameters dialog box

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

3.3 Stress Limitation

The compressive stress in concrete should be limited to avoid:
i. formation of micro-cracks which might reduce durability
ii. excessive creep
The program applies the stress checks for both situations. The first step in applying the stress check
is to determine whether the section is cracked or uncracked for the applicable load cases. The
section is uncracked if the following criteria is fulfilled:

σc (tension) ≤ σca (tension)

where,
σc (tension) = Mu Zbar /Iyy, stress in extreme tension fiber
Mu is the bending moment for a load combination.
Zbar is the distance of Neutral Axis from extreme tension fiber.
Iyy is the moment of inertia. EN1992-1-1:2004
3.1.8(1)
Iyy and Zbar are calculated assuming elastic behavior of concrete in an uncracked transformed
section.
σca (tension) = max [fctm , (1.6-h/1000)fctm] (3.1) EN1992-1-1:2004
Table 3.1
[Table 3.2] Mean Value of Axial Tensile Strength, fctm
Condition fctm
≤ C50/60 0.30fck2/3
> C50/60 2.12 ln(1+(fcm/10))

For column members σc (tension) is calculated considering the axial load and the biaxial bending:
Σc (tension) = Pu/Ac + (Muy Zbar)/Iyy + (Muz Ybar) /Izz (3.2)

If σc (tension) ≥ σca (tension), then the section is cracked. For cracked sections, the program updates
the section properties for stress check.
EN1992-1-1:2004
3.3.1 Stress Verification to avoid micro cracking 7.2(2)
EN 1992-1-1:2004 specifies “Longitudinal cracks may occur if the stress level under the characteristic
EN1992-1-1:2004
combination of loads exceeds a critical value. In the absence of other measures it may be appropriate 7.2(5)
to limit the compressive stress to a value k1fck in areas exposed to environments of exposure classes
XD, XF and XS” and “Unacceptable cracking or deformation may be assumed to be avoided if, under
the characteristic combination of loads, the tensile stress in the reinforcement does not exceed k 3fyk”.
Therefore, to fulfill these two specification, program applies the stress check for both reinforcement
as well as concrete.
The stress verification is performed for characteristic type of serviceability load combinations. After
determining that whether the section is cracked or not, the appropriate method is applied as
explained below:

3.3.1.1 Un-cracked Sections

In order to satisfy the stress check for concrete, the following criteria should be met:
σc (Comp.) ≤ σca (Comp.)

The stress is calculated at the extreme compression fiber of the section.

σc (Comp.) = Mu*(H-Zbar)/Iyy (3.3)

where,
Mu is the bending moment for a load combination.
(H-Zbar) is the distance of Neutral Axis from extreme compression fiber.
Iyy is the moment of inertia.

Iyy and Zbar are calculated assuming elastic behavior of concrete in an uncracked transformed
section.
For column members σc (Comp) is calculated considering the axial load and the biaxial bending:

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

σc (Comp.) = Pu/Ac + Muy (H-Zbar) /Iyy + Muz (B-Ybar) /Izz (3.4)

where,
H is the whole depth of cross-section along z-axis.
B is the whole width of cross-section along y-axis.

The limiting value of the stress in concrete is calculated as:

σca (Comp.) = k1fck (3.5)

k1 can be specified in Serviceability Parameters. The following values are automatically adopted:

[Table 3.3] Coefficient k1~ k4

k1 k2 k3 k4
Recommended 0.6 0.45 0.8 1.0
Italy 0.6 0.45 0.8 0.9
Singapore 0.6 0.45 0.8 1.0
The parameter k4 is not used by the program.
In order to satisfy the stress check for reinforcement, the following criteria should be met:
σs ≤ σsa
Stress in reinforcement is calculated as below:
σs = Mu*(d-zbar)*n/Iyy (3.6)
n is the Long term ratio of modulus of Elasticity.
The limiting value of the stress in the reinforcement is calculated as:
σsa = k3fyk (3.7)
k3 can be specified in Serviceability Parameters as defined in Section 3.2.
For column members, the check is applied only for concrete. The stress in reinforcement is not
checked.

3.3.1.2 Cracked Sections

The stresses are calculated for various load cases using the suitable modular ratio and then they are
added to get the stresses due to the particular load combination.
The following components are used:
1. Dead Load Cases
σc,D = Mu_D*zbar/Iyy
σs,D = Mu_D *(d-zbar)*n/Icr (Long term ratio is used)
2. Live Load Cases
σc,L = Mu_L*zbar/Iyy
σs,L = Mu_L *(d-zbar)*n/Icr (Long term ratio is used)
3. Other Load Cases
σc,E = Mu_E*zbar/Iyy
σs,E = Mu_E *(d-zbar)*n/Icr (Short term ratio is used)
where,
Mu_D is the bending moment for a load combination.
(Zbar) is the distance of Neutral Axis from extreme compression fiber.
Icr is the moment of inertia.

Icr and Zbar are calculated assuming elastic behavior of concrete in a cracked transformed section.
The neutral axis is located by equating moment of areas. Then the Icr is calculated about the neutral
axis.
EN1992-1-1:2004
Then the stress in concrete are calculated as: 7.2(3)
σc = σc,D + σc,L + σc,E
σs = σs,D + σs,L + σs,E

For concrete, σc ≤ k1 x fck

For steel, σs ≤ k3 x fyk
If a column members is cracked, then this procedure is not carried out for it.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

3.3.2 Check for linear Creep

EN 1992-1-1:2004 specifies “If the stress in the concrete under the quasi-permanent loads is less
than k2fck, linear creep may be assumed. If the stress in concrete exceeds k 2fck, non-linear creep
should be considered. ” After determining whether the section is cracked or not under quasi-
permanent load combinations, the appropriate method is applied as explained below:

3.3.2.1 Uncracked Sections

Method specified in 3.3.1.1 is used to calculate the compressive stress and the allowable
compressive stress.
Quasi-Permanent type of combinations are used.
The allowable stress is calculated as σca (comp.) = k2 x fck.
If σc (comp.) ≤ σca (comp.) and σs (comp.) ≤ σsa (comp.) then linear creep may be assumed.

3.3.2.2 Cracked sections

Method specified in 3.3.1.1 is used to calculate the compressive stress and the allowable
compressive stress.
Quasi-Permanent Type of combinations are used.
The allowable stress is calculated as σca (comp.) = k2 x fck.
If σc (comp.) ≤ σca (comp.) and σs (comp.) ≤ σsa (comp.) then linear creep may be assumed.
EN1992-1-1:2004
If the column member are cracked, then this procedure is not carried out for them. 7.3.4(1)

3.4 Crack width

For beam sections, cracking shall be limited to satisfy the following condition.
Crack width, wk ≤ Crack width limit, wmax
Crack width is only calculated if the stress in concrete at the extreme tension fiber exceeds the EN1992-1-1:2004
7.3.4(2)
allowable tension stress.

3.4.1 Calculate crack widths

The crack width is calculated using the following formula:
wk = Sr,max (εsm –εcm) (3.8)
1. Determine εsm-εcm

f ct ,eff
 s  kt 1    p ,eff 
 p ,eff
e
s
 sm   cm   0.6 (3.9)
Es Es
where,
εsm The mean strain in the reinforcement under the relevant combination of loads, including
the effect of imposed deformations and taking into account the effects of tensile
stiffening.
εcm The mean strain in the concrete between cracks.
σs The stress in the tension reinforcement.
αe Es/Ecm.
kt A factor dependent on duration of the load.

[Table 3.4] Factor kt

Condition kt
Short term loading 0.6
Long term loading 0.4

As  12 Ap ' As
 p ,eff   (3.10)
Ac ,eff Ac ,eff
Ap’ : The area of pre or post-tensioned. Since the tendon is not considered in program, Ap’ =0.

38
 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

Ac,eff : The effective area of concrete in tension, bw x hc,ef.

ℎ−𝑥 ℎ
ℎ𝑒,𝑒𝑓𝑓 = min [2.5(ℎ − 𝑑), , ] (3.11)
3 2

[Figure 3.5] Calculation of Effective tension area

EN1992-1-1:2004
2. Determine sr,max 7.3.4(2)
The maximum crack spacing, sr,max is calculated as shown in the table below.
k1k2 k4
sr .max  k3c  (3.12)
 p ,eff
where,
ɸ is bar diameter. In case different sizes are used, ɸeq should be calculated as:

The program uses the ɸ of the outer layer.

c is cover to the longitudinal reinforcement.
k1 : A coefficient accounting the bond properties of rebar (0.8 for high bond bars)
k2 : Coefficient accounting for distribution of strain. (0.5 for bending)
k3 : 3.4 (recommended values)
k4 : 0.425(recommended values)
These values can’t be changed.

3.4.2 Limiting Crack Width, wmax

For reinforced members without prestressing tendon, limiting values of crack width, wmax, are given
in the table below.
[Table 3.5] Limiting Crack Width, wmax
Exposure Serviceability Load combination Type
Class Quasi-Permanent Frequent Characteristic
X0 0.4 User defined
XC1
XC2 0.3
XC3
XC4
XD1 0.3
XD2 Not Checked
XD3
XS1 0.3
XS2
XS3
XF1* Not Checked
XF2*
XF3*
XF4*
XA1* 0.2
XA2*
XA3*

3.4.2.1 Exposure Class

Exposure class can be specified in Serviceability Parameters as mentioned in Section 3.2.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

3.5 Deflection Check

EN 1992-1-1:2004 specifies to apply deflection check for certain sections that do not meet the
depth/span ratio criteria. But midas Gen calculates the deflection for all the members and compares
the deflection with the allowable value irrespective of the span/depth ratio.
There is no deflection check for the complete structure. Deflection check is applied for each member
separately.
Deflection verification is performed by comparing the relative deflection of the member to
deflection limit. Deflection is verified for Quasi-permanent and Characteristic load combinations.
The limit value is specified by the user in Serviceability Parameter dialog box.

3.6 Verification of Results

The checking results can be checked in various formats in midas Gen.
3.6.1 Check Result dialog box
The checking results can be checked in Beam Checking Result Dialog box as shown below.

 Design > Concrete Code Check > Beam Checking…

[Figure 3.6] Beam Checking Result dialog box

Similarly, the checking results can be checked for column sections and walls. The dialog box for
checking results of column members can be accessed from Design > Concrete Code Check > Column
Checking. The dialog box for checking results of walls can be accessed from Design > Concrete
Code Check > Wall Checking.

3.6.2 Design/Check Reports

The program provides the results in the following kind of report formats:
i. Graphic Report
ii. Detail Report
iii. Summary Report

40
 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

[Figure 3.7] Graphic Report for Beam Checking

[Figure 3.8] Detail Report for Beam Checking

[Figure 3.9] Summary Report for Beam Checking

41
 Chapter 2.4 RC Design Algorithm: EN1992-1-1:2004

Detailing of Members
When the program provides the reinforcement to the section, then checks are applied for minimum
and maximum allowable area of steel. Minimum areas of reinforcement are given in order to
prevent a brittle failure, wide cracks and also to resist forces arising from restrained actions. Along
with that the program also applies the checks for the spacing of the rebars. There should be
sufficient space between the resulting bars of members to allow access for vibrators and good
compaction of the concrete. The details of these checks are discussed in this section.

4.1 Detailing rules for Beam Design

4.1.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement
The following specifications of EN1992-1-1:2004 are considered by the program while providing the
reinforcement.
Maximum area of longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as:
EN1992-1-1:2004
As,max = 0.04 Ac (4.1)
9.2.1.1 (3)

Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement is calculated as:

𝑓
As,min = 0.26 𝑐𝑡𝑚 btd ≥ 0.0013btd (4.2) EN1992-1-1:2004
𝑓𝑦𝑘 9.2.1.1(1)
where,
bt denotes the mean width of the tension zone. For rectangular sections, b t is equal
to section width. For a T-beam width of web is used by the program.
fctm is taken as specified in 3.1.

For providing the adequate spacing in the bars, the program takes care of the following code
specifications:
The clear distance (horizontal and vertical) between individual parallel bars or horizontal layers of
parallel bars should be not less than the maximum of:
i. k1⋅bar diameter
ii. (dg + k2 mm) where dg is the maximum size of aggregate.
iii. 20 mm
The recommended values of k1 and k2 are used which are specified as 1 and 5 mm respectively.

4.1.2 Shear Reinforcement

Minimum required shear reinforcement is calculated by the program as below:

ρw,min = 0.08 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 /𝑓𝑦𝑘 (4.3) EN1992-1-1:2004

9.2.2(5)
where,
ρw is the shear reinforcement ratio

The maximum longitudinal spacing between shear assemblies is taken as the minimum of:
sl,max = 0.75d (1 + cot α) = 0.75d (for α=90o) (4.4)
EN1992-1-1:2004
s = Asw / (bw . ρw,min) (4.5) 9.2.2(6)
where,
Asw is the area of shear reinforcement within length s
s is the spacing of the shear reinforcement
bw is the breadth of the web of the member
α is the angle between shear reinforcement and the longitudinal axis. It is applied
as 90o in midas Gen.

To consider constructability, the program rounds off the required spacing to the lower 10 mm value.

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 CHAPTER 2. RC Design Algorithm

4.2 Detailing Rules for column design

4.2.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement
EN 1992-1-1:2004 specifies that longitudinal bars should have a diameter of not less than φmin. EN1992-1-1:2004
Varying values of φmin are specified in National Annexes. 9.5.2(1)

This needs to be taken care by the user. When specifying the design criteria for rebars in Design >
Concrete Design Parameter > Design Criteria for Rebars, the bars bigger than φmin in diameter
should be chosen by the user.

The minimum allowed amount of longitudinal reinforcement for a column is specified as greater
of the two values. EN1992-1-1:2004
i. As,min = 0.10 NEd/fyd 9.5.2(2)
ii. 0.002 Ac
EN1992-1-1:2004
The maximum value of amount of longitudinal reinforcement is specified as As,max. The 9.5.2(3)
recommended value of As,max is 0.04 Ac.

The value of As,max can be viewed/modified in Limiting Maximum Rebar Ratio dialog box as shown
below:

 Design > Concrete Design Parameters > Limiting Maximum Rebar Ratio

[Figure 4.1] Limiting Maximum Rebar Ratio dialog box

4.2.2 Shear Reinforcement

For column members, the diameter of the transverse reinforcement should not be less than, greater
EN1992-1-1:2004
of the two below: 9.5.3(1)
i. 6 mm
ii. ¼ times the maximum diameter of the longitudinal bars
This needs to be taken care by the user. When specifying the design criteria for rebars in Design >
Concrete Design Parameter > Design Criteria for Rebars, the suitable bar diameter should be
chosen.

In case the shear reinforcement is not required, the minimum reinforcement is provided as:
ρw,min = 0.08 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 /𝑓𝑦𝑘 (4.6)
s = Asw / ρw. bw . sinα (4.7)
The s is calculated and used for maximum spacing.

The spacing of the transverse reinforcement along the column should not exceed s cl,tmax:
The recommended value is the least of the following three distances:
i. 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars
ii. Lesser dimension of the column
iii. 400 mm
This specification is taken care by the program itself.
To consider constructability, the program rounds off the required spacing to the lower 10 mm value.

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 Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen

EN1992-1-1:2004
4.3 Detailing Rules for Wall design 9.6.2(1)
4.3.1 Vertical Reinforcement
The maximum amount of the vertical reinforcement should be applied as:
Asv,max = 0.04 Ac (4.8)
The ratio can be viewed/edited in Limiting Maximum Rebar Ratio dialog box as shown in
previous section.
The minimum amount of vertical reinforcement should be applied as:
Asv,min = 0.002 Ac (4.9)
This is the recommended value and it cannot be edited by the user.
EN1992-1-1:2004
9.6.3(1)
4.3.2 Horizontal Reinforcement
The minimum horizontal reinforcement is provided as per the following specifications:
ρw,min = max [0.25As,y/Ac, 0.001] (4.10)
EN1992-1-1:2004
9.6.3(2)
The maximum spacing of the horizontal reinforcement shall be limited to minimum of the following:
I. 2*As,v/(ρw,min hw)
II. 400 mm

For wall design, the detailing rules for shear reinforcement are same as that of column design.

44
 CHAPTER 3

RC Design Tutorial
Eurocode2 Design Guide for midas Gen
midas Gen Tutorial Eurocode Design of Multi-story RC Building
Fundamentals

Eurocode Design of a Multi-story

RC Building
 Part I – EC2 in Gen
 Part II – Model & Design Parameters
 Part III – ULS Member Design
 Part IV – ULS Member Checks
 Part V – SLS Member Checks

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Eurocode Design of Reinforced Concrete Building

as per EN 1992-1-1: 2004
Overview
 Eurocode Design of
Reinforced Concrete Building
 Model
- 6-story Reinforced Concrete
Building
- Element: Wall, Beam
 Load & Boundary Condition
- Self Weight
- Floor Loads
- Wind Loads
- Seismic Loads
- Supports
 Analysis
- Linear Static Analysis

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Reinforced Concrete Design Features in midas Gen

 Gen provides automatic design for beam, column and shear wall.
 Section checking with the given data.
 Ultimate limit state and Serviceability limit state design and/or checking.
 Default load combinations as per Eurocode 2.
 Static wind loads as per Eurocode 1-4: 2005
 Static seismic loads and response spectrum function as per Eurocode 8-1: 2004
 Capacity design as per Eurocode 8-1 can be applied by checking on “Apply EC8:04
Capacity Design” option in Concrete Design Code dialog box.
 Available Section shapes
 Column: Rectangle, Circular, Hollow circular
 Wall: Rectangle
 Beam: Rectangle, T-shape
Note:
Torsion should be checked by the user.
For meshed slab and wall design, we can use Meshed Slab/Wall Design function.

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Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Design

(1) Bending without axial force

Assuming K and K have been determined:

where:

K  M / bd 2 f ck
K   0.598  0.18 2  0.21
where:
  1 0 = Moment Redistribution Ratio(Factor)

If K  K (singly reinforced)

As1  M / f yd z

where:
As1is area of compression steel (in layer 1).
f yd  f yk /  s

z  d [0.5  0.5(1  3.53 K ) 0.5 ]  0.95 d

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If K  K (Doubly Reinforced)

As 2  ( M  M ) / f sc ( d  d 2 )
where:
As 2 is area of compression steel (in layer 2).

M   K bd 2 f ck
f sc  700( xu  d 2 ) / xu
f sc  f yd

where:
d 2 is effective depth to compression steel.
xu  (  0.4)d
As1  M  / f yd z  As 2 f sc / f yd

For Minimum and Maximum Required Rebar Area

As ,min  0.26( f ctm / f yk )bt d  0.0013bt d

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(2) Bending with axial force

Slenderness Ratio
Second order effects may be ignored if the slenderness λ is below a certain value λlim.
  l0 / i

lim  20  A  B  C / n

Design Bending moment

M Ed  max[ M 0 Ed  M 2 , M 02 , M 01  0.5 M 2 ]

where:
M Ed is design moment.
M 0 E d is equivalent first order moment including the effect of imperfection(at about mid
height) and may be taken as = M 0e.
where:
M 0 e  (0.6 M 02  0.4 M 01 )  0.4 M 02
M 02 , M 01 is first order end moments at ULS including allowances for imperfections. M 02  M 01

M 2  N Ed e2 ; nominal second order moment in slender column

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Capacity - Axial force and uni-axial bending moment

The combinations of and that cause failure of a given column section are illustrated by an interact
ion diagram as shown below.

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Pure compression, point ①

Po   fcd ( Ag  Ast )  Ast f yd

Buckling failure is not considered.

Pure tension, point ②

Po   Ast f yd
Balanced failure, point ③
The load and moment at balanced failure, Pb and M b, can be calculated by substituting f s  f yd
and   b into the above equations.
0.003Es
b  d
f yd  0.003Es

Where, λ=0.8 for fck ≤ 50MPa

λ=0.8-(fck-50)/400 for 50 < fck ≤ 90MPa
λ=0.7 for fck > 90MPa

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For symmetrically reinforced members, the loads and moments at the points ④~⑪ may be calcul
ated by the formula below.
Pu   f cd  xb  As' f s'  As f s
h h h
M u   f cd  xb(  0.5 x)  As' f s' (  d ' )  As f s ( d  )
2 2 2

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(3) Shear
 Shear resistance of a member with shear reinforcement is equal to:
VRd  VRd , s
In regions of the member where VEd ≤VRd,c no calculated shear reinforcement is necessary.
In regions where VEd > VRd,c sufficient shear reinforcement should be provided in order that
VEd ≤VRd.

Members not requiring design shear reinforcement

VRd ,c  [CRd ,c k (100 1 f ck )1/ 3  k1 cp ]bw d

With a minimum of
VRd ,c  (vmin  k1 cp )bw d

Members requiring design shear reinforcement

The shear resistance, VRd is the smaller value of:
VRd ,s  ( Asw / s ) zf ywd cot 
and
VRd ,max   cwbw z 1 f cd /(cot   tan  )

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Serviceability Limit States (SLS) Design

(1) Stress Limitation
The compressive stress shall be limited to a value k1fck in order to avoid longitudinal cracks und
er the characteristic combination of loads. A value of K1 can be defined by the user and default v
alue is ‘0.6’.

If the stress in the concrete under the quasi-permanent loads is less than k2fck, linear creep may b
e assumed. If the stress in concrete exceeds k2fck, non-linear creep should be considered. A valu
e of K2 can be defined by the user and default value is ‘0.45’.

Unacceptable cracking or deformation may be assumed to be avoided if, under the characteris
tic combination of loads, the tensile stress in the reinforcement does not exceed k3fyk. A value of K
3 can be defined by the user and default value is ‘0.8’.

Where the stress is caused by an imposed deformation, the tensile stress should not exceed k4fyk.
A value of K4 can be defined by the user and default value is ‘1.0’.

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(2) Crack Control

A limiting calculated crack width, wmax, taking into account the proposed function and nature of the
structure and the costs of limiting cracking, should be established.

(3) Deflection Control

The appearance and general utility of the structure could be impaired when the calculated sag of a be
am, slab or cantilever subjected to quasi-permanent loads exceeds span/250.
For the deflection subjected to characteristic loads can be checked by user defined limit. Default limi
t is Span/250.

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Beam detailing
The following data are required to be input for Beam design:

 Beam section size (b, h)

 Cover to rebar center default  minmaxh 10,63.5mm ,76.2mm
 Bar size
 Main rebar: Up to 5 sizes simultaneously selected, which GEN will use
to find the most appropriate.
 Stirrup/Link: One size can be selected.
 P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P16, P20, P25, P32, and P40 are
available.
 Arrangement (= Number of legs of the transverse or shear reinforcement)
 Only one case can be selected among the numbers from 2 to 20.

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Beam detailing
The following conditions are applied to Beam design:

 Maximum rebar ratio of main rebar, EN 1992-1-1 9.2.1.1

As , max  0.04 Ac
 Minimum rebar ratio of main rebar, EN 1992-1-1 9.2.1.1
As , min  max 0.26 f ctm f yk bt d ,0.0013bt d 
 Minimum spacing (= clear distance) of bars, EN 1992-1-1 8.2
 max Dbar , d g  5mm,20mm 
 Maximum stirrup spacing, EN 1992-1-1 9.2.2

S max  minAsw bw  w, min ,0.75d 1  cot    w, min  0.08 f ck f yk

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Beam detailing
The following are the Design results provided by Gen:

Main rebar
 Required rebar area satisfying minimum bar spacing
 Number of bars at top and bottom satisfying minimum bar spacing
 Capacity ratio at I-end, middle, and J-end of beam member
 Up to two layers of rebar can be designed
Stirrups/Links
 Required rebar area per unit length
 Spacing of stirrups
 Capacity ratio at I-end, middle, and J-end of beam member
 Check for crushing of compression struts

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Column detailing
The following data are required to be input for Column design:

 Column section size (b, h)

 Cover to rebar center default  minmaxh 10,63.5mm ,76.2mm
 Bar size
 Main rebar: Up to 5 sizes simultaneously selected, among which GEN
will find the most appropriate.
 Tie/Spiral: One size can be selected.
 P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P16, P20, P25, P32, and P40 are
available.
 Arrangement (= Number of legs of the transverse reinforcement)
 Different number of legs can be applied in the y and z direction.

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Column detailing
The following conditions are applied to Column design:

 Maximum rebar ratio of main rebar, EN 1992-1-1 9.5.2

As , max  0.03 Ac , which can be modified.
 Minimum rebar ratio of main rebar, EN 1992-1-1 9.5.2
As , min  max 0.10 N ED f yd ,0.002 Ac 
 Minimum spacing (clear distance) of bars, EN 1992-1-1 8.2
 max Dbar , d g  5mm,20 mm 
 Maximum stirrup spacing, EN 1992-1-1 9.5.3 & 9.2.2
S cl , t max  min20 Dbar , b, h,400 mm, Asw bw  w, min   w, min  0.08 f ck f yk
The maximum spacing is reduced by a factor 0.6 at the i and j-end
of the column.

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Column detailing
The following are the design results provided by Gen:

Main rebar
 Number of bars satisfying minimum bar spacing
 Capacity ratio for the most critical part among I-end, middle, and J-end
of column member
 Biaxial P-M interaction diagram
Note. Two layers of rebar or bundle bars are not applicable.
Stirrup/Links
 Required rebar area per unit length
 Spacing of ties/spirals
 Capacity ratio for the most critical part of column member (I-end,
middle, and J-end)
 Check for crushing of compression struts

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Shear Wall detailing

The following data are required to be input for Shear Wall design:

 Wall section size (L, h)

 Cover to rebar center default  50.8mm
 Bar size
 Vertical rebar: Up to 5 sizes simultaneously selected, among which GEN
will find the most appropriate.
 End rebar: One size can be selected, then program will find the most
appropriate, greater than or equal to the one selected.
 Horizontal rebar: One size can be selected.
 P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P11, P12, P13, P16, P20, P25, P32, and P40 are
available.
 Spacing of vertical rebar
 Select as many spacings as you want program to try
 Spacing of horizontal rebar
 Design method
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Shear Wall detailing

The following conditions are applied to Shear Wall design:

 Maximum rebar ratio of vertical rebar, EN 1992-1-1 9.6.2

As , max  0.04 Ac , which can be modified.
 Minimum rebar ratio of vertical rebar, EN 1992-1-1 9.6.2
As , min  0.002 Ac
 Maximum spacing of horizontal rebars, EN 1992-1-1 9.6.3
S max  min2 As , v  v , min h ,400 mm  v , min  max 0.25 As , v Ac ,0.001

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Shear Wall detailing

Followings are the design results provided by Gen:

Vertical rebar
 Spacing of vertical rebar
 Capacity ratio for the most critical part among top and bottom of wall
 Uniaxial P-M interaction diagram
Horizontal
 Required rebar area per unit length
 Spacing of horizontal rebar
 Capacity ratio for the most critical part among top and bottom of wall
 Check for crushing of compression struts

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PART II - Contents

The Model File

Performing the Analysis
Design Parameters
ULS Design

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Typical Floor Plan

9000 mm 9000 mm 9000 mm 9000 mm

5100 mm 5100 mm
7200 mm
5100 mm 5100 mm

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Typical Sectional Elevation

4000 mm 4000 mm 4000 mm
4500 nm
4500 nm
5000 mm

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Opening the Pre-generated Model File

1. File > Open Project…

2. Select “EC2 Design”.
2 3. Click [Open] button.

 This tutorial is intended to illustrate

design procedure as per Eurocode2.
Therefore, the geometry creation, boundary
assignment, load application will be skipped.
For the aforementioned, refer to “Seismic
3 Design for RC Building” tutorial.

 In this tutorial, slab is not included in the

model and considered as a rigid diaphragm.

Analysis

1. Analysis > Perform Analysis

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Parameters for ULS Design

• Load Combinations
• Design Code
• Sway Frame Definitions
• Member Assignment
• Live Load Reduction Factor Modifications
• Unbraced Lengths (L, Lb)
• Partial Safety Factors
• Concrete and Rebar Properties

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Load Combinations
1. Results > Combinations… 4
2. Click on “Concrete Design” tab.
5
3. Click [Auto Generation…] button. 6
4. Option: Add
5. Code Selection: Concrete
6. Design Code: Eurocode2:04 5

7. Click [OK] Button.

8. Click [Close] Button.

 The program
automatically creates
design load
combinations which
can be also modified or
deleted by the user.
3
8 7

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Design Code

2 1. Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Design

Code…
2. Design Code: Eurocode2:04
3. Click [OK] button.

Sway Frame Definitions

1. Design > General Design Parameter >
Definition of Frame…

2
2. X-Direction of Frame: Braced | Non-sway
3. Y-Direction of Frame: Braced | Non-sway
3 4. Design Type: 3-D

4 5. Check off “Auto Calculate Effective Length

Factors”.
6. Click [OK] button.
5
 In the non-sway frame, applying 1 for the
6 effective length factor will give conservative
results.

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Member Assignment
1. Design > General Design Parameter >
Member Assignment…
2. Assign Type: Automatic
3. Selection Type: All
4. Click [Apply] button.
2 5. Click [Close] button.

 A single Member can be

assigned when the member
is consisted of a number of
beam elements.
4

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Live Load Reduction Factors (1)

1. Design > General Design
Parameter > Modify Live Load
Reduction Factor…

2 2. Option: Add/Replace
1 3. Reduction Factor: 0.82
3
4. Applied Components: All Forces
4 5. View > Select > Identity…
6. Select Type: Story
7. Select “1F”
10 8. Click [Add] button.
9. Click [Close] button.
10. Click [Apply] button.

1. Reduction factor for 1st floor

columns and walls.
2  n  2  0
6 8 n   0.82
7
n
n5  0  0.7
EN 1991-1-1 6.3.1.2 (11)
9

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Live Load Reduction Factors (2)

1. Design > General Design
Parameter > Modify Live Load
Reduction Factor…
2. Option: Add/Replace
2
1 3. Reduction Factor: 0.85
3 4. Applied Components: All Forces

4 5. View > Select > Identity…

6. Select Type: Story
7. Select “2F”.
8. Click [Add] button.
12
9. Select “Floor”.
10. Click [Delete] button.
11. Click [Close] button.
12. Click [Apply] button.

6 8 1. Reduction factor for 2nd floor

columns and walls.
7 10
2  n  2 0
n   0.85
n
9
n4  0  0.7
11

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Live Load Reduction Factors (3)

1. Design > General Design
Parameter > Modify Live Load
Reduction Factor…
2. Option: Add/Replace
2
1 3. Reduction Factor: 0.9
3 4. Applied Components: All Forces

4 5. View > Select > Identity…

6. Select Type: Story
7. Select “3F”.
8. Click [Add] button.
12
9. Select “Floor”.
10. Click [Delete] button.
11. Click [Close] button.
12. Click [Apply] button.

6 8 1. Reduction factor for 3rd floor

columns and walls.
10
7 2  n  2 0
n   0.9
n
9
n3  0  0.7
11

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Unbraced Lengths (L, Lb)

1. Design > General Design Parameter > Unbraced 1. If “0” is entered for Ly and Lz,
Length(L, Lb)… unbraced lengths will be calculated by the
program based on the nodal coordinates of
2. Option: Add/Replace the beam elements.
3. Unbraced Length – Ly: 0 mm
1
4. Lz: 0 mm
5. Laterally Unbraced Length: Check on “Do not consider”.
6. View > Select > Select All
7. Click [Apply] button.

3, 4

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Partial Safety Factors

1. Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Partial

Safety Factors for Material Properties…
2
2. Click [Update By Code] button.
3. Click [OK] button.

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Concrete and Rebar Properties

1. Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify

Concrete Materials…
2. Select “C30/37” from Material List.
2
3. Rebar Selection – Code: EN04(RC)
4. Grade of Main Rebar: Class B
5. Grade of Sub-Rebar: Class A
6. Click [Modify] button.
7. Click [Close] button.

4, 5

6 7

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Design Criteria for Rebar (1)

1. Tools > Preferences…

2. Click on “Design”.
3. Concrete – Design Code: Eurocode2:04
4. Rebar – Material Code: EN04(RC)
5. Click [OK] button.

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Design Criteria for Rebar (2) – Beam Design

6. Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Design Criteria
for Rebar…
7
7. For Beam Design – Main Rebar: click [Rebar…] button.
10 11
8. Select P20 and P25.
12
9. Click [OK] button.
13 10. Stirrups: P10, Side Bar: P12
11. Arrangement: 2
12. dT: 55 mm, dB: 55 mm
13. Option of Spliced Bars: None

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Design Criteria for Rebar (3) – Column Design

14. For Column Design – Main Rebar: click
[Rebar…] button.
15. Select P25 and P32.
16. Click [OK] button.
17. Ties/Spirals: P10
18. Arrangement: X: 2, Z: 2
19. do: 55mm
14
17 20. Option of Spliced Bars: None
19 18

20

15

16

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Design Criteria for Rebar (4) –Wall Design

21. For Shear Wall Design – Vertical Rebar: click
[Rebar…] button.
22. Select P13 and Click [OK] button.
23. Horizontal Rebar: P13, End Rebar From: P10
24. de: 45 mm, dw: 45 mm
25. Click [Input Additional Wall Data…] button.
26. End Rebar Design Method: Method-1
27. Click [OK] button.
28. Click [OK] button.

26

21
23

24
25

28 27

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ULS Design

Concrete Beam Design

1 Section for Design
Concrete Column Design
Concrete Wall Design

1. The “Section for Design” function provides Member

design of concrete sections based on the section data defined
by the user. It allows you to find the appropriate section
without re-analysis.

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Concrete Beam Design (1) 1. Design > Concrete Code Design > Beam Design…
2. Sorted by: Member
3. Click to expand the dialog box.
4. SEL: select MEMB “1”.

6 7
5 3

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Concrete Beam Design (2)

5. Click [Graphic…] button.

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Concrete Beam Design (3)

6. Click [Detail…] button.

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Concrete Beam Design (4)

7. Click [Summary…] button.

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Section for Design (1)

1. Design > Concrete Code Design > Beam Design…
2. Sorted by: Property

1. Red N means that negative moment is larger than the

resistance for the given section .
Red P means that the positive moment is larger than the
1 resistance for the given section.

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Section for Design (2) 3. Design > Section for Design…

4. Select “413 G3” section.

5
5. Click [Modify] button.
6. Change H from 0.8m to 0.85m and Change B from
0.6m to 0.65m.
4 7. Click [OK] button.
8
8. Click [Close] button.

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Section for Design (3)

9. SEL: select SECT “413”.

10. Click [Re-calculation] button.

1. Check results of Section

413 G1 change to OK.

1
9

10

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Concrete Column Design (1) 1. Design > Concrete Code Design > Column Design…
2. Sorted by: Member
3. Click to expand the dialog box.
4. SEL: select MEMB “41”.

1. As with Beam we may check [Graphic…], [Detail…] &

3 [Summary…] results.
1
5

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Concrete Column Design (2)

5. Click [Draw PM Curve…] button.
6. Click [Close] button.

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Concrete Wall Design (1)

1. Design > Concrete Code Design > Wall Design…
2. Sorted by: Wall ID + story
3. Click to expand the dialog box.
4. SEL: select WID “1” Story “1F”.

1. As with Beam we may check [Detail…] &

5 1 [Summary…] results.
3
2 2. As with Column we may Draw PM Curve.

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Concrete Wall Design (2)

5. Click [Graphic…] button.

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Manually Entering Rebar and ULS Checking

Enter Rebar Data using “Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify
Beam/Column/Wall Rebar Data” or “Design > Concrete Code
1 Design > Beam/Column/Wall Design > [Update Rebar] button”

1. In this tutorial, “Modify Beam Rebar Data” will only be illustrated. In the same manner, Column and Wall
Section Data can also be defined.
1. Rebar will be MANUALLY entered using “Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify
Beam/Column/Wall Rebar Data”
1. Rebar can be AUTOMATICALLY entered using “Design > Concrete Code Design > Beam/Column/Wall
Design > [Update Rebar] button” (this is illustrated later).

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Modify Beam Section Data (1)

1. Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify Beam Rebar
Data…

2 2. SECT: check on ID “412”.

3.Uncheck “Same Main Rebar Size at Top and Bottom” and
“Same Main Rebar Size At I,M and J” .
4. For Main Rebar at “End(I)”
5. For Top Rebar: in front of “Top” and “1” : “4” “P25”
6. Bottom Rebar: In front of “Bot” and “1” :“2” “P20”
7. For Main Rebar at “Center”
5 8
11 8. For Top Rebar: in front of “Top” and “1” : “2” “P20”
9. Bottom Rebar: In front of “Bot” and “1” :“4” “P25”

6 10.For Main Rebar at “Center”

12
11.For Top Rebar: in front of “Top” and “1” : “4” “P25”

9 12. Bottom Rebar: In front of “Bot” and “1” :“2” “P20”

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Modify Beam Section Data (2)

13. Stirrup in “End(I)”
14. Arrangement: “2”
15. Stirrups Space: “100” mm
16. Stirrup in “Center”
17. Arrangement: “2”
18. Stirrups Space: “200” mm
19. Stirrup in “End(J)”
20. Arrangement: “2”
21. Stirrups Space: “100” mm
22.Stirrup: “P10”

14 15 17 18 20 21 23. dT, dB : 0.055m,0.055m

22
24. Click [Add/Replace] Button

23

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ULS Beam Member Code Check

1 6-1. Beam Code Checking

1. In this tutorial, only “Beam Code Checking” will be

illustrated. In the same manner, Column/Wall Code
Checking can be performed.

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1. Design > Concrete Code Check > Beam Checking…

Beam Code Checking (1)
2. Sorted by: Member
3. Results: Strength
4. Click to expand the dialog box.
5. SEL: MEMB “11”

2
3

8 9
6 4

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Beam Code Checking (2)

6. Click [Graphic…] button.

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Beam Code Checking (3)

7. Option for Detail Print Position: check on “End I.” “Mid.” “End J.”.
8. Click [Detail…] button

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Beam Code Checking (4)

9. Click [Summary…] button.

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Parameters for SLS Checking

Concrete long-term and short-term Modulus of elasticity

Serviceability Load Combination
Enter Rebar Data using “Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify
Beam Rebar Data or “Design > Concrete Code Design > Beam
1 Design > [Update Rebar] button ”
Serviceability Limit Control Parameters

1. For serviceability check, entering rebar data is required.

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Short/Long Term Elasticity Ratio

1. Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify

Concrete Materials…
2. Select “C30/37” from Material List.
2
3. Click button.
4. Click [OK] button.
5. Click [Close] button.

5 4

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Serviceability Load Combination Type

1. Design > General Design Parameter >

Serviceability Load Combination Type…
2. Click [OK] button.

 Once the load combinations are generated using

“Auto Generation” as per Eurocode2 as in Step 3-1,
the program automatically assigns the “Quasi-
permanent”, “Frequent” and “Characteristic” load
combinations.

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Automatic Rebar Input

1. Design > Concrete Code Design > Beam Design…

2. SEL: click [Select All] button.
1 3. Click [Update Rebar] button.
4. Click [Close] button.

1. By clicking [Update Rebar] button, the rebars

designed in this dialog box will be automatically
entered into the selected sections.

3
4

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View Rebar Data on Section

1 1. Design > Concrete Design Parameter > Modify

2 Beam Rebar Data…
2 2. SEL: check on ID “413”.
3. Click [Close] button.

1. In this page, check the Rebar Data entered

using [Update Rebar] in the previous page.
2. “In” signifies that Rebar are placed.
3. The entered Rebar Data are displayed.
3

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Enter Serviceability Limit Control Parameters

1. Design > Concrete Design Parameter >
Serviceability Parameters…
2. Option: Add/Replace 2
3. Selection Type: By Selection
3
4. Exposure Class: XD1 11 13
5. Stress Parameters- k1: 0.6, k2: 0.45, k3: 0.8, k4: 1 4
12
6. Quasi-permanent – Limit: 0.3 mm
7. Quasi-permanent Deflection Ctrl: L/250 5

8. Characteristic Deflection Control – Limit: L/250

9. Deflection Amplification Factor: 1 14

10. View > Select > Identity…

11. Select Type: Section
12. Select “411: G1”, “412: G2”, “413: G3”, “414: 6
G4”, “415: B1”, “421: WG1”, “422: WG2”
13. Click [Add] Button.
7
14. Click [Close] Button.
15. Click [Apply] Button.
8

9
15

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SLS Checks

1 Serviceability Checking for Concrete Beam

1. Serviceability check is provided for Beam members for the following limit states.
- Stress limitation
- Crack control
- Deflection control

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Serviceability Checking (1) 1. Design > Concrete Code Check > Beam Checking…
2. Sorted by: Member
3. Results: Serviceability
4. Click to expand the dialog box.
5. SEL: select MEMB “1”

2
3

7 8
6 4

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Serviceability Checking (2)

6. Click [Graphic…] button.

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Serviceability Checking (3)

7. Click [Detail…] button.

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Serviceability Checking (4)

8. Click [Summary…] button.

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