Public transit plays a crucial role in urban

CHAPTER 3 - URBAN TRANSPORTATION mobility, providing cost-effective and

PLANNING CONCEPTS
sustainable alternatives to private vehicles.
3.1 COMPONENTS OF THE URBAN Key modes include:
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
●​ Buses: Offer flexible and widespread
Urban Transportation systems are the transit options.
frameworks that facilitate the movement of ●​ Trains and Subways: Provide
people and goods in and around metropolitan high-capacity transportation solutions,
areas, integrating modes like buses, trains, reducing reliance on road networks.
subways, and bicycles. ●​ Light Rail and Trams: Enhance
accessibility in medium-density areas.
●​ Ferries: Important in cities with
A well-structured transportation system not water-based transit needs.
only helps reduce congestion but also boosts
economic activities by improving access to c. Non-Motorized Transport (NMT)
businesses, jobs, and services.
Walking and cycling are essential aspects of
Major Components of Urban Transportation sustainable urban mobility. Infrastructure like
. These include: pedestrian pathways, bike lanes, and shared
mobility services encourage eco-friendly
a. Road Networks transportation. Encouraging walking and
cycling through dedicated infrastructure
Road networks serve as the foundation of
reduces emissions and promotes health.
urban transportation, allowing people and
goods to move efficiently within a city. They
include highways, arterial roads, collector
roads, and local streets. Proper road planning
and management help in reducing traffic
d. Traffic Management Systems
congestion and improving mobility.
Efficient traffic management minimizes
Highways provide fast and direct travel over
congestion and ensures smooth flow. This
long distances, connecting cities and major
includes:
economic centers.
●​ Traffic signals and signage to regulate
Arterial roads act as major routes within urban
movement.
areas, handling large volumes of traffic and
●​ Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
linking highways to smaller roads.
that utilize data analytics for optimizing
Collector roads serve as intermediate routes, traffic patterns.
gathering traffic from local streets and directing ●​ Parking management solutions to
it to arterial roads. control space utilization.

Local streets provide direct access to e. Freight and Logistics Systems

residential and commercial areas, supporting
The movement of goods within urban areas
daily travel within neighborhoods.
requires efficient logistics systems, including:
b. Public Transportation Systems
 ●​ Delivery trucks and cargo transport for MOST NOTABLE URBAN TRANSPORT
supply chain operations. PROBLEMS:
●​ Urban distribution centers for optimized
storage and dispatch. 1.​ Traffic Congestion
●​ Last-mile delivery innovations like -​ Occurs when Urban Transport
drones and electric cargo bikes to Networks are no longer capable
reduce congestion. of accomodating the volume of
movements that use them
Efficient logistics systems support urban -​ Most Prevalent transport
commerce by ensuring timely deliveries and challenge in large urban cities or
optimized distribution networks. agglomeration.
-​ Particularly linked with
f. Sustainable and Environmental motorization and the diffusion of
Considerations the automobile, which has
Urban transportation must integrate increased the demand for
sustainability to reduce its environmental transport infrastructure.
footprint. Key initiatives include: 2.​ Parking Difficulties
-​ Consumes transport capacity,
●​ Electric and hybrid vehicles for reducing removing one or two lanes for
emissions. circulation along urban roads
●​ Carpooling and ride-sharing platforms -​ Looking for a parking space;
for decreasing traffic density. called CRUISING, creates
●​ Green infrastructure that promotes additional delays and impairs
energy-efficient transport facilities. local circulation.
3.​ Longer Commuting
g. Integration of Transportation and Urban -​ On par with congestion, people
Planning spend an increasing amount of
time commuting between their
Land-use planning and transportation systems
residences and workplaces
are closely connected. Proper integration
-​ Linked with several social
ensures efficient urban development, reducing
problems such as isolation, as
travel distances and enhancing accessibility.
well as poorer health.
3.2 URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM -​ Residential affordability is an
important factor behind this trend,
Urban Transportation - is a vital aspect of city as housing located far away from
life, playing a key role in the daily movement of central areas is more affordable.
people and goods. However, many cities face 4.​ Public Transport Inadequacy
challenges such as congestion, outdated public -​ Many public transport systems, or
transit, and environmental concerns. segments of them are either over
Addressing these issues is crucial to improving or under used since the demand
mobility and ensuring the sustainability of for public transit is subject to
urban areas. periods of peaks and throughs.
5.​ Difficulties for non-motorized
transport
 -​ The outcome of heavy traffic, 10.​Land Footprint
where the mobility of pedestrians, -​ The territorial imprint of
bicycles and and other transportation is significant,
non-Motorized vehicles is particularly for the automobile.
impaired. -​ Between 30 and 60% of a
6.​ Loss of Public Space metropolitan land area is devoted
-​ The majority of road are publicly to transportation; for road
owned and free of access network, and other road
-​ Traffic flow influence the life and infrastructure. An outcome of the
interactions of residents and their over-reliance on infrastructures
usage of street space supporting road transportation.
-​ More traffic impedes social 11.​Freight Distribution
interactions and street activities. -​ Globalization and the
7.​ High Maintenance Cost materialization of the economy
-​ Cities with an aging of their have resulted in growing
transportation infrastructure are quantities of freight moving within
facing growing maintenance cities.
costs as well as pressure to -​ As freight traffic commonly
upgrade to more modern shares infrastructures with the
infrastructure. circulation of passengers, the
-​ The more extensive the road and mobility of freight in urban areas
and highway network, the higher has become increasingly
the maintenance costs and problematic.
financial burden. 12.​Automobile Dependency
8.​ Environmental Impact and Energy -​ The acute growth in the total
Consumption number of vehicles gives rise to
-​ Pollution, namely air and noise congestion at peak traffic hours
pollution generated by circulation, on major thoroughfares, business
has become an impediment to districts and often throughout the
the quality of life and even to the metropolitan area.
health of urban populations.
-​ Energy consumption by urban
Transportation has dramatically
increased, as has the
dependency on petroleum. 3.3 CAUSES OF CONGESTION IN THE
9.​ Accidents and Safety URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
-​ The growth in the intensity of
circulation in urban areas is Congestion - is the state of overcrowding or
linked to a growing number of blockage on roadways due to an excess of
accidents and fatalities, vehicles, resulting in slower speeds, longer
especially in developing travel times, and decreased overall efficiency
economies. of the transportation network.
-​ Accidents account for a
significant share of recurring Difference Between Traffic and Congestion:
delays from congestion.
Traffic is the flow of vehicles, while congestion between one’s home or office and the public
is a condition that occurs when traffic slows transportation network.
down or stops due to too many vehicles.
6. Parking Issues
Causes of Congestion:
Inefficient parking management and limited
1. Increase in Population Density parking spaces can lead to additional
congestion as drivers circle around to find
As urban populations grow, there is a higher parking spots.
demand for transportation services, leading to
congestion on roads and public transport 7. Road Incidents and Construction
systems.
Accidents, road closures, and ongoing
2. Inadequate Infrastructure construction projects disrupt traffic flow and
contribute to congestion.
Insufficient road capacity, poorly planned
routes, and lack of efficient public 8. Weather Conditions
transportation options contribute to congestion.
Excessive rainfall, flooding, and infrastructure
3. Poor Urban Planning damage or road accidents caused by weather
conditions contribute to traffic congestion.
Inefficient land use planning, lack of zoning
regulations, and urban sprawl can result in 9. Jaywalking
longer travel distances and increased
congestion. Forces drivers to suddenly slow down or stop
unexpectedly when a pedestrian crosses
4. Dependency on Private Vehicles outside of a designated crosswalk, disrupting
the smooth flow of traffic, leading to delays and
High car ownership rates and reliance on backups at intersections.
personal vehicles over public transportation
can lead to traffic congestion. Impact of Congestion:

5. Lack of Last-Mile Connectivity a. Increased Travel Time: Congestion results

in longer travel times, affecting productivity and
Inadequate connections between different quality of life.
modes of transportation can cause congestion
as people struggle to reach their final b. Environmental Impact: Congestion leads
destinations. to increased emissions, air pollution, and
greenhouse gas emissions.
What is First and Last-Mile Connectivity?
c. Economic Costs: Businesses suffer from
First and last-mile connectivity refers to the delayed deliveries, increased transportation
challenge of reaching public transport stations, costs, and loss of revenue due to congestion.
such as bus stops, metro stations, or train
stations, right from one’s source and then from e. Health Impact: Congestion contributes to
the station to their final destination. It stress, respiratory problems, and other health
represents the critical links that bridge the gap issues among urban residents.
 -​ Used to organize and store spatial data:

3.4 STEPS IN SOLVING THE URBAN ●​ Demographic and socio-economic

TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM information about the people and
households residing in each zone
●​ Land use and employment
information about the places and the
URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING people working and studying in each
zone
-​ Involves the evaluation and selection of
●​ Information about the transportation
highway or transit facilities to serve present and
system within each zone.
future land uses.
2.​ ESTABLISHMENT OF GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES (SETTING GOALS)
​ SHORT-TERM EMPHASIS
-​ A statement of goals, objectives, and
standards is prepared that identifies deficiencies in
-​ Intended to select projects that can be
the existing system, desired, improvements, and
implemented within a one-to-four-year period.
what is to be achieved by the transportation
improvements.

​ LONG-TERM EMPHASIS -​ Now that you know the problem, you need
to decide what to fix and how.
-​ Deals with the long-range transportation
needs of an area and identifies the projects to be
constructed over a 20-year period.
3.​ GENERATION OF ALTERNATIVES
(Thinking of Different Solutions )

STEPS IN SOLVING THE URBAN -​ The alternatives to be analyzed will be

TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM identified.

1.​ Inventory of Existing Facilities -​ Analyzes the travel effects of different

land-use plans and to consider various lifestyle
-​ Is the data-gathering activity in which urban scenarios.
travel characteristics are described for each defined
geographic unit or traffic zone within the study area.

-​ Inventories and surveys are made to 4.​ ESTIMATION OF PROJECT COST AND
determine traffic volumes, land uses, origins and TRAVEL DEMAND (Estimating Costs and Future
destinations of travelers, population, employment, Traffic)
and economic activity.
-​ Involves two separate tasks:
-​ Capacity, speed, travel, time, and traffic
A.​ Planning-Level Cost Estimation (HOW
volume are determined. The information gathered
MUCH MONEY IS NEEDED? )
is summarized by geographic areas called
Transportation Analysis Zones (TAZ).
-​ Many transportation agencies maintain a set
of unit costs that allows for a quick determination in
the absence of more detailed data.
Transportation Analysis Zones (TAZ)
-​ These unit costs may be stratified by area ●​ Environmental effects of the proposed
type (rural or urban), number of lanes, and roadway project
design.
6.​ CHOICE OF PROJECT

-​ Selection of a project will be based on a

B.​ Planning-Level Demand Estimation (HOW process that will ultimately involve elected officials
MANY PEOPLE WILL USE IT? ) and the public.

-​ Future travel is determined by forecasting

future land use in terms of the economic activity
and population that the land use in each TAZ will 3.5 DIFFERENT DENSITIES THAT DEFINE THE
produce. URBAN AREAS

-​ Carried out in a four-step process: Urban Area -a human settlement with a high
population density and an infrastructure of built
●​ Determination of the number of trips environment
generated
●​ Origin and destination of trips
●​ Mode of transportation used by each Urban Sprawl- the rapid expansion of the
trip geographic extent of cities and towns, often
●​ Route taken by each trip characterized by low-density residential housing,
single-use zoning, and increased reliance on the
5.​ EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES private automobile for transportation.

-​ To identify feasible alternatives in terms of Smart Growth- planned economic and community
cost and traffic capacity. development that attempts to curb urban sprawl
and worsening environmental conditions.
-​ To estimate the effects of each alternative in
terms of the objectives expressed, and to assist in Different densities that define urban areas
identifying those alternatives that will serve the
traveling public and be acceptable to the 1.​ Population Density
community.
This refers to the number of people living in
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS (EIS) a given unit of area.

-​ Environmental review process to assure 2.​ Building Density

that all potential effects are addressed in a
complete manner so that decision makers can This refers to the concentration of buildings
understand the consequences of the proposed within a given area.
project.
3.​ Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
-​ Utilizes current and forecasted volume
counts, speeds, and directional split in order to It is a key urban planning metric that
compare environmental effects for the current and determines the allowable floor area of a
future conditions with the proposed project. building relative to the size of the land
parcel it occupies.
ELEMENTS OF AN EIS
4.​ Residential Density
●​ Project’s purpose and need section
●​ Alternatives to the proposed projects This refers to the number of housing units
per unit of land area.
 5.​ Employment Density -​ Integrating transport and land use supports
eco-friendly mobility options like public
It refers to the number of jobs per unit of transit, walking, and cycling, reducing
land area, and indicates the concentration environmental impact.
of workplaces in a specific area .
c.) Optimized Infrastructure Investment
6.​ Road Density
-​ Coordinating land use and transportation
This refers to the total length of roads within helps allocate resources effectively,
a given area, and indicates urban ensuring infrastructure meets demand
infrastructure development, accessibility, without unnecessary costs.
and connectivity.
d.) Reduced Traffic Congestion and Improved
7.​ Green Space Density Mobility

This refers to the amount of publicly -​ Proper planning minimizes travel distances
accessible green space within an urban and enhances transport efficiency, leading
area, typically measured in square meters to smoother traffic flow and better
per person or as a percentage of total land accessibility.
area.
Key Concepts of Land-Use Transport
8.​ Transport Density Interaction

It refers to the extent and availability of a.) Bidirectional Relationship

public transportation infrastructure (such as
bus stops, metro stations, rail lines, and -​ Land use influences transportation demand,
bike lanes) per unit area. while transportation infrastructure shapes
land development patterns, creating a
3.6 LAND-USE TRANSPORT INTERACTION continuous cycle of interaction.

What is Land-Use Transport Interaction? ​ a.1) Influence of Land-Use to Transportation

-​ Land-use and transport interaction (LUTI) -​ High density supports public

refers to the dynamic relationship between transport, walking, and cycling.
how land is used (e.g., residential, -​ Low density encourages private
commercial, industrial) and transportation vehicle dependency.
systems (e.g., roads, railways, public -​ Mixed-use development promotes
transit). Changes in land use influence shorter travel distances and
transportation demand, while transport non-motorized travel.
infrastructure affects land-use patterns.
​ a.2) Influence of Transportation to Land-Use
Importance of Understanding the Relationship
Between Land-Use and Transport -​ Road and transit development
attract businesses and residents.
a.) Efficient Urban Planning and Development -​ Well-connected transport boosts
land value and growth.
-​ Aligning land use with transport planning -​ Poor infrastructure causes sprawl
ensures balanced growth, preventing urban and congestion.
sprawl and promoting accessible,
well-structured communities. b.) Accessibility and Mobility

b.) Sustainable Transportation Systems

 -​ Accessibility refers to how easily people can c.3) Influence of Transport Networks on City
reach destinations, while mobility focuses Growth
on the efficiency of movement within a -​ Well-planned transport ensures
transportation network, both of which are efficient connectivity
crucial in land-use planning. -​ Corridors (highways, rail) spur
development
b.1) Role of Transport in Improving -​ Poor integration causes
Accessibility to Land Uses fragmentation and inefficiency

-​ Transport enables access to jobs,

education, and services
-​ Efficient public transit boosts Strategies to Improve Land Use-Transport
-​ inclusion and reduces travel time Integration
-​ Poor transport limits access and
economic opportunities a.) Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
-​ Dense, mixed-use neighborhoods
b.2) Impact of Land-Use Planning on Travel
near transit hubs
Behavior
-​ Reduces car dependency,
-​ Public transport, cycling, and promotes walking, biking, and
walking support sustainability transit use
-​ Mixed-use development shortens b.) Comprehensive Public Transport System
trips and reduces car use -​ Integration of bus, jeepneys, MRT/LRT, and
-​ Sprawl increases car dependency modern transport
and congestion -​ Expanding rail and bus routes for better
connectivity and less congestion
c.) Urban Form and Spatial Structure
3.7 TYPES OF LAND USE
-​ The layout and organization of cities,
including the distribution of residential, What is Land Use?
commercial, and industrial areas, are
Land use refers to the relationship between people
shaped by transportation networks and
and the land – more specifically, how the physical
influence travel behavior.
world is adapted, modified, or put to use for human
​ c.1) Compact Development purposes, such as the building of communities.

-​ High-density, mixed-use, Responsible land use recognizes the impacts of

transit-accessible areas proposed developments on the land, air and water,
-​ Shorter travel, walkability, lower as well as the local community.
emissions
Put simply, planning complete communities
-​ Examples: TOD, smart growth
depends on how we use land.
c.2) Sprawled Development
Land use planning refers to the rules and
-​ Low-density, car-dependent processes which help municipalities (and planning
Expansion boards) achieve their land use goals, which may
-​ Longer travel, congestion, include increased density (more apartments) or
environmental impact preserving employment areas (office & industrial
-​ Inefficient land use, high space).
infrastructure costs
TYPES OF LAND USE
-often referred to as “zoning” Any open piece of land that is undeveloped
and is accessible to the public.
1.​ Residential: Permits the building of houses,
including low (single family homes), medium Green Space includes:
(townhouses) and high density
●​ Camp site
(apartments/condos) buildings.
●​ Parks
Type of land where people live. Provides ●​ Playgrounds
basic amenities like cooking, meals, ●​ Schoolyards
sleeping, bathing in a residential building ●​ Vacant Lots
●​ Public Plaza

6.​ Environmental: Protects sensitive or

Types of Residential Buildings
unstable land from degradation and impacts
1. Single-Family Houses or Individual to sensitive wildlife and vegetation. Allows
Houses municipalities to protect the public from the
impacts of flood, unstable land and erosion
2. Lodging or Rooming Houses control.
3. Dormitories Examples: Forest, Wetlands, Grassland
4. Apartments 7.​ Agricultural: Land used for growing crops
5. Townhome and livestock. Needs a lot of space for
plants to grow
6. Hotels
E.g. ranches, farms, pastures

8.​ Crown Land: Cannot be sold because it

2.​ Commercial: Permits facilities that are built legally belongs to the public (crown). This
for industry, commerce, trade, recreation, or includes lands designated as Crown lands,
business use. Sometimes referred to as which are not subject to planning rules.
Employment Use. Private development is not normally
permitted on crown lands. The Ministry of
3.​ Institutional/Public: Normally permits
Natural Resources and Forestry is
public uses such as city hall, municipal
responsible for managing Crown lands.
facilities, hospitals, museums, religious
buildings, schools, and colleges. Ex.town squares, community halls, coastal
lands, waterway corridors, sporting grounds,
4.​ Industrial: Permits industrial or
war memorials, cemeteries, racetracks
manufacturing use; that likely generate
extra noise, traffic, larger areas of land and 9.​ Transportation: Land that is used for
perhaps air emissions. moving people and goods from one place to
another. Consists of roads and railways,
Land that is used for manufacturing,
and other physical supports of a
processing, or storing raw materials.
transportation system.
Can cause any environmental impacts (e.g.
10.​Mixed use: Mixed-use blends is a relatively
air, soil, and groundwater quality).
new zone, which identifies lands where
Industrial land must be closely monitored an multiple uses (normally residential &
located away from residential areas commercial) are permitted to co-exist,
where those functions are physically and
5.​ Open Space: Any parcel or area of land or functionally integrated to encourage
water that is essentially unimproved and pedestrianization and density while reducing
devoted to outdoor active/passive sprawl.
recreation, public health and safety, and the
preservation of natural resources.
3.8 IMPACT OF LAND USE TO 1.​ REGIONAL ACCESSIBILITY
TRANSPORTATION
DEFINITION: The degree to which a good or
LAND USE is the function or functions for service is available to as many people within
which humans use an area of land. Different the region as possible.
types of land will be used for different
purposes. How land is used can change as BENEFITS
human habits, population change, and people
move. ●​ Improve businesses ability to provide
goods and services,
there are six main types of land use or ●​ People's ability to access education,
categories for which humans use land: employment and services)
●​ Reduce transportation costs (including
1. Agricultural travel time, vehicle operating costs, road
and parking facility costs, accident and
2. residential pollution damages)
●​ Increase economic productivity and
3. recreational development
●​
4.commercial
IMPACTS:
5.industrial
●​ An urban highway expansion creates a
6.transportation
barrier to pedestrian travel and
LAND USE PLANNING stimulates more dispersed land use
development patterns, reduces access
A comprehensive process of organizing, by other modes, and increases the total
managing and regulating the use of lands and amount of travel required to reach
their resources to promote the development of destinations.
socio-economic and protect the natural ●​ Improving access to a particular area
environment simultaneously. can expose businesses to more
competition
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING ●​ For example, if previously captive local
customers can more easily access
A cooperative and performance-driven process regional shopping centers, reducing
that focus on improving the efficiency of business activity there.
people's and goods' movement either in long or
short-range transportation.

One of the primary objectives of planning any 2.​ DENSITY

land-use and transportation system is to en-
sure that there is an efficient balance between Referring to people, jobs or houses per unit of
land-use activity and transportation land area in acre, hectare, square mile or
capability.(Blunden and Black, 1984; ASCE, square kilometer.
1986).Land use planning and transportation are
interrelated with each other, therefore decisions ●​ Geographic Accessibility
made in both sectors can have various ●​ Mobility options
interactive effects. ●​ Automobile speed and convenience
●​ Historical conditions
IMpacts of land use To transportation ●​ Self-selection
GEOGRAPHIC ACCESSIBILITY The
transportation and the portion of destinations
within distances will be reduced when there are 5.​ CONNECTIVITY
increased in density
The degree of a road or path system is
MOBILITY OPTION the cost efficiency of connected
sidewalks, paths, public transit services,
delivery services, resulting in a better transport Impact on transportations:
options
●​ INCREASED IN CONNECTIVITY Reduces
AUTOMOBILE SPEEDS AND CONVENIENCE vehicle by reducing transportation
INCREASED DENSITY - Increase traffic friction distances between each destination.
(interactions among road users) will reduces ●​ Improving walking and cycling access
traffic speeds - Higher land costs will reduce paths provide shortcut
parking supply and increase parking price

HISTORICAL CONDITIONS DENSER

NEIGHBOORHOODS - designed with sidewalks,
local shops, connected streets, limited parking,
regional accessibility

3.​ CENTRICITY (CENTEREDNESS)

Portions of employment, commercial,

entertainment and other major activities
concentrated in multi-modal centres.
Examples:Central Business (CBDs),
downtowns, industrial parks.

Impact on transportations:

ILess rely on transportation as they rely more

on alternative modes and drive less.

4.​ LAND USE MIX

Different types of land uses (residential,

commercial, institutional etc located close
together.

Impact on transportations:

●​ Short travel distances (enhance walking

and cycling mode shares)
●​ Enhance public transit access
●​ Reduce total vehicle travel
●​ Reduce vehicle ownership per capita
●​ Decline emissions of pollution
3.9 IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION TO LAND D.​ Environmental & Social Impacts
USE
Positive Impact: Sustainable transportation
●​ Transportation and land use are deeply options (public transit, cycling, walking)
interconnected in a continuous feedback reduce carbon footprints and enhance
loop. urban livability.
●​ Accessibility is determined by the structure
and efficiency of transportation Negative Impact: Excessive car
infrastructure, which influences where and dependency leads to traffic congestion,
how land is developed. pollution, and loss of green spaces, harming
●​ As land use changes, transportation both the environment and public health.
demand shifts, leading to further
modifications in infrastructure planning and E.​ Zoning & Urban Density
investment.
Positive Impact: Mixed-use zoning and
A.​ Urban Expansion & Development
higher density promote walkability, efficient
Patterns
land use, and better access to public
Positive Impact: Well-planned transport.
transportation infrastructure promotes
Negative Impact: Rigid zoning laws may
organized urban expansion, supporting
limit flexibility, causing inefficient land use
economic hubs and residential growth.
and forcing long commutes.
Negative Impact: Uncontrolled urban
F.​ Impact of Transportation Technology
sprawl can increase travel distances, lead to
higher infrastructure costs, and strain public Positive Impact: Digitalization, smart traffic
services. systems, and on-demand mobility improve
efficiency and reduce travel time.
B.​ Land Value & Real Estate Development
Negative Impact: Technological changes
Positive Impact: Good transportation
can create inequalities, as lower-income
access boosts property values, attracting
populations may struggle to access new
investments and improving community
mobility options.
development.

Negative Impact: Rising land values can

lead to gentrification, displacing
lower-income residents and increasing
housing costs.

C.​ Economic & Commercial Growth

Positive Impact: Efficient transportation

networks support businesses, create jobs,
and enhance market accessibility, driving
economic growth.

Negative Impact: Poorly planned transport

links can limit business opportunities,
increase logistics costs, and slow economic
progress.