Inferring from context
INSTRUCTOR
LIZETH MARÍN MEZA
APPRENTICE
DANIELA MORALES ROZO
CRISTIAN CAMILO GUTIÉRREZ ATARÁ
SERVICIO NACIONAL DE APRENDIZAJE “SENA”
CENTRO AGROINDUSTRIAL
LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY
FILE 2374614
BOGOTÁ
2022
Reading workshop: Inferring from context
Proficient or good readers understand that writers often tell more than they actually
say with words. They give you hints or clues that allow you to draw conclusions from
information that is implied. Using these clues to “read between the lines” and reach
a deeper understanding of the message is called inferring.
The following workshop will help you understand meaning from context go to below
the surface details to see what is actually implied (not stated) within the words of the
text.
I. Understanding text organization
Read the following text and answer the questions below:
E-Commerce: The challenge not so challenging
August 23, 2017 | Merrill Douglas
Taken and adapted from: http://www.inboundlogistics.com
1
_from small, businesses to national giants _______merchants fashion e-
commerce strategies to attract and delight consumers in an ever-more
competitive market.
2
_E-commerce continues to redefine the way people shop______. Online
retail sales in the United States totaled $394.86 billion in 2016, representing a
15.6-percent increase over 2016, according to the U.S. Department of
Commerce. Excluding sales of fuel and cars, 11.7 percent of retail sales in the
United States in 2016 were e-commerce sales, according to Internet Retailer
calculations.
It's getting harder to define "e-commerce," as merchants often blur or don’t
distinguish the difference between buying online and buying in a store. For
consumers today, buying a product online for in-store pickup, 3__out a phone
in the store to order an item that’s out of stock at that location, is just part
of the everyday shopping experience.
One thing is certain, though: e-commerce and omnichannel retail leaders have
trained their customers to expect more options and better service. 4 _people
want _________ says Daphne Carmeli, founder and CEO of same-day
delivery service Deliv, in Menlo Park, California. For instance, they want to
order a product this morning and receive it this evening. 5 _fifty-six percent of
millennials say they won’t buy if there’s not a same-day option, she adds.
As new models, industry leaders set new standards, and competition continues
to heat up, retailers that include e-commerce in their strategies are racing to
stay out front.
1. Organize the text. As you could notice, five sentences were removed.
Please, check the following options to complete the text. Pay attention, there
is one extra option that is not necessary.
A. "People want convenience,"
B. From small, local businesses to national giants,
C. Periodically, the company sent an email to its customer list announcing the
arrival of an especially interesting merchandise.
D. "Fifty-six percent of millennials say they won't buy if there's not a same-day
option,"
E. or whipping out a phone in the store to order an item that's out of stock at that
location, is just part of the everyday shopping experience.
F. E-commerce continues to redefine the way people shop.
TIP: Pay attention to linking words or punctuation marks to determine the
best option for each case
2. Finding synonyms. According to the text, match the proper synonym for
each of the terms from column A with the synonyms from column B.
A B
1. Fashion B A. Increment
2. Increase A B. Materialize
3. Blur E C. Use
4. Certain D D. Confident
5. Emerge C E. Not clear, muddy
II. Reading between lines
Read the following text and answer the questions below:
Determined to pay as low a price as possible for materials,
manufacturers have not traditionally cultivated warm relationships with
suppliers. In the words of one general manager: “The best approach to
supply is to have as many players as possible fighting for their piece of
the pie—that’s when you get the best pricing.” Excellent supply chain
management requires a more enlightened mindset—recognizing, as a
more progressive manufacturer did: “Our supplier’s costs are in effect
our costs. If we force our supplier to provide 90 days of consigned
material when 30 days are sufficient, the cost of that inventory will find
its way back into the supplier’s price to us since it increases his cost
structure.” While manufacturers should place high demands on
suppliers, they should also realize that partners must share the goal of
reducing costs across the supply chain in order to lower prices in the
marketplace and enhance margins. The logical extension of this
thinking is gain-sharing arrangements to reward everyone who
contributes to the greater profitability.1
a. Manufacturers have not cultivated good relationships in order to get:
_x_ Low rates.
__ Good products.
__ Better services.
b. A general manager compares supplying to:
__ Toys.
_x_ A piece of the pie.
__ Apples.
c. Suppliers’ costs are also:
__ Providers’ costs.
__ Managers’ costs.
_x_ Manufacturers’ costs.
d. Manufacturers not only place high demands on suppliers, but also:
_x_ Accept that partners should diminish costs in the supply chain.
__ Have many players to fight for the best price.
__ Gain new arrangements by getting new profitability strategies.
III. Understanding active and passive roles
We use the active or passive voice to focus attention on the responsible agent of an
action or the receiver (object) of the same action.
1. Check the following job descriptions within the supply chain and determine if
the sentence is written down in active or passive voice. Check the example.
Active or Passive?
The company resources are usually controlled and
Passive voice
managed by Project Managers in order to achieve
common goals in an effective, time-efficient manner.
By applying to this position your application is Passive voice
automatically submitted to the following locations:
Mountain View, CA, USA; San Francisco, CA, USA
The Supply Demand Planner will develop, Active voice
communicate, and execute end-to-end product demand
and supply plans across all channels of distribution.
As a key member of our Business Operations team, Active voice
aspects of the demand planning will be led by you.
You should manage the supply chain to balance Active voice
demand v/s supply to meet the company objectives.
Qualified applicants will be considered without regard to Active voice
age, race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, marital
status, affectional or sexual orientation, gender identity
or expression, disability, nationality, sex, or veteran
status.
The logistics of all aspects of the supply chain must be Passive voice
coordinated by The Supply Chain Manager
Companies are increasingly sourcing raw materials, Passive voice
manufacturing, and labor from all over the world forming
a global supply chain.
The supply chain manager coordinates the logistics of Passive voice
all aspects of the supply chain
We think of our team members as an extended family Active voice
and work to foster an environment that benefits our
workforce and generates personal and professional
innovation.
As an Acquisitions Analyst, you combine your deep Active voice
market knowledge of a given sector with tech industry
savvy to negotiate cost-effective solutions to support
Google's infrastructure growth.
2. Read the following case study and complete it with one of the verbs from the
box in the appropriate form, active or passive, for each case. Check the
example.
EXPORT x 2 TEST SELL LOCATE
LAUNCH START x2 PRODUCE CALL
FIAT
Fiat WAS STARTED by a group of Italian businessmen in 1899. In 1903, Fiat,
_______produce ______ 132 cars. Some of these cars ___sell_________ to
the United States and Britain. In 1920, Fiat ____test _______ making cars at a
new factory at Lingotto, near Turin. There was a track on the roof where the
cars _______launch______ every time there was a new improvement. In 1936,
Fiat ______start x2______the Fiat 500. This car ___call__________ the
Topolino – the Italian name for Mickey Mouse. After some time, the company
grew and its revenues increased, and in 1963 Fiat ___export x2___ more than
300,000 vehicles. Today, Fiat _____export x2_______ in Turin, and its cars
_______locate ______ even to places where no one ever expected to see a
FIAT.
3. The following is the testimony of someone that has witnessed a robbery in a
Distribution Center, but this person does not want his/her information to be
revealed. Please, rewrite his/her testimony in the Passive Voice. Check the
example:
Somebody has stolen a truck from outside the Distribution Center. The thief drove
the truck off the parking lot at 10:00 p.m. The thief used a stick to open the car.
Some other workers at the loading area also saw the thief. The police are searching
for the truck now. They will use the workers’ descriptions to catch the thief.
A truck has been stolen from outside the Distribution Center.
A truck was stolen outside the distribution center and 10:00 a robber was taken out
of the parking lot. Use a stick to open the car. Some workers in the load area also
saw a thief. A policeman is looking for the truck right now. These will use the
descriptions of the workers to catch the thief.
