Internal Security
Lecture 01: Introduction and Border Management
Overview:
● Internal security questions in the UPSC exam are primarily current-affairs-oriented, with low emphasis on
static topics.
● Commonly asked topics includeNaxalism,Terrorism,andMoney Laundering.
Key Sources:
● TheMinistry of Home Affairs (MoHA) annual reportis a primary source for solutions to internal security
issues relevant to UPSC questions.
BORDER MANAGEMENT
1. Line of Control (LoC)- Defined and mutually agreed-uponline between India and Pakistan.
2. Line of Actual Control (LAC)- Border line betweenIndia and China, not officially demarcated or
mutually agreed upon. China has avoided clear demarcation to contain India's economic growth and aims to
escalate border tensions as part of its larger goal to emerge as a global superpower.
History and Background
● Jammu and Kashmir:
○ J&K has diverse tribal groups like the Humza, Balti, Ladakhi, Gilgiti, and Garhwali.
○ At independence, India was divided intoBritish India(direct British rule) andPrincely States
(ruled by local Kings/Nawabs).
○ Sardar Vallabhbhai Patelled efforts for princely states to sign the Instrument of Accession,
integrating them into India in return for a pension.
● Integration of J&K:
○ Most princely states joined India, exceptJammu &Kashmir (J&K),Junagadh, andHyderabad.
○ Raja Hari Singh, the Hindu ruler of J&K (a Muslim-majoritystate), initially chose independence.
○ Amidst rising riots and alleged inaction by the king, Pakistan took advantage, sending forces
disguised as tribal fighters into Kashmir.
○ Raja Hari Singh sought India's help and, in exchange, signed the Instrument of Accession, officially
joining India.
○ As Pakistan’s troops advanced, locals in Kashmir aligned with India to resist.
● Cold War Context:
○ USA-Pakistan Alliance: Pakistan, aligning with theUSA during the Cold War, secured U.S. support.
○ India-USSR Alliance: India, while non-aligned, leanedtowards the USSR and adopted the
Soviet-style five-year plan, creating friction with the USA.
● UN and the Karachi Agreement:
○ Pakistan opposed the Instrument of Accession. PM Nehru referred the issue to theUnited Nations,
which suggested a referendum, but Pakistan, sensing local opposition, refused.
○ TheKarachi Agreement of 1949was later establishedas a ceasefire line.
● Non-Aligned Movement(NAM): India, following Gandhianideals, led the formation of NAM, maintaining
neutrality in Cold War alliances.
● China and Tibet:
○ In the 1950s, China occupiedTibetand constructeda strategic highway through Aksai Chin,
connecting Tibet to China.
○ China’s actions eventually led to the1962 India-Chinawar, especially afterDalai Lamasought
asylum in India.
India-Pakistan Conflicts
1. 1965 India-Pakistan War:
○ Pakistan, assuming India was weakened post-1962 war, concentrated forces in Sir Creek.
○ India responded by advancing through the Punjab plains, reachingLahore Police Stationwithout
major resistance.
○ Significance: Both nations occupied each other's territories; India captured 750 sq. miles, Pakistan
200 sq. miles.
○ TheTashkent Agreementreturned both sides to pre-warpositions.
2. Reasons for Tashkent Agreement Acceptance:
○ India anticipated resistance from the Pakistani populace.
○ Financial constraints limited India’s capacity to prolong the war.
3. 1971 India-Pakistan War:
○ Background: Pakistan madeIslamandUrduthe statereligion and language, alienating
Bengali-speaking East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), where there was a substantial Hindu population.
○ Awami League: Led bySheikh Mujibur Rahman, won amajority but was denied governance,
leading to theOperation Searchlightcrackdown.
○ India faced a massive influx of refugees, promptingIndira Gandhito sign the1971 Treaty of Peace
and Friendshipwith the USSR.
○ Outcome: India intervened after Pakistan attackedIndian airfields. Within two weeks, India won
the war, leading to the creation of Bangladesh. The1972 Shimla Agreementestablished the Line
of Control (LoC) as the de facto border.
Present Status in Kashmir:
● Parts of Kashmir remain occupied by Pakistan and China, known asPoKandCoKrespectively.
● LoC Fencing: India has constructed a 550 km fencealong the 740 km LoC as a security measure, with
each side maintaining a 500-yard no-man’s land buffer.
