18CSE359T – Natural Language
Processing
Instructor:
Mrs. S. Niveditha,
Lecture : 11 Assistant Professor(Sr. G)
Unit :2 SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Session :2 nivedits@srmist.edu.in
Topics for Today
Semantics
Semantic Parsing
Semantics - Introduction
Semantics – Knowledge of understanding
Semantic analysis describes the process of understanding natural language.
The semantic analysis of natural language content starts by reading all of the
words in content to capture the real meaning of any text.
It identifies the text elements and assigns them to their logical and
grammatical role.
It analyzes context in the surrounding text and it analyzes the text structure
to accurately disambiguate the proper meaning of words that have more than
one definition.
Semantics - Types
Studying meaning of individual word
Studying the combination of individual words
Elements of Semantic Analysis
Hyponymy
It may be defined as the relationship between a generic term and instances of that generic term.
Here the generic term is called hypernym and its instances are called hyponyms. For example, the
word color is hypernym and the color blue, yellow etc. are hyponyms.
Homonymy
It may be defined as the words having same spelling or same form but having different and
unrelated meaning. For example, the word “Bat” is a homonymy word because bat can be an
implement to hit a ball or bat is a nocturnal flying mammal also.
Polysemy
Polysemy is a Greek word, which means “many signs”. It is a word or phrase with different but
related sense. In other words, we can say that polysemy has the same spelling but different and
related meaning. For example, the word “bank” is a polysemy word having the following meanings −
A financial institution.
The building in which such an institution is located.
A synonym for “to rely on”.
Elements of Semantic Analysis
Synonymy
It is the relation between two lexical items having different forms but expressing the
same or a close meaning. Examples are ‘author/writer’, ‘fate/destiny’.
Antonymy
It is the relation between two lexical items having symmetry between their semantic
components relative to an axis. The scope of antonymy is as follows −
• Application of property or not − Example is ‘life/death’, ‘certitude/incertitude’
• Application of scalable property − Example is ‘rich/poor’, ‘hot/cold’
• Application of a usage − Example is ‘father/son’, ‘moon/sun’.
Building Blocks of Semantic System
Entities − It represents the individual such as a particular person, location etc. For
example, Haryana. India, Ram all are entities.
Concepts − It represents the general category of the individuals such as a person,
city, etc.
Relations − It represents the relationship between entities and concept. For
example, Ram is a person.
Predicates − It represents the verb structures. For example, semantic roles and
case grammar are the examples of predicates.
Approaches to Meaning Representations
First order predicate logic (FOPL)
Semantic Nets
Frames
Conceptual dependency (CD)
Rule-based architecture
Case Grammar
Conceptual Graphs
Semantic analysis
The Process of creating and assigning meaning representations to linguistic
unit is called as semantic analysis
First order predicate logic
Truth Tables
Truth Tables
Example
LocationOf(Maharani)
Serves(Maharani, Veg_food)
