كونكريت-كورس-ثاني

Shear of reinforced concrete beams
Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures I
Al Muthanna University
Collage of Engineering Shear of reinforced
concrete beams-1
Dr Othman Hameed
1
Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beam
Lecture (1)
Introduction
When a beam is loaded, bending moments and shear forces develop along the beam. To
carry the loads safely, the beam must be designed for both types of forces. Flexural
design is considered first to establish the dimensions of the beam section and the main
reinforcement needed, as explained in the previous chapters. The beam is then designed
for shear. If shear reinforcement is not provided, shear failure may occur. Shear failure is
characterized by small deflections and lack of ductility, giving little or no warning before
failure. The diagonal cracks are indication of shear behavior as shown in Figure (1). On
the other hand, flexural failure is characterized by vertical cracks increased gradually,
giving warning before total failure as shown in Figure (2). This is due to the ACI Code
limitation on flexural reinforcement. The design for shear must ensure that shear failure
does not occur before flexural failure.
Figure (1) Shear Failure (diagonal crack)
1
Figure (2) flexural Failure (vertical crack)
Computation of Maximum Factored Shear Force (ACI 11.1.3)

Section 11.1.3 of ACI code describes three conditions that shall be satisﬁed in order to
compute the maximum factored shear force Vu in accordance with 11.1.3.1 for non-
prestressed members:
1. Support reaction (in direction of the applied shear force) introduces compression into
the end regions of the member.
2. Loads are applied at or near the top of the member.
3. No concentrated load occurs between the face of the support and the location of the
critical section, which is a distance (d) from the face of the support.
See Figure 3 (a), (b), and (c) for examples of support conditions where 11.1.3 would be
applicable.
Conditions of (section 11.1.3) cannot be applied if:
(1) Members framing into a supporting member in tension, see Fig. 3 (d);
(2) Members loaded near the bottom, see Fig. 3 (e)
(3) Members subjected to an abrupt change in shear force between the face of the
support and a distance (d) from the face of the support, see Fig. 3 (f).
In all of these cases, the critical section for shear must be taken at the face of the
support.
1
Figure (3): typical support conditions for locating factored shear force
Design to Resist Shear

𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅ 𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑢 = ∅ [𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ]
Where:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
∅ 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
∅ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.75
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2
Shear Strength of Concrete (Section 11.1 of ACI)
The shear strength is based on an average shear stress on the full effective cross section
(𝑏𝑤 𝑑). In a member without shear reinforcement, shear is assumed to be carried by the
concrete web.
In a member with shear reinforcement, a portion of the shear strength is assumed to be
provided by the concrete and the remainder by the shear reinforcement.
The shear strength provided by the concrete, 𝑉𝑐 , is considered to equal an average shear
𝜆√𝑓𝑐′
stress strength ( ) times the effective cross-sectional area of the member, bwd,
6
Where:
𝑏𝑤 is the width of a rectangular beam or width of the web of a T-beam or an I-beam.
𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (ACI 11.3) (for max. value of 𝑓𝑐′ = 70 𝑀𝑃𝑎)
6
Where:
𝜆 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
Because of a lack of test data and practical experience with concretes having
compressive strengths greater than 70 MPa, the 1989 edition of the Code imposed a
maximum value of 8.3 MPa on √fc′ for use in the calculation of shear strength of concrete
beams, joists, and slabs
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An alternative, the following shear force (from Section 11.2.1.2 of the code) may be
used, which takes into account the effects of the longitudinal reinforcing and the
moment and shear magnitudes. This value must be calculated separately for each point
being considered in the beam.
Where:
3
𝑉𝑢 .𝑑 𝑏𝑤 .𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = (𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ + 120𝜌𝑤 ) ≤ 0.3𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (ACI 11.5)
𝑀𝑢 7
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑤 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑀𝑢 𝑉𝑢 =Are the factored moment occurring simultaneously with, the factored shear at
the section considered.
𝑉𝑢 . 𝑑
≤1
𝑀𝑢
Types of Shear Reinforcement (ACI 11.4.1)

Several types and arrangements of shear reinforcement are illustrated in Fig. 4 below.
Spirals, circular ties, or hoops are explicitly recognized as types of shear reinforcement
starting with the 1999 code.
Vertical stirrups are the most common type of shear reinforcement. Inclined stirrups and
longitudinal bent bars are rarely used as they require special care during placement in
the field. More details of shear reinforcement are shown in Figure 5.
4
Figure 5: Datils of shear reinforcement
Web Reinforcement (Shear Reinforcement)

When the factored shear, Vu, is high, it shows that large cracks are going to occur unless
some type of additional reinforcing is provided.
This reinforcing usually takes the form of stirrups that enclose the longitudinal
reinforcing along the faces of the beam as shown in Figure 6.
5
Figure 6: types of stirrups
Three Cases for Shear Reinforcement are available

• Case 1:
𝑉𝑢 ≥ ∅ 𝑉𝑐 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
• Case 2:
0.5 ∅ 𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅ 𝑉𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
• Case 3:
𝑉𝑢 < 0.5∅ 𝑉𝑐 𝑁𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
6
Case 1: 𝑉𝑢 ≥ ∅ 𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = ∅ [𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ]
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
∅
a- Vertical stirrup
𝐴𝑣 .𝑓𝑦.𝑑 2 ′
𝑉𝑠 = ≤ √𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (ACI 11.15)
𝑠 3
𝐴𝑣 . 𝑓𝑦. 𝑑
𝑠=
𝑉𝑠
𝑺 ≤ 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙.
7
Where:
2
3
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑= maximum shear force resisted by shear reinforcement in section
If this condition is not satisfied, the dimensions may need to be increased (ACI 11.4.7.9)
𝐴𝑣 =cross section area of legs of stirrups (in the case of the U-shaped stirrup it is twice the
area of one bar)
𝐴𝑣
S=spacing of stirrup
b- Inclined stirrup
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) 2
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑠
≤
3
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (ACI 11.16)
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
𝑠=
𝑉𝑠
𝑺 ≤ 𝑺𝒎𝒂𝒙.
Where:
𝛼=is the angle between inclined stirrup and longitudinal reinforcement.
8
Case 2:
0.5 ∅ 𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅ 𝑉𝑐 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅
When the factored shear force Vu exceeds one-half the shear strength provided
𝑉
by concrete (𝑉𝑢 > ∅ 𝑐), a minimum amount of shear reinforcement must be
2
provided.
1 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑠 𝑏𝑤 s
𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = √𝑓𝑐 ≥ (ACI 11.13)
16 𝑓𝑦 3 𝑓𝑦
Spacing Limits (maximum spacing) for Shear Reinforcement (ACI11.4.5)

𝑑⁄
2
600
1
If 𝑉𝑠 ≤
3
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 → 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = min. 𝑜𝑓 3 𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
{ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
𝑑⁄
4
300
1
If 𝑉𝑠 >
3
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
9
Design Procedure for Shear Reinforcement

𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 ≤ ∅ 𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = ∅ [𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ]
1. Determine maximum factored shear force (Vu) at a distance d from the face of the support.
2. Determine shear strength provided by the concrete 𝑉𝑐 per Eq. (11.3) or Eq. (11.5)
𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (ACI 11.3)
6
𝑉𝑢 𝑑 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = (𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ + 120𝜌𝑤 ) ≤ 0.3𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (ACI 11.5)
𝑀𝑢 7

𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑤 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑀𝑢 𝑉𝑢 =Are the factored moment occurring simultaneously with the factored shear at the section
considered.
𝑉𝑢 . 𝑑
≤1
𝑀𝑢
3- Check 𝑉𝑢 with ∅ 𝑉𝑐 and (0.5 ∅ 𝑉𝑐 )
Case 1:
𝑉𝑢 ≥ ∅ 𝑉𝑐 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢
4. if 𝑉𝑢 ≥ ∅ 𝑉𝑐 , then compute 𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 at the critical section.
∅
2
𝑉𝑠 ≤
3
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (ACI 11.15)
2
If 𝑉𝑠 > 3 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑, increase the size of the section or the concrete compressive strength.
5. Select diameter for the vertical stirrups (Av) and calculate (S)
𝐴𝑣 . 𝑓𝑦. 𝑑
𝑠= Vertical stirrups
𝑉𝑠
10
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
𝑠= Inclined stirrup
𝑉𝑠
Where:
𝛼= Is the angle between inclined stirrup and longitudinal reinforcement.
6- Check the spacing limit 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. .
𝑑⁄
2
600
1
If 𝑉𝑠 ≤ 3
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
′
{ √𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑤
𝑑⁄
4
300
1
If 𝑉𝑠 > 3
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
′
{ √𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑤
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Case 2:
0.5 ∅ 𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅ 𝑉𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
1 𝑏𝑤 𝑠 𝑏𝑤 s
𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛. =
16
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑦
≥
3 𝑓𝑦
(ACI 11.13)
Use 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. calculated from point (6)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Case 3:
𝑉𝑢 < 0.5∅ 𝑉𝑐 𝑁𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
11
Note
1- Where stirrups are required, it is usually more expedient to select a bar size and
type (U-stirrups (2 legs)) and determine the required spacing.
2- Larger stirrup diameters at wider spacing are usually more cost effective than
smaller stirrup sizes at closer spacing because the stirrups of closer spacing
required high costs for fabrication and placement.
12
concrete beams-2
Dr Othman Hameed
1
Lecture (2)
Example-1: A rectangular reinforced concrete beam with 𝑏𝑤 =270 mm, d= 500 mm, 𝑓𝑐′ =
21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and fy=276 MPa. Determine the required spacing of Ø 10 mm stirrups if:
1- Vu=35 𝑘𝑁
2- Vu=92 𝑘𝑁
3- Vu=236 𝑘𝑁
4- Vu=473 𝑘𝑁
Solution:
1- Vu=35 kN
𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ √21
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = ∗ 270 ∗ 500 ∗ 10−3 = 103.1 𝑘𝑁
6 6
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 103.1 = 77.33 𝑘𝑁
0.5 ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.5 ∗ 77.33 = 38.66 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 35 𝑘𝑁 < ∅ = 38.66 𝑘𝑁
2
No shear reinforcement required
2- Vu=92 kN
𝑉𝑢 = 92 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 77.33 𝑘𝑁 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 92
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ) → 𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 → 𝑉𝑠 = − 103.1 = 19.56 𝑘𝑁
∅ 0.75
2
• 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑠 ≤ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
2
𝑉𝑠 = 19.56 𝑘𝑁 < √21 ∗ 270 ∗ 500 ∗ 10−3 = 412.4𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
1
𝜋
( (10)2 ) ∗ 2 ∗ 276 ∗ 500
𝑆= 4 = 1108.2 𝑚𝑚
19.56 ∗ 103
• Check the spacing limitation (S)
1
𝑉𝑠 = 19.56 𝑘𝑁 < √21 ∗ 270 ∗ 500 ∗ 10−3 = 206.2 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
𝑑⁄ = 250𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
2
600
1 3 𝐴 𝑓𝑦
If 𝑉𝑠 ≤
3
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 → 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = min. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣
= 481𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
= 560𝑚𝑚
S>Smax. Use S=250 mm Ø10 mm@250 mm
3- Vu=236 kN
𝑉𝑢 = 236 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 77.33𝑘𝑁 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 236
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ) → 𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 → 𝑉𝑠 = − 103.1 = 211.56𝑘𝑁
∅ 0.75
2
3
2
𝑉𝑠 = 211.56 𝑘𝑁 < √21 ∗ 270 ∗ 500 ∗ 10−3 = 412.4𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
𝜋
( (10)2 ) ∗ 2 ∗ 276 ∗ 500
𝑆= 4 = 102.46 𝑚𝑚
211.56 ∗ 103
• Check the spacing limitation (S)
1
𝑉𝑠 = 211.56 𝑘𝑁 > √21 ∗ 270 ∗ 500 ∗ 10−3 = 206.2 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
2
4
300 𝑚𝑚
1 3 𝐴
If 𝑉𝑠 > √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 → 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = min. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑓𝑦
3 = 481𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
= 560𝑚𝑚
S< Smax. Use S=100 mm Ø10 mm@100 mm
4- Vu=473 kN
𝑉𝑢 = 473 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 77.33𝑘𝑁 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑉𝑢 473
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ) → 𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 → 𝑉𝑠 = − 103.1 = 527.56𝑘𝑁
∅ 0.75
2
3
2
𝑉𝑠 = 527.56 𝑘𝑁 > √21 ∗ 270 ∗ 500 ∗ 10−3 = 412.4𝑘𝑁 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘
3
Increase section dimension
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example-2: For a rectangular reinforced concrete beam of ultimate load (factored load)
and details shown in the below figure, neglect the beam weight and find the spacing (S)
of Ø10 mm stirrups at a critical section if:
1- Stirrups are vertical.

2- Stirrups are inclined by 45˚.
𝑓𝑐′ 28
Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 400
3
Solution:
1-Stirrups are vertical.
1- Find an ultimate shear force @distance (d)

𝑉𝑢 = 222.5 𝑘𝑁
2- Find the shear force provided by concrete.
𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ √28
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = ∗ 300 ∗ 600 ∗ 10−3 = 159 𝑘𝑁
6 6
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 159 = 119.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 222.5 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 119.25 𝑘𝑁 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
3- Find shear force resisted by shear reinforcement

𝑉𝑢 222.5
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ) → 𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 → 𝑉𝑠 = − 159 = 138 𝑘𝑁
∅ 0.75
2
4- 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑠 ≤ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
2
𝑉𝑠 = 138 𝑘𝑁 < √28 ∗ 300 ∗ 600 ∗ 10−3 = 635 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
𝜋
𝐴𝑣 ∗𝑓𝑦∗𝑑 ( (10)2 )∗2∗400∗600
4
5- 𝑆 = = = 273.2 ≅ 270 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 138∗1000
6- Check the spacing limitation (S)
4
1
𝑉𝑠 = 138 𝑘𝑁 < √28 ∗ 300 ∗ 600 ∗ 10−3 = 318 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
2
600 𝑚𝑚
1 3 𝐴
If 𝑉𝑠 ≤ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 → 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = min. 𝑜𝑓 𝑣 𝑓𝑦
3 = 628 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
= 633 𝑚𝑚
S< Smax Use Ø10mm @270mm
Note: add 50 mm as a cover for the stirrups
2-Stirrups are inclined by 45˚.
Same previous steps

2
𝑉𝑠 = 138 𝑘𝑁 < √28 ∗ 300 ∗ 600 ∗ 10−3 = 635 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) 2
𝑉𝑠 = ≤ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑠 3
𝜋
( (10)2 ) ∗ 2 ∗ 400 ∗ 600 ∗ (𝑠𝑖𝑛45 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠45)
𝑆= 4 = 386 𝑚𝑚
138 ∗ 103
1
𝑉𝑠 = 138 𝑘𝑁 < √28 ∗ 300 ∗ 600 ∗ 10−3 = 318 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
2
600 𝑚𝑚
1 3 𝐴
3 = 628 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
= 633 𝑚𝑚
5
S> Smax Use Ø10mm @300mm
HW-1
For a rectangular reinforced concrete beam of ultimate load (factored load) and details
shown in the below figure, neglect the beam weight and find the spacing (S) of Ø10 mm
stirrups at a critical section if:
1-Stirrups are vertical.
2-Stirrups are inclined by 45˚.
𝑓𝑐′ 30
Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 420
6
Example-3: Design the spacing of a 10 mm stirrup for the beam shown in figure
𝑓𝑐′
to carry uniform service load of (D.L=20 kN/m and L.L=30 kN/m). Use =
𝑓𝑦
25
𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑑 = 430 𝑚𝑚.
420
Solution:
Wu = 1.2 ∗ 20+1.6*30= 72 kN/m
1- Find the shear force at the critical section

𝑉𝑢 = 216 − 72 ∗ (0.43) = 185.04 𝑘𝑁
𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ √25
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = ∗ 300 ∗ 430 ∗ 10−3 = 107.5 𝑘𝑁
6 6
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 142.9 = 80.625 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 185.04 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 80.625 𝑘𝑁
7
𝑉𝑢 185.04
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ) → 𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 → 𝑉𝑠 = − 107.5 = 139.22 𝑘𝑁
∅ 0.75
2
3
2
𝑉𝑠 = 139.22 < √25 ∗ 300 ∗ 430 ∗ 10−3 = 430 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝑑 (4 (10) ) ∗ 2 ∗ 420 ∗ 430
𝑆= = = 203 ≅ 200 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 139.22 ∗ 1000
1
𝑉𝑠 ≤ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
1
𝑉𝑠 = 139.22 < √25 ∗ 300 ∗ 430 ∗ 10−3 = 215 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
𝑑
2
600 𝑚𝑚
1
If 𝑉𝑠 ≤
3
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
= 665𝑚𝑚
430
= 215 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
2
600 𝑚𝑚
𝜋
3 ( (10)2 ) ∗ 2 ∗ 420
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = min. 𝑜𝑓 4 = 660𝑚𝑚
300
𝜋
16 ( (10)2 ) ∗ 2 ∗ 420
4 = 703𝑚𝑚
{ √25 ∗ 300
S < S max. Use Ø10mm @200 mm
8
HW-2: Design the spacing of a 10 mm stirrup for the beam shown in figure to
carry uniform service load of (D.L=25 kN/m and L.L=35 kN/m) at the critical
𝑓𝑐′ 28
section. Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑑 = 460 𝑚𝑚.
𝑓𝑦 420
9
concrete beams-3
Dr Othman Hameed
1
‫‪Shear and Diagonal Tension in Beam‬‬
‫)‪Lecture (3‬‬
‫‪Example-4: Design the spacing of a 10 mm stirrup along the beam shown in the‬‬
‫‪𝑓𝑐′‬‬
‫‪figure to carry uniform service load of (D.L=20 kN/m and L.L=40 kN/m). Use‬‬ ‫=‬
‫𝑦𝑓‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑑 = 540 𝑚𝑚.‬‬
‫‪420‬‬
‫مالحظة‬
‫عندما يُطلب تصميم القص على طول العتب ‪ ، along the beam‬يجب االنتباه الى توزيع حديد القص حسب‬
‫االحمال المسلطة‪ .‬الن هذه االحمال قد تتغير بزيادة او نقصان المسافة من المسند‪ .‬ولكن عندما اليذكر ذلك او يطلب‬
‫فقط تصميم حديد القص بالمناطق الحرجة فيمكن ايجاد القص عند المسافة ‪ d‬من المسند‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
Solution:
Wu = 1.2 D.L+1.6 L.L= 88 kN/m

1- Find the shear force at the critical section
0.3
𝑉𝑢@𝑑 = 308 − 88 ∗ (0.54 + ) = 247.3 𝑘𝑁
2
𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ √28
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = ∗ 300 ∗ 540 ∗ 10−3 = 142.9 𝑘𝑁
6 6
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 142.9 = 107.2 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 247.3𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 142.9 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 247.3
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ) → 𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐 → 𝑉𝑠 = − 142.9 = 186.83 𝑘𝑁
∅ 0.75
2
3
2
𝑉𝑠 = 186.83 < √28 ∗ 300 ∗ 540 ∗ 10−3 = 571.48𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝑑 (4 (10) ) ∗ 2 ∗ 420 ∗ 540
𝑆= = = 190.68 ≅ 190𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑠 186.83 ∗ 1000
2
1
𝑉𝑠 ≤ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
1
𝑉𝑠 = 186.83 < √28 ∗ 300 ∗ 540 ∗ 10−3 = 285.54 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
3
2
600 𝑚𝑚
1 3 𝐴
3 = 660𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤
16𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦
= 665𝑚𝑚
S < S max. Use Ø10mm @190mm
6- Classify the factored shear force

1
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.5 ∗ 107.2 = 53.6 𝑘𝑁
2
308 53.6
From triangles similarity = → 𝑥 = 0.61 𝑚
3.5 𝑥
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑐 = 107.2 𝑘𝑁
308 107.2
From triangles similarity = → 𝑥 = 1.22 𝑚
3.5 𝑥
Stirrups is required from 0 to 2280 mm (3500-1220=2280) (Use Ø10mm @190mm) (Zone C)

Minimum shear reinforcement is required from 2280 to 2890 mm (3500-610=2890) (Zone B)
No shear reinforcement is required from 2890 mm to 3500 mm (Zone A)
1
Minimum shear reinforcement for ∅𝑉𝑐 = 53.6 𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 = 107.2 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 270 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐵 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 2280 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜 2890 𝑚𝑚)

1 𝑏𝑤 𝑠 𝑏𝑤 s
16
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑓𝑦
≥
3 𝑓𝑦
1 300 𝑥 270
√28 = 63.78 𝑚𝑚2
16 420
𝑏𝑤 s 300 𝑥 270
= = 64.3 𝑚𝑚2
3 𝑓𝑦 3 𝑥420
Use 𝐴𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 64.3 𝑚𝑚2
Use Ø10mm @270mm (Zone B)
3
4
Example-5: According to the shear requirement, neglect the beam weight and find the
maximum load Pu can be carried by the beam shown in Figure below by using:
1- Simple formula (ACI 11.3)

2- By using the effect of tension reinforcement (ACI 11.5)
𝑓𝑐′ 25
Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 400
Solution:
1:
Vu@d =Pu
𝑉𝑢 @d ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑢 @d = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )
𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ √25
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = ∗ 250 ∗ 450 ∗ 10−3 = 93.75 𝑘𝑁
6 6
𝜋 2
𝐴𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝑑 (4 (10) ) ∗ 4 ∗ 400 ∗ 450
𝑉𝑠 = =
𝑆 180 ∗ 103
= 314.16 𝑘𝑁 (@ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡)
𝑉𝑢 = 0.75(93.75 + 314.16) = 305.9 𝑘𝑁 → 𝑃𝑢 = 305.9𝑘𝑁
5
2:
𝑉𝑢 ∗𝑑 𝑏𝑤 ∗𝑑
𝑉𝑐 = (𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ + 120𝜌𝑤 ) ≤ 0.3𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (ACI 11.5(
𝑀𝑢 7
𝐴𝑠 1847.25
𝜌𝑤 = = = 0.0164
𝑏 𝑑 250 ∗ 450
𝑉𝑢 ∗ 𝑑 0.45𝑃𝑢
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 𝑃𝑢 , 𝑀𝑢 @𝑑 = (2 − 0.45)𝑃𝑢 = 1.55𝑃𝑢 , = = 0.29 < 1.0 𝑜𝑘
𝑀𝑢 1.55𝑃𝑢
250 ∗ 450
𝑉𝑐 = (1 ∗ √25 + 120 ∗ 0.0164 ∗ 0.29) ∗ 10−3 = 89.54 𝑘𝑁
7
≤ 0.3𝜆 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 168.75 𝑘𝑁 𝑜𝑘
Vu@d =Pu
𝑉𝑢 @d ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑢 @d = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )
𝑉𝑢 = 0.75(89.54 + 314.16) = 302.77𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑢 = 302.77𝑘𝑁
6
HW-3: Design the spacing of a 10 mm stirrup for the beams shown in the below
𝑓𝑐′ 28
figures. Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 420
𝑓𝑐′ 28
𝑓𝑦 420
𝑓𝑐′ 25
𝑓𝑦 420
7
HW-6: According to the shear requirement, neglect the beam weight and find the
maximum load Pu can be carried by the beam shown in Figure below by using:
𝑓𝑐′ 25
Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 400
maximum live load (PL) can be carried by the beam shown in Figure below by using:
1-Simple formula (ACI 11.3)
2-By using the effect of tension reinforcement (ACI 11.5)
𝑓𝑐′ 25
Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 400
8
maximum distributed live load (LL) can be carried by the beam shown in the figure below
by using:
𝑓𝑐′ 25
Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑦 400
9
Serviceability limit states-Crack width
Al Muthanna University Serviceability limit states-

Collage of Engineering Crack width
Dr Othman Hameed
1
Lecture (4)
Serviceability limit states
Introduction
In the beam lectures, limit-states design was discussed. The limit states were divided into
two groups:
a. Those leading to collapse and,
b. Those, which disrupt the use of structures, but do not cause collapse.
These were referred to as ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states,
respectively. Excessive crack widths, excessive deflections, and undesirable vibrations
cause the major serviceability limit states for reinforced concrete structures. Cracks
width and deflection will be discussed in this chapter.
The crack width and deflection are measured at service loads (with no factor). The terms
service loads and working loads refer to loads encountered in the everyday use of the
structure. Service loads are generally taken to be the specified loads without load
factors.
1. Cracking
2.1 Type of Cracking
Tensile stresses induced by loads, moments, shears, and torsion cause distinctive crack
patterns, as shown in Figure below.
• Members loaded in direct tension through the entire cross section, with a crack
spacing ranging from 0.75 to 2 times the minimum thickness of the member.
• In the case of a very thick tension member with reinforcement in each face, small
surface cracks develop in the layer containing the reinforcement (Fig. a).
• Members subjected to bending moments develop flexural cracks, as shown in
Fig.b. These vertical cracks extend almost to the zero-strain axis (neutral axis) of
the member.
• Cracks due to shear have a characteristic inclined shape, as shown in Fig. c. Such
cracks extend upward as high as the neutral axis and sometimes into the
compression zone.
• Torsion cracks are similar. In pure torsion, they spiral around the beam (Fig.d).
• Bond stresses lead to splitting along the reinforcement, as shown in Fig.e.
• Concentrated loads will sometimes cause splitting cracks or “bursting cracks” of
the type shown in Fig. f.
2
3
1.1 Control of Cracking under Service
As a reinforced concrete beam deflects, the tension side of the beam cracks wherever
the low tensile strength of the concrete is exceeded. The more the beam deflects, the
greater the length and width of cracks. Although cracking cannot be prevented, it is
possible by careful detailing of the steel to produce beams that develop a large number
of narrow, closely spaced cracks in preference to a few wide cracks.
The maximum crack width the designer should permit depends on exposure conditions.
• If concrete is exposed to seawater or cycles of wetting and drying, the maximum
width of any crack should not exceed (0.15 mm) or at the far limit (0.2 mm).
• For members protected against weather, crack widths up to (0.41 mm) are
permitted by the ACI Code.
• ACI Committee 224, in a report on cracking, presented a set of approximately
permissible maximum crack widths for reinforced concrete members subject to
different exposure situations. These values are summarized in Table below.
Experimental studies show that the width of cracks varies directly with the magnitude of
the steel stress and demonstrate that a large number of small bars well distributed
through the tension zone of the beam is more effective in reducing the width of cracks
than a small number of larger-diameter bars used to supply the same area of steel.
4
The following equation was developed for estimating the maximum widths of cracks that
will occur in the tension faces of ﬂexural members.
3
𝑤 = 0.076𝛽𝑓𝑠 √𝑑𝑐 𝐴
Where:
w= Maximum width of crack, thousandths of an inch (0.03 mm for SI units)
𝛽 = Can be taken as 1.2 for beams and 1.35 for slabs
𝑓𝑠 = Stress in steel due to service loads, (MPa)
𝑑𝑐 = Distance from tension surface to center of the row of reinforcing bars closest to
outside surface
A = Effective tension area of concrete divided by the number of reinforcing bars
Use 𝛽 = 1.2 then

3
𝑤 = 0.091𝑓𝑠 √𝑑𝑐 𝐴 ∗ 10−3
When we let w/0.091 = z
3
𝑧 = 𝑓𝑠 √𝑑𝑐 𝐴 ∗ 10−3
where 𝑓𝑠 the stress in the steel (MPa), may be taken as 0.6fy.
ACI 95, section 10.6.4 specifies that z is not to exceed (25 MN/m) for exterior exposure or
(30 MN/m) for interior exposure.
5
These values correspond to maximum crack widths of (0.33 mm) and (0.4 mm),
respectively.
Example: -
Determine whether the reinforcement pattern in the figure below satisfies the
requirement of ACI code for the crack width. The beam is under exterior
exposure. 𝑓𝑦 =420 MPa
Solution
Find the center of reinforcement
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 222 × 2 + 252 × 3 = 759.88 + 1471.8 = 2231.68 𝑚𝑚2
4 4
1471.8 × 65 + 759.88 × (75 + 65)

𝐶= = 90.53 𝑚𝑚
759.88 + 1471.8
𝑓𝑠 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 = 0.6 × 420 = 252 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑑𝑐 = 65 𝑚𝑚
Total area of bars 2231.68
No of bars = = 𝜋 = 4.55
Area of largest one 252
4
Effective tension area of concrete 300 × (90.53 × 2)
A= = = 11938 𝑚𝑚2
number of reinforcing bars 4.55
3
𝑧 = 𝑓𝑠 √𝑑𝑐 𝐴 ∗ 10−3
6
3 𝑀𝑁 𝑀𝑁
𝑧 = 252 × √65 × 11938 ∗ 10−3 = 23.2 < 25
𝑚 𝑚
Crack width < 0.33 mm ∴ 𝑜𝑘
HW-1
For the beam shown below. The beam carries a service dead load (W.D) of 20 kN/m and a
𝑓′ 25
service live load (W.L) of 30 kN/m. Use 𝑓𝑦𝑐 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and:
1- Find the spacing (S) of Ø10 mm stirrups at a critical section.

2- Determine whether the reinforcement pattern in the figure below satisfies the requirement of
ACI code for the crack width. The beam is under an exterior exposure.
========================================================================
HW-2
For the beam shown below. The beam carries a service dead load (W.D) of 30 kN/m and a
𝑓𝑐′ 30
service live load (W.L) of 40 kN/m. Use = 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and:
𝑓𝑦 400
1- Find the spacing (S) of Ø10 mm stirrups at a critical section.

2- Determine whether the reinforcement pattern in the figure below satisfies the requirement of
ACI code for the crack width. The beam is under an exterior exposure.
7
8
Serviceability limit states-Deflection

Collage of Engineering Deflection-1
Dr Othman Hameed
1
Lecture 5
2. Deflection under Service Load
2.1 Computation of Immediate Deflections
Elastic equations shown in Figure below are used to compute the immediate deflections
of a reinforced concrete beam. Other useful deflection equations are tabulated in
engineering textbooks and design manuals, e.g., the AISC Steel Construction Manual.
2
2.2 Effective Moment of Inertia
In a reinforced concrete beam, the effective cross section varies along the length of the
member. In regions of low moment, where no cracks exist, the effective moment of
inertia should logically be based on the gross transformed area of the cross section. At
sections of high moment, where cracking is extensive, the effective moment of inertia is
more properly based on the properties of the cracked transformed cross section. To
account for the variation of the moment of inertia along the beam axis, ACI 24.2.3.5
requires the use in elastic-deflection equations of an effective moment of inertia ‘𝐼𝑒 ,
which is computed below.
𝑀𝑐𝑟 3 𝑀𝑐𝑟 3
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔 (ACI24.2.3.5. a)
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
Where:
𝑓𝑟 ×𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =Cracking moment=
𝑦𝑡
𝑓𝑟 = modulus of rupture = 0.62 × √𝑓𝑐′

𝑦𝑡 = distance from centroid of gross section to extreme fiber in tension
Ma = maximum moment in member at stage for which deflection is being computed
𝐼𝑔 = moment of inertia of gross section neglecting area of tension steel
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = moment of inertia of transformed cracked cross section
Equation above should be used when 1 ≤ 𝑀𝑎/𝑀𝑐𝑟 ≤ 3 .

If 𝑀𝑎/𝑀𝑐𝑟 > 3, the cracking will be extensive and 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑐𝑟 with no significant error.
If Ma/Mcr < 1, no cracking is likely and 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 as shown below.
3
2.3 Long-term Deflections Due to Creep and Shrinkage
Deflections of concrete beams consist of two components,

1- An initial deflection ∆𝑖 that occurs simultaneously with the application of load
2- A long-term or additional increment of deflection ∆𝐿𝑡 (produced by creep and
shrinkage) that takes place over time. (∆𝐿𝑡 = 𝜆∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 ).
* The total deflection (∆𝑡 ) is

∆𝑡 = ∆𝑖 + ∆𝐿𝑡
The increase with time of the long-term deflection is shown in Figure below.
To estimate the magnitude of the additional deflection ∆𝑎 that occurs with time, the ACI
(24.2.4.1.1) specifies that the instantaneous deflection ∆𝑖 , produced by the sustained
portion of the applied load is to be multiplied by the empirical factor 𝜆, i.e., ∆𝑎 = 𝜆∆𝑖
where
𝜉
𝜆=
1 + 50𝜌′
′
𝐴𝑠 ′
𝜌 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝜉= values of the time-dependent factor for sustained loads, ξ, shall be in accordance with
ACI Table 24.2.4.1.3.
4
2.4 Maximum Permissible Calculated Deflection
Notes
1- Immediate deflection (∆i )D+L
2- Sustained deflection ∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 𝐷 + %𝐿. 𝐿
3- Long term deflection (∆𝐿𝑡 = 𝜆∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 ).
4- Total deflection ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑖 + ∆𝐿𝑡
5- Maximum Permissible Deflection
A- Not supporting or attached to nonstractural elements likely to be damaged by
large deflection
A.1- Roof (L/180)
A.2- Floor (L/360)
B- Supporting or attached to nonstractural
B.1- Likely to be damaged by large deflection (L/480)
B.2- Not likely to be damaged by large deflection (L/240)
5
‫‪Serviceability limit states-Deflection‬‬
‫مالحظة حول تدقيق الحدود المسموح بها‪:‬‬

‫لحساب الجزء الذي يؤثر على القواطع غير االنشائية نتبع التالي‪:‬‬
‫‪A. The structures not supporting nonstructural element likely to be damaged by large‬‬
‫‪deflection.‬‬
‫عندما يكون المنشأ ال يتحمل او يتصل بأجزاء غير انشائية يمكن ان تتضرر بالهطول‪.‬‬
‫• يتم حساب الهطول الناتج عن الحمل الحي ‪ (∆i )L‬ومقارنته مع الحدود المسموح بها )‪.(∆max‬‬
‫= ‪flat roof‬‬ ‫‪𝐿⁄‬‬

‫{ = 𝑥𝑎𝑚∆‬ ‫‪180‬‬
‫= ‪floors‬‬ ‫‪𝐿⁄‬‬
‫‪360‬‬
‫‪B. Supporting or attached to nonstructural element.‬‬
‫عندما يكون المنشأ يحمل او يتصل بأجزاء غير انشائية‬

‫• يتم حساب الهطول الناتج من (الحمل الحي ‪ +‬الهطول طويل االمد) ومقارنته مع الحدود المسموح بها) 𝑥𝑎𝑚∆(‬
‫‪∆= (∆i )L + ∆long term‬‬
‫‪damged by large deflection = 𝐿⁄480‬‬

‫{ = 𝑥𝑎𝑚∆‬
‫‪not damgeded‬‬ ‫‪= 𝐿⁄240‬‬
‫مالحظة حول حساب الهطول الناتج عن الحمل الحي نتبع الخطوات التالية‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬حساب الهطول الناتج عن الحمل الحي ‪ +‬الحمل الميت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬حساب الهطول الناتج عن الحمل الميت‪.‬‬
‫‪(∆i )L = (∆i )D+L − (∆i )D‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
Ex-1
By using the working stress design method, find:
a- The maximum uniform distributed live load
can be carry by the simply supported
reinforced concrete beam of section and
details shown in Figure. Use fs=165 MPa,
fc=12.5 MPa, effective depth= 330 mm, dead
load = 30kN/m and n=8.
b- If the live load = 20 kN/m, and 𝑓𝑐′ =
28𝑀𝑃𝑎,comput the immediate deflection
preduce by total load. For dead load, use the self weight of the beam only.
5 𝑤𝑙 4
note:∆𝑚𝑎𝑥. =
384 𝐸𝐼
Solution:
a-
1- Find N.A
𝑦
750 ∗ 100 ∗ (𝑦 − 50) + 250 ∗ 𝑦 ∗ = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 ∗ (𝑑 − 𝑦) → 𝑦 = 117.58 𝑚𝑚
2
2- Find moment of inertia about N.A

𝑏. ℎ3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 𝑛 𝐴𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑦)2
3
1000 ∗ 117.63 750 ∗ (117.6 − 100)3
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = − + 8 ∗ 4000 ∗ (330 − 117.6)2
3 3
= 1.98 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
3- Find the moment resisted by section
𝑀. 𝑦 𝑀 ∗ 106 ∗ 117.6
𝑓𝑐 = → 12.5 = → 𝑀 = 210.9 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝐼 1.98 ∗ 109
𝑀. (𝑑 − 𝑦) 𝑀 ∗ 106 ∗ (330 − 117.6)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑛. → 165 = 8 ∗ → 𝑀 = 192.27𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
𝐼 1.98 ∗ 109
7
𝑊.𝑙 2 𝑤∗32 𝐾𝑁
4- Find W 𝑀 = 8
→ 192.27 =
8
→ 𝑊 = 170.9
𝑚
= 30 + 𝐿. 𝐿 → 𝐿. 𝐿 =
140.9𝑘𝑁/𝑚
5 𝑤𝑙 4
b- ∆=
384 𝐸𝐼
W= self weight +live load
Self weight =((1*0.5)-(0.75*0.3))*24=6.6 KN/m
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑡 = (6.6 + 20) = 26.6 , 𝑙 = 3 𝑚 , 𝐸 = 4700√28 = 24870𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑚
𝑤 ∗ 𝑙2
𝑀𝑎 = = 29.9 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝑓𝑟 ∗ 𝑦𝑡
𝑀𝑐𝑟 =
𝐼𝑔
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 ∗ √28 = 3.28 MPa
500
𝑦𝑡 = = 250 𝑚𝑚
2
1000 ∗ 5003 750 ∗ 3003
𝐼𝑔 = − = 8.729 ∗ 109 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
3.28 ∗ 8.729 ∗ 109
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = = 114.52 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
250
𝑀𝑎 29.9
= = 0.26 < 1.0 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑐𝑟 114.52
5 𝑤𝑙 4 5 26.6 ∗ 30004
∆= = ∗ = 0.129 𝑚𝑚
384 𝐸𝐼 384 24870 ∗ 8.729 ∗ 109
8
Ex-2
For the beam and the cross section shown below, D.L=25 kN/m, L.L=15 kN/m, sustained
live load=30% of live load. Use n=9 and 𝑓𝑐′ =25 MPa.
Find
1. Immediate deflection due to dead load + live load.
2. Find the long-term deflection after 5 years if the sustained live load=30% of live
load
3. Total deflection after 5 years.
Solution:
1- Immediate deflection due to (dead load + live load).
5𝑊𝐿4
∆=
384𝐸𝐼
𝐿 =6𝑚; 𝑤 = 25 + 15 = 40 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐸 = 4700 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 23500 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝑊𝐿2 40 × 62
𝑀𝑎 = = = 180 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
3
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 0.62 √25 × 300 × 500
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑦𝑡
= 500⁄2
12
× 10−6 = 38.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
9
𝑀𝑎 180
= = 4.64 > 3 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑐𝑟 38.75
Find 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑏𝑦 2
= 𝑛 × 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑦)
2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 3 × 282 = 1847.25 𝑚𝑚2
4
300 × 𝑦 2
= 9 × 1847.25 (430 − 𝑦)
2
150 𝑦 2 = 9 × 1847.25 (430 − 𝑦)
𝑦 2 = 110.835 (430 − 𝑦)
𝑦 2 + 110.835𝑦 − 4765.05 = 0
𝑦 = 169.8 = 170 𝑚𝑚
300 × 1703
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 9 × 18470.25 (430 − 170)2 = 1.615 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
3
5 × 40 × 60004
(∆i )D+L = = 17.78 𝑚𝑚
384 × 23500 × 1.615 × 109
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The long-term deflection after 5 years if the sustained live load=30% of live load
5𝑊𝐿4
∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 =
284𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 𝐷. 𝐿 + 0.3 𝐿. 𝐿 = 25 + 0.3 × 15 = 29.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝑊𝐿2 29.5×62
𝑀𝑠𝑢𝑠 = = =132.75 kN.m
8 8
𝑀𝑎 132.75
= = 3.425 > 3 use Ie = Icr = 1.615 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝑀𝑐𝑟 38.75
5×29.5× 60004
∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 384 ×23500 ×1.615 × 109
= 13.116 𝑚𝑚
𝜉
𝜆=
1 + 50𝜌′
2
𝜆=
1 + 50(0)
10
∆𝐿𝑇 = 𝜆 ∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 2 × 13.116 = 26.23 𝑚𝑚

∆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (∆i )D+L + ∆𝐿𝑇 = 17.78 +26.23=44.01 mm
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HW-1
Find
1- Immediate deflection due to dead load + live load.
2- Find the long-term deflection after 5 years if the sustained live load=30% of live load
3- Total deflection after 5 years.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11

Collage of Engineering Deflection-2
Dr Othman Hameed
Lecture 6
2. Deflection under Service Load
2.4 Maximum Permissible Calculated Deflection
Notes
1- Immediate deflection (∆i )D+L
2- Sustained deflection ∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 𝐷 + %𝐿. 𝐿
3- Long term deflection (∆𝐿𝑡 = 𝜆∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 ).
4- Total deflection ∆𝑡 = ∆𝑖 + ∆𝐿𝑡
5- Maximum Permissible Deflection
A- Not supporting or attached to nonstractural elements likely to be damaged by
large deflection
A.1- Roof (L/180)
A.2- Floor (L/360)
B- Supporting or attached to nonstractural
B.1- Likely to be damaged by large deflection (L/480)
B.2- Not likely to be damaged by large deflection (L/240)
2
‫‪Serviceability limit states-Deflection‬‬
‫مالحظة حول تدقيق الحدود المسموح بها‪:‬‬

‫لحساب الجزء الذي يؤثر على القواطع غير االنشائية نتبع التالي‪:‬‬
‫‪A. The structures not supporting nonstructural element likely to be damaged by large‬‬
‫‪deflection.‬‬
‫عندما يكون المنشأ ال يتحمل او يتصل بأجزاء غير انشائية يمكن ان تتضرر بالهطول‪.‬‬
‫• يتم حساب الهطول الناتج عن الحمل الحي ‪ (∆i )L‬ومقارنته مع الحدود المسموح بها )‪.(∆max‬‬
‫= ‪flat roof‬‬ ‫‪𝐿⁄‬‬

‫{ = 𝑥𝑎𝑚∆‬ ‫‪180‬‬
‫= ‪floors‬‬ ‫‪𝐿⁄‬‬
‫‪360‬‬
‫‪B. Supporting or attached to nonstructural element.‬‬
‫عندما يكون المنشأ يحمل او يتصل بأجزاء غير انشائية‬

‫• يتم حساب الهطول الناتج من (الحمل الحي ‪ +‬الهطول طويل االمد) ومقارنته مع الحدود المسموح بها) 𝑥𝑎𝑚∆(‬
‫‪∆= (∆i )L + ∆long term‬‬
‫‪damged by large deflection = 𝐿⁄480‬‬

‫{ = 𝑥𝑎𝑚∆‬
‫‪not damgeded‬‬ ‫‪= 𝐿⁄240‬‬
‫مالحظة حول حساب الهطول الناتج عن الحمل الحي نتبع الخطوات التالية‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬حساب الهطول الناتج عن الحمل الحي ‪ +‬الحمل الميت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬حساب الهطول الناتج عن الحمل الميت‪.‬‬
‫‪(∆i )L = (∆i )D+L − (∆i )D‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
Ex-2
Find
1. Immediate deflection due to dead load + live load.
2. Find the long-term deflection after 5 years if the sustained live load=30% of live
load
4. Check if the beam satisfies the deflection requirement if the beam is a part of a
member constructed to support nonstructural element likely to be damaged by large
deflection.
5. Check if the beam satisfies the deflection requirement if the beam is a part of a floor
not supporting nonstructural element likely to be damaged by large deflection.
4
Solution:
1- Immediate deflection due to (dead load + live load).
5𝑊𝐿4
∆=
384𝐸𝐼
𝐿 =6𝑚; 𝑤 = 25 + 15 = 40 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐸 = 4700 √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 = 23500 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐼𝑒 = ( ) 𝐼𝑔 + [1 − ( ) ] 𝐼𝑐𝑟 ≤ 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
𝑊𝐿2 40 × 62
𝑀𝑎 = = = 180 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8 8
3
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 0.62 √25 × 300 × 500
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 𝑦𝑡
= 500⁄2
12
× 10−6 = 38.75 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑎 180
= = 4.64 > 3 𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑐𝑟 38.75
Find 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑏𝑦 2
= 𝑛 × 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑦)
2
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 3 × 282 = 1847.25 𝑚𝑚2
4
300 × 𝑦 2
= 9 × 1847.25 (430 − 𝑦)
2
150 𝑦 2 = 9 × 1847.25 (430 − 𝑦)
𝑦 2 = 110.835 (430 − 𝑦)
𝑦 2 + 110.835𝑦 − 4765.05 = 0
𝑦 = 169.8 = 170 𝑚𝑚
300 × 1703
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = + 9 × 18470.25 (430 − 170)2 = 1.615 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
3
5 × 40 × 60004
(∆i )D+L = = 17.78 𝑚𝑚
384 × 23500 × 1.615 × 109
5
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. The long-term deflection after 5 years if the sustained live load=30% of live load
5𝑊𝐿4
∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 =
384𝐸𝐼
𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 𝐷. 𝐿 + 0.3 𝐿. 𝐿 = 25 + 0.3 × 15 = 29.5 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝑊𝐿2 29.5×62
𝑀𝑠𝑢𝑠 = = =132.75 kN.m
8 8
𝑀𝑎 132.75
= = 3.425 > 3 use Ie = Icr = 1.615 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
𝑀𝑐𝑟 38.75
5×29.5× 60004
∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 384 ×23500 ×1.615 × 109
= 13.116 𝑚𝑚
𝜉
𝜆=
1 + 50𝜌′
2
𝜆=
1 + 50(0)
∆𝐿𝑇 = 𝜆 ∆𝑠𝑢𝑠 = 2 × 13.116 = 26.23 𝑚𝑚

∆𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (∆i )D+L + ∆𝐿𝑇 = 17.78 +26.23=44.01 mm
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Check if the beam satisfies the deflection requirement if the beam is a part of a member
constructed to support nonstructural element likely to be damaged by large deflection.
∆= ∆𝐿𝑇 + (∆i )L
5𝑊𝐿4
∆𝐷 =
384𝐸𝐼
𝑤 = 25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 ; 𝐿 = 6 𝑚 ; 𝐸 = 23500 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
𝑊𝐿2
𝑀𝑎 = = 112.5 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
8
𝑀𝑎 112.5
= 38.75 = 2.9 < 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟
6
38.75 3 300 × 5003 38.75𝑐𝑟 3

𝐼𝑒 = ( ) × + [1 − ( ) ] 1.615 × 109
112.5 12 112.5
𝐼𝑒 = 1.681 × 109 𝑚𝑚4 < 𝐼𝑔 = 3.125 × 109 𝑚𝑚4 ∴ ok

5𝑊𝐿4 5 × 25 × 60004
∆𝐷 = = = 10.68 𝑚𝑚
384𝐸𝐼 384 × 23500 × 1.681 × 109
∆L = ∆𝐷+𝐿 − ∆𝐷
=17.78-10.68=7.1 mm
∆= ∆LT + ∆𝐿 = 26.23 + 7.1 = 33.33 𝑚𝑚

𝐿 6000
∆max = = = 12.5 𝑚𝑚
480 480
33.33 𝑚𝑚 > 12.5 𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑘
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Check if the beam satisfies the deflection requirement if the beam is a part of a floor not
supporting nonstructural element likely to be damaged by large deflection.
∆L = ∆𝐷+𝐿 − ∆𝐷
=17.78-10.68=7.1 mm
𝐿 6000
∆max = = = 16.67 𝑚𝑚
360 360
7.1 𝑚𝑚 < 16.67 𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝑜𝑘
7
HW-2
Find
4- Check if the beam satisfies the deflection requirement if the beam is a part of a floor not
5- Check if the beam satisfies the deflection requirement if the beam is a part of a member
constructed to support nonstructural element likely to be damaged by large deflection.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HW-3
For the beam and the cross section shown below, use n=9 and 𝑓𝑐′ =25 MPa and find
8
HW-4
For the beam and the cross section shown below, use n=9 and 𝑓𝑐′ =30 MPa and find
Find
4- Check if the beam satisfies the deflection requirement if the beam is a part of a floor not
5- Check if the beam satisfies the deflection requirement if the beam is a part of a member
constructed to support nonstructural element not likely to be damaged by large deflection.
9
One way slabs
One way slabs-1
Collage of Engineering
Dr Othman Hameed
One way slabs
Lecture (7)
One way slabs
1. Types of Slab
In reinforced concrete constructions, slabs are used to provide flat and useful
surfaces. It may be supported by reinforced concrete beams (and is usually cast
monolithically with such beams), by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural
steel members, or directly by columns.
Slabs may be supported on two opposite sides only, as shown in Figure (a) in which case
the structural action of the slab is essentially one-way, the loads being carried by the slab
in the direction perpendicular to the supporting beams.
There may be beams on all four sides, as shown in Figure (b) so that two-way slab action
is obtained. Intermediate beams, as shown in Figure (c), may be provided.
If the ratio of length to width of one slab panel is larger than about 2, most of the load is
carried in the short direction to the supporting beams and one-way action is obtained in
effect, even though supports are provided on all sides.
Concrete slabs in some cases may be carried directly by columns, as shown in Figures (d)
and €, without the use of beams or girders. Such slabs are described as flat plates and
are commonly used where spans are not large and loads not particularly heavy.
Closely related to the flat plate slab is the two-way joist, also known as a grid or waffle
slab, shown in Fig. f.
2
One way slabs
3
One way slabs
2. One Way Slab

The slab is called one-way slab if:
1- If a slab is supported on two opposite sides only, it will bend or deflect in a
direction perpendicular to the supported edges.
The structural action is one way, and the loads are carried by the slab in the short
direction. This type of slab is called a one-way slab.
2- If the slab is supported on four sides and the ratio of the long side to the short
side is equal to or greater than 2, then it is called a one-way solid slab.
4
One way slabs
𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃

➢ Why the ratio of ≥ 𝟐 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒃𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃 ?
𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃
The slab shown in Figure has a simple support

condition.
The deflection at mid span is equal in short
and long direction, so
𝛿𝑎 = 𝛿𝑏 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝛿𝑎 = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝛿𝑏 = 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
5 𝑤𝑎 𝑙𝑎4 5 𝑤𝑏 𝑙𝑏4
=
384𝐸𝐼 384𝐸𝐼
𝑤𝑎 𝑙𝑏 4 𝑙𝑏 𝑤𝑎
=( ) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 =2 → = 16
𝑤𝑏 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑏
𝑤𝑎 = 16 𝑤𝑏
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑎 + 𝑤𝑏 = 16 𝑤𝑏 + 𝑤𝑏 = 17 𝑤𝑏 → 𝑤𝑏 = 0.06 𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤𝑎 = 0.94 𝑤
94% of the load applied on the slab will be distributed to the short direction, while only
6% of the load will go to the long direction. Therefore, the ratio of 2 was taken.
5
One way slabs
3. Design Requirement of One Way Solid Slab

3.1- Minimum Thickness of One Way Slab (ACI Table 9.5a)
The minimum thickness of one-way slabs using grade 420 steel can be defined according
to the ACI Code, 9.5.2.1, Table 9.5a, for solid slabs and for beams or ribbed one-way
slabs.
3.2- Shrinkage and Temperature reinforcement Ratio (𝝆𝒔𝒉𝒓. ) (ACI 7.12.1.2)

Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement should be as follows, but not less
than 0.0014:
for 𝑓𝑦 = 280 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑡𝑜 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝜌𝑠ℎ𝑟. = 0.002
for 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝜌𝑠ℎ𝑟. = 0.0018

0.0018 ∗ 420
for 𝑓𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝜌𝑠ℎ𝑟. = ≥ 0.0014
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑟. = 𝜌𝑠ℎ𝑟. 𝑏 ℎ
6
One way slabs
3.3- Minimum Steel Reinforcement (ACI 10.5.4)

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. ≥ 𝜌𝑠ℎ𝑟.
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 . = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑏 ℎ
3.4- Spacing of Steel Reinforcement (ACI 10.5.4)
a- For flexural reinforcement (ACI10.5.4) (main reinforcement)
Maximum spacing of this reinforcement shall not exceed three times the thickness,
nor 450 mm.
𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (3𝑡)
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 {
450 𝑚𝑚
In practice 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. ≤ 1.5 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
b- For shrinkage reinforcement (ACI 7.12.2.2)
Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not more than five times
the slab thickness, nor farther apart than 450 mm
𝑓𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (5𝑡)

450 𝑚𝑚
3.5- Minimum Cover (ACI 7.7.1)
• Concrete exposed to earth or weather
For Ø <16 mm ---------- 40 mm
For Ø >16 mm ----------50 mm
• Concrete not exposed to earth or weather

For Ø <32 mm ---------- 20 mm
Otherwise ----------------50 mm
3.6- Shear Capacity of One Way Slab.
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐
1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑏 𝑑
6 𝑐
Otherwise increase slab thickness
7
One way slabs
4. Load Assigned to Slab

𝑤𝑢 = 1.2 𝐷𝐿 + 1.6 𝐿𝐿
a- Dead load
• Self-weight of slab.
• Weight of finishing material.
• Weight of partition.
b- Live load
It depends on a function for which the slab has been constructed.
8
One way slabs
5. Detail of Reinforcement for One Way Solid Slab.
A- Bent bar type
B- Cut bar type
9
One way slabs
6. Summary of One Way Solid Slab Design Procedure

a) Select a strip of 1 meter width in short direction.
b) Choose a slab thickness to satisfy deflection requirement.
c) Calculate the factored load.
d) Draw the shear and bending moment for each strip.
e) Check the adequacy of slab thickness in term of shear resistance.
1
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐 =
6
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑑
f) Design the flexural reinforcement. (use the equation of singly reinforcement)

𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 ′ 𝜌)
𝑓 𝑐
do not forget that
𝑓𝑐` 0.003
∅ = 0.9 if 𝜌𝑡 = 0.85𝛽1 >𝜌
𝑓𝑦 0.003+0.005
g) Check the minimum steel reinforcement ratio (should be more than that of
temperature and shrinkage)
Important notes
𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛. ≥ 𝜌 𝑠ℎ𝑟. [for 𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝜌 𝑠ℎ𝑟. ]
𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
If 𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 then, use 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. ∗ 1000 ∗ ℎ
h) Check 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥.

𝑓𝑐` 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 (0.003 + 0.004)
i) Calculate 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. (for main reinforcement or flexural reinforcement)
three times slab thickness (3𝑡)
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. of {
450 𝑚𝑚
j) Compute the area of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement and find 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥.
five times slab thickness (5t)
450 mm
k) Draw the detail of section and reinforcement.
10
One way slabs
One way slabs-2
Dr Othman Hameed
One way slabs
Lecture (8)
One way slabs
One Way Solid Slab Design Procedure
a) Select a strip of 1 meter width in short direction.
b) Choose a slab thickness to satisfy deflection requirement.
c) Calculate the factored load.
d) Draw the shear and bending moment for each strip.
e) Check the adequacy of slab thickness in term of shear resistance.
1
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐 =
6
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑑
f) Design the flexural reinforcement. (use the equation of singly reinforcement)

𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 ′ 𝜌)
𝑓 𝑐
do not forget that
𝑓𝑐` 0.003
∅ = 0.9 if 𝜌𝑡 = 0.85𝛽1 >𝜌
𝑓𝑦 0.003+0.005
g) Check the minimum steel reinforcement ratio (should be more than that of
temperature and shrinkage)
Important notes
𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛. ≥ 𝜌 𝑠ℎ𝑟.
If 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. then, use 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. ∗ 1000 ∗ ℎ
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑛 ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑏
1000
𝐴𝑠 = ∗ 𝐴𝑠𝑏
𝑆
h) Check 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥.

𝑓𝑐` 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 (0.003 + 0.004)
i) Calculate 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥.
three times slab thickness (3𝑡)
450 𝑚𝑚
j) Compute the area of temperature and shrinkage reinforcement and find 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥.
2
One way slabs
five times slab thickness (5t)

450 mm
k) Draw the detail of section and reinforcement.
Example-1: A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with a spandrel beam. The slab
consists of two equal parts as shown in the figure. Design the slab to carry service live
load of 4.8 kN/m2.
𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎, use bar diameter of 12 mm for flexural reinforcement
and ∅ 10 𝑚𝑚 for temperature and shrinkage.
The dead load is due to self weight plus weight of:
• Tiles 2 cm
• mortar 2 cm
(use density=25 kN/m3 for concrete, mortar and tiles)
‫ اليتم اضافة االحمال االضافية اىل الحمل‬-:‫مالحظة‬

‫العمل‬
‫ي‬ ‫الميت اال اذا تم ذكرها يف السؤال أما يف الواقع‬
.‫يجب أن تضاف‬
3
One way slabs
Solution:
1- The slab is supported on two opposite beams, so the type of slab is one way solid
slab.
2- Take a strip of 1m width in short direction.
3- Choose the slab thickness according to ACI 9.5a
The slab is one end continuous
𝑙𝑛 4500
ℎ= = = 187.5 ≅ 190 𝑚𝑚
24 24
∅
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − = 190 − 20 − 6 = 164 𝑚𝑚
2
4- Find the load assigned to slab.
a) Dead load
- Self weight of slab = 0.19 ∗ 25 =
4.75 𝑘𝑁⁄ 2
𝑚
- Tiling & mortar = 0.04 ∗ 25 =
1 𝑘𝑁⁄ 2
𝑚
-------------------------
- Total dead load =
2
5.75 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
b) Live load
= 4.8 𝑘𝑁⁄ 2
𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ 5.75 + 1.6 ∗ 4.8 = 14.58 𝑘𝑁⁄ 2
𝑚
𝑊𝑢
= 14.58 ∗ 𝑏(1𝑚)
1𝑚 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑘𝑁⁄
= 14.58 𝑚⁄
1𝑚
5- Draw the shear and bending moment according to ultimate load.

6- Check the slab thickness according to shear requirement.
𝑊 𝑙
𝑉𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 1.15 𝑢 𝑛 = 37.7 𝑘𝑁⁄1 𝑚
2
4
One way slabs
𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 1.15 − 𝑊𝑢 . 𝑑
2
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 37.7 − 14.58 ∗ 0.164 = 35.31 𝑘𝑁⁄1 𝑚
√𝑓𝑐′
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑏𝑑
6
√28
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ ∗ 1000 ∗ 164 ∗ 10−3 = 108.47 𝑘𝑁⁄1𝑚
6
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑. = 35.31 < ∅𝑉𝑐 = 108.47
The slab thickness is enough
7- Design the flexural reinforcement
Section Factor Moment

𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
A -12.3 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 / 𝑚
24
𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
B +21.1 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/ 𝑚
14
𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
C -32.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/ 𝑚
9
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Design section C
𝑀𝑢 = −38.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚

∅𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 ′ 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐
Assume ∅ = 0.9 to be checked later
2.36 ∗ 𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
1 ± √1 −
∅ 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ( )
𝑓𝑐′
5
One way slabs
2.36 ∗ 32.8 ∗ 106

1 ± √1 −
0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1642 ∗ 28
𝜌=
420
1.18 (
28 )
420
0.0388 = 0.9 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.1642 ∗ 420 (1 − 0.59 𝜌) → 𝜌 = 0.00332
28
28 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.018 > 𝜌 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
420 0.003 + 0.005
𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛. ≥ 𝜌 𝑠ℎ𝑟. 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 = 420 → 𝜌 𝑠ℎ𝑟. = 0.0018
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑜𝑘

𝐴𝑠 = 0.00332 ∗ 1000 ∗ 164 = 544.48 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 190 = 342 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑘
𝐴𝑠 544.48
𝑛= = = 4.8 𝑏𝑎𝑟/1𝑚
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 113.1
1000
𝑆= = 208 𝑚𝑚 = 200 𝑚𝑚
4.8
𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 (3𝑡) = 3 ∗ 190 = 570𝑚𝑚
450 𝑚𝑚
𝑆 = 200 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 450 𝑚𝑚
Use Ø12 mm @200mm c/c
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Design section A
𝑀𝑢 = −12.3 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 ′ 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐
420
0.123 = 0.9 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.1642 ∗ 420 (1 − 0.59 𝜌) → 𝜌 = 0.00122
28
6
One way slabs
𝑓𝑐` 𝜀𝑐
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐 + 0.005
28 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.018 > 𝜌 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
420 0.003 + 0.005
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00122 ∗ 1000 ∗ 164 = 200.8 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚

𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 190 = 342 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 342 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
𝐴𝑠 342
𝑛= = = 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟/1𝑚
1000
𝑆= = 333.33 𝑚𝑚 = 300 𝑚𝑚
3
450 𝑚𝑚
𝑆 = 300 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 450 𝑚𝑚

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Design section B
𝑀𝑢 = +21.1 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
420
0.21.1 = 0.9 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.1642 ∗ 420 (1 − 0.59 𝜌) → 𝜌 = 0.00221
28
𝑓𝑐` 𝜀𝑐
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜀𝑐 + 0.005
28 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.018 > 𝜌 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
420 0.003 + 0.005
7
One way slabs

𝐴𝑠 = 0.00221 ∗ 1000 ∗ 164 = 346 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 342 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
𝐴𝑠 346
𝑛= = = 3 𝑏𝑎𝑟/1𝑚
1000
𝑆= = 333.33 𝑚𝑚 = 300 𝑚𝑚
3
three times slab thickness (3𝑡) = 3 ∗ 190 = 570𝑚𝑚
450 𝑚𝑚
𝑆 = 300 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 450 𝑚𝑚
8- Temperature and shrinkage reinforcement.

𝐴𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑟. = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 190 = 342 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
Use Ø10 mm as shrinkage reinforcement
𝐴𝑠 342
𝑛= = = 4.35 𝑏𝑎𝑟/1𝑚
1000
𝑆= = 229 𝑚𝑚 = 200 𝑚𝑚
4.35
450 𝑚𝑚
𝑆 = 200 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 450 𝑚𝑚 → Use Ø10 mm @200mm c/c
9- Sketch detail of reinforcement
8
One way slabs
H.W: Design the slab of the plan shown below. The dead load is due to self-weight plus
weight of:
• Tiles 3 cm (density 20 kN/m3)

• sand 7 cm (density 20 kN/m3)
• mortar 2 cm (density 20 kN/m3)
• plaster 2 cm (density 20 kN/m3)
• partition 2 kN/m2
Live load =2.5 kN/m2
𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
‫مالحظة‬
(𝑙𝑛 )‫الصاف‬
‫ي‬ ‫ه الطول‬‫ التقريبية) ي‬ACI ( ‫الطول المستخدم اليجاد العزوم حسب طريقة‬
(𝑙𝑛 )‫الصاف‬
‫ي‬ ‫ه الطول‬‫) ي‬ACI ( ‫الطول المستخدم اليجاد سمك السقف حسب طريقة‬
9
One way slabs
One way slabs-3
Dr Othman Hameed
One way slabs
Lecture (9)
One way slabs
One Way Solid Slab Design Procedure
1- Find h and d
∅
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 −
2
2- Find 𝜌 from
1000
𝑛=
𝑆
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
3- Check 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥.
𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 𝜌 𝑠ℎ𝑟.
𝑓𝑐` 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 (0.003 + 0.004)
4- Find Mu from
𝑓𝑐` 0.003
∅ = 0.9 if 𝜌𝑡 = 0.85𝛽1 >𝜌
𝑓𝑦 0.003+0.005
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 ′ 𝜌)
𝑓 𝑐
5- Find Wu or WL
2
One way slabs
Example-2: For the simply supported reinforced concrete one way solid slab of section
and detail shown below, find the maximum live load can be carried by this slab.
Solution:
1000
𝑆
1000 1000
𝑛= = = 5∅12/1𝑚
𝑆 200
𝐴𝑠 = 5 ∗ 113.3 = 565.5 𝑚𝑚2
∅
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 −= 200 − 20 − 6 = 174 𝑚𝑚
2
𝐴𝑠 565.5
𝜌= = = 0.00324
𝑏 𝑑 1000 ∗ 174
𝑓𝑐` 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 𝛽1 = 0.0184
𝑓𝑦 (0.003 + 0.004)
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
25 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.0161 > 𝜌 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
420 0.003 + 0.005
3
One way slabs
420
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9 ∗ 0.00324 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1742 ∗ 420 (1 − 0.59 0.00324) ∗ 10−6
25
= 35.88 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑊𝑢 42 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑢 = → 35.88 = → 𝑊𝑢 = 17.94 /1𝑚
8 8 𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝑙
𝑉𝑢 @ 𝑑 = − 𝑊𝑢 . 𝑑
2
𝑊𝑢 ∗ 4
𝑉𝑢 @ 𝑑 = − 0.174 ∗ 𝑊𝑢
2
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 1.826 𝑊𝑢
√𝑓𝑐′
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑏𝑑
6
√25
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ ∗ 1000 ∗ 174 ∗ 10−3 = 108.75 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
6
∅𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 @𝑑
𝑘𝑁
108.75 = 1.826 𝑊𝑢 → 𝑊𝑢 = 59.56 /1𝑚
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Use the minimum one (𝑊𝑢 = 17.94 /1𝑚)
𝑚
𝐷. 𝐿 = 0.2 ∗ 24 = 4.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ 𝐷. 𝐿 + 1.6 ∗ 𝐿. 𝐿
17.94 = 1.2 ∗ 4.8 + 1.6 ∗ 𝐿. 𝐿
𝐿. 𝐿 = 7.61 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4
One way slabs
Example-3: A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with a spandrel beam. The slab
consists of two equal parts as shown in the figure. Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 =
420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Find the maximum live load can be carried by this slab. The dead load is due to
the self-weight plus weight of:
• Tiles 2 cm
• mortar 2 cm
(Use density=24 kN/m3 for concrete, mortar and tiles)
Solution
5
One way slabs
𝑙𝑛 4500
ℎ= = = 187.5 ≅ 190 𝑚𝑚
24 24
∅
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − = 190 − 20 − 6 = 164 𝑚𝑚
2
Draw the shear and bending moment according to ultimate load.
Section Factor
Moment 𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
(A) 24
(B) 14
(C) 9
1.15 𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛
Shear
2
𝑾𝒖 𝒍𝟐𝒏
Moment @ (A)=
𝟐𝟒
1000
𝑆
1000 1000
𝑛= = =5
𝑆 200
𝐴𝑠 = 5 ∗ 113 = 565 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 565
𝜌= = = 0.00344
𝑏 𝑑 1000 ∗ 164

𝑓𝑐` 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 𝛽1 = 0.0206
𝑓𝑦 (0.003 + 0.004)
6
One way slabs
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
28 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.0181 > 𝜌 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
420 0.003 + 0.005
420
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9 ∗ 0.00344 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1642 ∗ 420 (1 − 0.59 0.00344) ∗ 10−6
28
= 34 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛2 𝑊𝑢 ∗ 4.52 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑢 = → 34 = → 𝑊𝑢 = 40.3 /1𝑚
24 24 𝑚
Moment @ (B)=
𝟏𝟒
1000
𝑆
1000 1000
𝑛= = = 6.66
𝑆 150
𝐴𝑠 = 6.66 ∗ 113 = 752.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 752.6
𝜌= = = 0.00459
𝑏 𝑑 1000 ∗ 164

𝑓𝑐` 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 𝛽1 = 0.0206
𝑓𝑦 (0.003 + 0.004)
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
28 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.0181 > 𝜌 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
420 0.003 + 0.005
7
One way slabs
420
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9 ∗ 0.00459 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1642 ∗ 420 (1 − 0.59 0.00459) ∗ 10−6
28
= 44.77 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = → 44.77 = → 𝑊𝑢 = 30.95 /1𝑚
14 14 𝑚
Moment @ (C)=
𝟗
1000
𝑆
1000 1000
𝑛= = = 6.66
𝑆 150
𝐴𝑠 = 6.66 ∗ 113 = 752.6 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 752.6
𝜌= = = 0.00459
𝑏 𝑑 1000 ∗ 164

𝑓𝑐` 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 𝛽1 = 0.0206
𝑓𝑦 (0.003 + 0.004)
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
28 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.0181 > 𝜌 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
420 0.003 + 0.005
420
𝑀𝑢 = 0.9 ∗ 0.00459 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1642 ∗ 420 (1 − 0.59 0.00459) ∗ 10−6
28
= 44.77 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
8
One way slabs
𝑀𝑢 = → 44.77 = → 𝑊𝑢 = 19.9 /1𝑚
9 9 𝑚
Find the load from the shear
1.15 𝑊𝑢 𝑙
𝑉𝑢 @ 𝑑 = − 𝑊𝑢 . 𝑑
2
1.15𝑊𝑢 ∗ 4.5
𝑉𝑢 @ 𝑑 = − 0.164 ∗ 𝑊𝑢
2
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 2.4235 𝑊𝑢
√𝑓𝑐′
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑏𝑑
6
√28
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ ∗ 1000 ∗ 164 ∗ 10−3 = 108.47 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
6
∅𝑉𝑐 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 @𝑑
𝑘𝑁
108.47 = 2.4235 𝑊𝑢 → 𝑊𝑢 = 44.77 /1𝑚
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Use the minimum value of 𝑊𝑢 which is 19.9 /1𝑚
𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝑑 + 1.6𝑊𝑙
Find the dead load
- Self weight of slab = 0.19 ∗ 24 = 4.56 𝑘𝑁⁄ 2
𝑚
- Tiling & mortar = 0.04 ∗ 24 = 0.96 ⁄ 2𝑘𝑁
𝑚
-------------------------
- Total dead load = 5.52 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Find the live load
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝑑 + 1.6𝑊𝑙
19.9 = 1.2 ∗ 5.52 + 1.6𝑊𝑙
𝑊𝑙 = 8.3 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
9
One way slabs
H.W: A reinforced concrete slab is built integrally with a spandrel beam. The slab consists
of two equal parts as shown in the figure. Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Find
the maximum live load can be carried by this slab. The dead load is due to
• The self-weight
• Tiles 2 cm
• mortar 2 cm
(Use density=24 kN/m3 for concrete, mortar and tiles)
HW: For the simply supported reinforced concrete one way solid slab of section and
detail shown below, find the maximum live load can be carried by this slab.
10
One way slabs
One way slabs-4
Dr Othman Hameed
‫‪One way slabs‬‬
‫)‪Lecture (10‬‬
‫‪One way slabs‬‬
‫مالحظة‬
‫كاف)‪ ,‬يف هذه الحالة يمكن حل السؤال‬
‫عندما يتم اعطاء التسليح يف السؤال و المطلوب هو (هل التسليح ي‬
‫بطريقتي‬
‫الخارج (المحسوب من االحمال)‬

‫ي‬ ‫الداخل (الذي يوفره التسليح الموجود) ومقارنته مع العزم‬
‫ي‬ ‫‪ -1‬استخراج العزم‬
‫‪If ∅𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 → ok‬‬

‫‪∅𝑀𝑛 < 𝑀𝑢 → Not ok‬‬
‫الخارج) ومقارنته مع التسليح المعىط يف السؤال‪,‬‬

‫ي‬ ‫‪ -2‬استخراج التسليح (حسب الحمل‬
‫كاف ومناسب‬
‫‪ -‬اذا كان التسليح المحسوب اقل من التسليح المعىط فهذا معناه أن التسليح المعىط يف السؤال ي‬
‫كاف‬
‫غب ي‬
‫‪ -‬اذا كان التسليح المحسوب أكب من التسليح المعىط يف السؤال فهذا معناه أن التسليح المعىط يف السؤال ر‬
‫مالحظة‬
‫لمعرفة قيمة التسليح االكب يف السقوف‪ ,‬يجب حساب قيمة 𝑠𝐴‬
‫𝑚𝑚‪∅12@200𝑚𝑚 > ∅12@300‬‬
‫‪because‬‬
‫𝑚𝑚‪For ∅12@200‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫𝜋‬
‫=𝑛‬ ‫‪= 5 → 𝐴𝑠 = 5 ∗ 122 = 565.5 𝑚𝑚2‬‬
‫‪200‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫𝑚𝑚‪For ∅12@300‬‬
‫‪1000‬‬ ‫𝜋‬
‫=𝑛‬ ‫‪= 3.33 → 𝐴𝑠 = 3.33 ∗ 122 = 376.4 𝑚𝑚2‬‬
‫‪300‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫𝑚𝑚‪∴ ∅12@200𝑚𝑚 > ∅12@300‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
One way slabs
Example-4: The floor system shown in the Figure below supports a service live load of 4
kN/m2 and a service dead load 3 kN/m2 (not include slab weight). Use 𝑓𝑐′ =
28 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 to answer the flowing.
1- Classify the floor system into one way or two way solid slab.
2- What is the minimun slab thickness that should be used to control deflection and shear
requirement? (use one thickness for all slabs)
3- By using Ø 12 mm rebar, what is the required positive reinforcement?
4- If the top reinforcement at interior support is Ø 12 mm @200 mm, show if this
reinforcemnt is adquate to support the applied load?
3
One way slabs
Solution:
1- For Panel 1
𝑙⁄ = 12.3⁄ = 3 > 2 → 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑠 4
For Panel 2
𝑙⁄ = 12.3⁄ = 6.15 > 2 →
𝑠 2
𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- Minimum slab thickness
For panel 1 (both ends continues)
𝑙 4000
ℎ= = ≅ 143 𝑚𝑚
28 28
For panel 2 (cantilever slab)
𝑙 2000
ℎ= = = 200 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
10 10
12
𝑑 = 200 − 20 − = 168 𝑚𝑚
2
- Check the slab thickness according to shear requirement.
Self weight = 0.2 ∗ 24 = 4.8 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ (3 + 4.8) + 1.6 ∗ (4) = 15.76 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = 15.76 𝑘𝑁/𝑚/1𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛 15.76 ∗ 4
𝑉𝑢, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.15 ∗ = 1.15 ∗ = 36.25 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
2 2
𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 1.15 − 𝑊𝑢 . 𝑑
2
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 = 36.25 − 15.76 ∗ 0.168 = 33.6 𝑘𝑁⁄1 𝑚
4
One way slabs
√𝑓𝑐′
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑏𝑑
6
√28
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ ∗ 1000 ∗ 168 ∗ 10−3 = 111.12 𝑘𝑁⁄1𝑚
6
𝑉𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 33.6 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚 < ∅𝑉𝑐 = 111.12 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
The slab thickness is enough
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛 15.76∗42
3- 𝑀+ = = = 18.01 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
14 14
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 ∅ = 0.9
2.36 ∗ 18.01 ∗ 106

1 ± √1 −
0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1682 ∗ 28
𝜌=
420
1.18 (
28 )
5
One way slabs
𝜌 = 0.00171
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00171 ∗ 1000 ∗ 168 = 287.28 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
for 𝑓𝑦 = 420 → 𝜌 𝑠ℎ𝑟. = 0.0018

𝜌 𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 𝜌 𝑠ℎ𝑟.
28 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.018 > 𝜌 ∴ 𝑜𝑘 ∅ = 0.9
420 0.003 + 0.005
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 200 = 360 𝑚𝑚2 /1𝑚
𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 → 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 360
𝑛= = = 3.18 𝑏𝑎𝑟/1𝑚
area of one bar 113.1
1000
𝑆= = 314 𝑚𝑚 = 300 𝑚𝑚
3.18

450 𝑚𝑚
𝑆 = 300 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 450 𝑚𝑚
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑊 𝑙2 15.76∗42
4- 𝑀𝑢− = 𝑢 𝑛 = = 26.24 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
9 9
1000 1000
𝑛= = = 5∅12/1𝑚
𝑆 200
5∅12 5 ∗ 113.1
𝐴𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = ∅12@200𝑚𝑚 = →𝜌= = 0.00336 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛.
1𝑚 1000 ∗ 168
28 0.003
𝜌𝑡 = 0.85 ∗ 0.85 = 0.0189 > 𝜌 ∴ ∅ = 0.9
400 0.003 + 0.005
𝑓𝑦
∅𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
6
One way slabs
420
∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 ∗ 0.00336 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1682 ∗ 420 (1 − 0.59 ∗ 0.00336) ∗ 10−6
28
= 34.78 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/1𝑚
∅𝑀𝑛 = 34.78 > 𝑀𝑢− = 26.24 this reinforcemnt is adquate to support the applied load
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HW: The floor system shown in the Figure below supports a service live load of 5 kN/m2
and a service dead load 3 kN/m2 (not include slab weight). Use 𝑓𝑐′ = 23 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 =
420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 to answer the flowing.
1- Classify the floor system into one way or two way solid slab.
2- What is the minimun slab thickness that should be used to control deflection and
shear requirement? (use one thickness for all slabs)
3- By using Ø 12 mm rebar, what is the required positive reinforcement?
4- If the top reinforcement at interior support is Ø 12 mm @150 mm, show if this
reinforcemnt is adquate to support the applied load?
7
One way slabs
Problems
1- For the floor system shown in Figure below, support service live load 4 KN/m 2 and service
dead load 5KN/m2. Answer the flowing.
a) Classify the floor system into one way or two way solid slab.
b) What is the minimun slab thickness that should be used to control deflection and shear
requirement?
c) By using Ø 12 mm rebar, what is the required positive and nagative reinforcement?
d) Sketch the detail of reinforcement.
Use: 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑝𝑎, 𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑝𝑎 ,
2- The floor of building shown below is design to carry its self-weight, service dead load
of 6 kN/m2 and service live load of 4 kN/m2. The slab thickness is 170 mm reinforced by
Ø10 mm @150 mm top and bottom.
1- Check the adequacy of the slab thickness.

2- Can the floor carry the applied load?
use: 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑝𝑎, 𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑝𝑎 , 𝑏𝑤 = 300𝑚𝑚
8
One way slabs
3- Design the floor system shown below to support service live load=5 kN/m 2, service dead load
=4 kN/m2 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑝𝑎 and 𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑝𝑎.
4- Find the maximum ultimate load can be carry by the floor system shown below.
𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑝𝑎 and 𝑓𝑐′ = 28 𝑀𝑝𝑎.
9
One way slabs
5-
1- If the service dead load = 4 kN/m2, find the maximum live load can be carried by
the floor system shown below?
2- Based on the result of (1) check the adequacy of the slab thickness.
10
Two way slabs
Two way slabs-1
Dr Othman Hameed
Two way slabs
Lecture (11)
Two way slabs
Two way solid slabs
1. Introduction
When the slab is supported on all four sides and the length, L, is less than twice the
width, S, the slab will deflect in two directions, and the loads on the slab are transferred
to all four supports. This slab is referred to as a two-way slab.
The bending moments and deflections in such slabs are less than those in one-way
slabs; thus, the same slab can carry more loads when supported on four sides. The load
in this case is carried in two directions, and the bending moment in each direction is
much less than the bending moment in the slab if the loads were carried in a one
direction only. Typical slab–beam–girder arrangements of one-way and two-way slabs
are shown in the Figure below.
2
Two way slabs
2. Type of Two Way Slab

1- Two-Way Slabs on Beams: This case occurs when the two-way slab is supported by
beams on all four sides. The loads from the slab are transferred to all four
supporting beams, which, in turn, transfer the loads to the columns, as shown in
Figure (a) below.
2- Flat-Plate: A flat-plate floor is a two-way slab system consisting of a uniform slab

that rests directly on columns and does not have beams or column capitals as
shown in Figure (c) below. In this case, the column tends to punch through the
slab, producing diagonal tensile stresses. Therefore, a general increase in the slab
thickness is required or special reinforcement is used.
3- Flat plate with column capital and/or panel drop: A flat slab is a two-way slab
reinforced in two directions that usually does not have beams or girders. The loads
are transferred to the drop panel and column capitals, as shown in Figure (b)
below.
4- Two-Way Ribbed Slabs and the Waffle Slab System: This type of slab consists of a
floor slab with a length-to-width ratio less than 2. The thickness of the slab is
usually 5 to 10 cm and is supported by ribs (or joists) in two directions. The ribs are
arranged in each direction at spacings of about, producing square or rectangular
shapes. The ribs can also be arranged at or from the centerline of slabs, producing
architectural shapes at the soffit of the slab, as shown in Figure (d) below.
3
Two way slabs
Types of two way slab: (a) slab on beams, (b) flat plate, (c) flat slab (with column capital
and/or drop panel, (d) waffle slab
Flat slab with column capital and drop panel
4
Two way slabs
The ACI Code specifies two methods for the design of two-way slabs:
1. The direct design method DDM (ACI Code, Section 13.6)
Is an approximate procedure for the analysis and design of two-way slabs. It is limited
to slab systems subjected to uniformly distributed loads and supported on equally or
nearly equally spaced columns.
The method uses a set of coefficients to determine the design moments at critical
sections. Two-way slab systems that do not meet the limitations of the ACI Code,
Section 13.6.1, must be analyzed by more accurate procedures.
2. The equivalent frame method EFM (ACI Code, Section 13.7)

Is one in which a three-dimensional building is divided into a series of two-
dimensional equivalent frames by cutting the building along lines midway between
columns.
The resulting frames are considered separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by floor.
The systems that do not meet the requirements permitting analysis by the "direct
design method" of the present code, has led many engineers to continue to use the
design method of the 1963 ACI Code (The coefficient method)
5
Two way slabs
The Coefficient Method (method three)
is a quick hand-method of calculating the moments in two-way slabs supported by

edge beams. The Coefficient Method was first included in the 1963 edition of the ACI
Code as a method to design two-way slabs supported on all four sides by walls, steel
beams, or deep beams. The Coefficient Method is not included in current versions of
the ACI Code 318, but it can still be used for two-way slab systems with edge beams.
Design Two Way Solid Slab by Coefficient Method (method 3)

The panel must be divided into middle strips and column strips in both the short and
long directions. The width of the middle strip in each direction is equal to ½ the clear
span length. The 2 edge strips are then ¼ the width of the clear span length.
Moment at column strip and middle strip are computed by:
𝑀𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑊𝑢 𝐿2𝑎
𝑀𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑊𝑢 𝐿2𝑏
6
Two way slabs
Where:
𝑀𝑎 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝑏 = 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶𝑎 & 𝐶𝑏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐿𝑎 &𝐿𝑏 = 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
𝑊𝑢 = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
1
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙
2
1
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙
4
As expected in two-way slabs, the moments in both directions are larger in the
center portion of the slab than the edges. Therefore, the middle strip must be designed
for the maximum tabulated moment. In the edge strips, the strips must be designed for
1/3 of the maximum value of the calculated moment.
Table of coefficients
The ACI Coefficient Tables are designed to give you appropriate coefficients based on the
edge conditions of the slab. To give you an idea of different edge conditions, see the
floor plan below:
It is seen that some panels, such as A, have

two discontinuous exterior edges, while the
other edges are continuous with their
neighbors. Panel B has one edge
discontinuous and three continuous edges,
the interior panel C has all edges
continuous, and so on.
At a continuous edge in a slab, moments

are negative, just as at interior supports of
7
Two way slabs
continuous beams. Also, the magnitude of the positive moments depends on the
conditions of continuity at all four edges.
Note
Table 1: gives the moment coefficients for Negative Moments at Continuous Edges. The
coefficient you use depends on the ratio of la/lb and the edge conditions of the panel in
question. The maximum negative edge moment occurs when both panels adjacent to an
edge are fully loaded. Negative moments at discontinuous (free) edges are assumed to
be 1/3 of the positive moment in the same direction.
8
Two way slabs
9
Two way slabs
Table 2: gives the moment coefficients for Positive Moment due to Dead Load
10
Two way slabs
Table 3: gives the moment coefficient for Positive Moment due to Live Load. This table is
used in the same manner as Table 2. The reason for the separation of Dead and Live load
positive moments is due to Live load placement to achieve maximum effect. For live load,
the maximum positive moment in the panel occurs when the full live load is on the panel
and not on any adjacent panel. This produces rotations at all continuous edges of the
panel which require restraining moments. Dead load across all the panels creates
rotations that cancel each other out (or closely enough).
11
Two way slabs
Table 4 provides the coefficients for determining shear in the slab and loads on edge
beams.
12
Two way slabs
Two way slabs-2
Dr Othman Hameed
Two way slabs
Lecture (12)
Two way slabs
6 Slab Reinforcement According to ACI 13.3
The main reinforcement for the two-way edge-supported slab panel should be placed
orthogonally (parallel and perpendicular) to the slab edges. The reinforcement in the
short direction (la) should be placed below the reinforcement in the long direction (lb).
Negative reinforcement should be placed perpendicular to the supporting edge beams.
1- Area of reinforcement in each direction for two-way slab systems shall be

determined from moments at critical sections but not less than minimum
reinforcement.
2- Spacing of reinforcement at critical sections shall not exceed two times the slab
thickness.
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. ≤ 2𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
3- Positive moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge should
extend to the edge of slab and have embedment, straight or hooked, at least 150
mm in spandrel beams, columns, or walls.
4- Negative moment reinforcement perpendicular to a discontinuous edge shall be
bent, hooked, or otherwise anchored in spandrel beams, columns, or Walls.
5- At exterior corners of slabs supported by edge walls or where one or more edge,
top and bottom reinforcement shall be provided at exterior corners in accordance
with 13.3.6.1 through 13.3.6.4.
13.3.6.1- Corner reinforcement in both top and bottom of the slab should be
sufficient to resist a moment per unit width equal to the maximum positive
moment per unit width in the slab panel.
13.3.6.2 - The moment shall be assumed to be about an axis perpendicular to the
diagonal from the corner in the top of the slab and about an axis parallel to the
diagonal from the corner in the bottom of the slab.
2
Two way slabs
13.3.6.3- Corner reinforcement shall be provided for a distance in each direction

from the corner equal to one-fifth the longer span.
13.3.6.4- Corner reinforcement shall be placed parallel to the diagonal in the top of
the slab and perpendicular to the diagonal in the bottom of the slab.
7. Minimum Slab Thickness of Two Way Solid Slab
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 2(𝑙𝑎 +𝑙𝑏 )

180
- Minimum slab thickness= 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑜𝑓 {
90 𝑚𝑚
8. Shear Strength of Two Way Solid Slab

In a two way floor system, the slab must have adequate thickness to resist both bending
moments and shear forces at the critical sections. To investigate the shear capacity of
two way slabs, the following condition should be satisfied.
1
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 ≤ ∅ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑑
6
3
Two way slabs
Procedure of solution
𝐿𝑏 (𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔)
1- Check = if < 2
𝐿𝑎 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡)
𝐿𝑎 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡)
2- Find the case of the slab and then find m=
𝐿𝑏 (𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔)
3- Find the slab thickness by applying

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 2(𝑙𝑎 +𝑙𝑏 )
180
Minimum slab thickness= 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑜𝑓 {
90 𝑚𝑚
4- Find effective depth in the short direction (𝑑𝑠 ) and an effective depth in the long
direction (𝑑𝑙 ). Use table 4 to find the ratio of load that transfers to each direction
𝑑𝑏 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡)
𝑑𝑠 = ℎ − 20 −
2
𝑑𝑏 (𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔)
𝑑𝑙 = ℎ − 20 − 𝑑𝑏 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡) −
2
5- Check shear at the critical section (short direction and use 𝑑𝑠 )

1
𝑉𝑢 @𝑑 ≤ ∅ √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏 𝑑
6
6- Find the moment transferred to the middle strip of the short direction (positive and
negative moment) and the middle strip of the long direction (positive and negative
moment).
For negative moment use table 1
For positive moment use table 2 and 3
7- Use the equation of singly reinforcement to find 𝜌 (use 𝑑𝑠 for shot direction and 𝑑𝑙 for
the long direction).
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 ′ 𝜌)
𝑓 𝑐
do not forget that
use ∅ = 0.9 and b=1000 mm
4
Two way slabs
8- Check the minimum steel reinforcement ratio
for 𝑓𝑦 = 280 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑡𝑜 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.002
for 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018

0.0018 ∗ 420
for 𝑓𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 → 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = ≥ 0.0014
𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑏 ℎ
If 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. then, use 𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛.
𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. ∗ 1000 ∗ ℎ
9- Check 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. < 𝜌 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥.
𝑓𝑐` 0.003
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 (0.003 + 0.004)
10- Calculate 𝑆 and 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥.
𝐴𝑠.
𝑛=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
1000
𝑠=
𝑛
Calculate 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥.
(2𝑡)
450 𝑚𝑚
Then, chose the minimum one
11- Draw the detail of the section and reinforcement.
5
Two way slabs
Two way slabs-3
Dr Othman Hameed
Two way slabs
Lecture (13)
Two way solid slabs
Ex-1: For the reinforced concrete floor shown in the Figure below, design the slab to
𝑘𝑁
carry service live load 5 and dead load due to:
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
Self-weight, 3 cm tiles, 2 cm mortar, 2 cm plaster and 2 partition.
𝑚2
𝑓𝑐′ = 20 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 300 𝑚𝑚
Solution:
𝑙𝑎 = 6.5 − 0.3 = 6.2𝑚
𝑙𝑏 = 8 − 0.3 = 7.7𝑚
1- Find the type of the slab

𝑙𝑏 7.7
= = 1.24 < 2 → 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑙𝑎 6.2
2- Find slab thickness

2(𝑙𝑎 + 𝑙𝑏 ) 2 × (6200 + 7700)
ℎ= = = 154
180 180
≅ 160𝑚𝑚
3- Find the ultimate load

- Dead load
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Material 𝛾 𝑊 = 𝛾 × ℎ =
𝑚2 𝑚2
Tiles 22 22X0.03=0.66
mortar 22 22X0.02=0.44
Self-weight of slab 25 25X0.16=4
plaster 22 22X0.02=0.44
partition 2
Total dead load 7.54
2
Two way slabs
𝑘𝑁
Factored dead load= 1.2*7.54=9.048
𝑚2
- Live load
𝑘𝑁
Factored live load= 1.6*5=8
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 9.048 + 8 = 17
𝑚2
4- Check the shear requirement
𝑙𝑎
𝑚= = 0.81
𝑙𝑏
To find the value of shear go to table 4
a- Short direction
𝑙𝑎
𝑊𝑎 ( = 0.80) = 0.71
𝑙𝑏
And
𝑙𝑎 𝑚 = 0.81
𝑊𝑎 ( = 0.85) = 0.66
𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑎
𝑊𝑎 ( = 0.81) = 0.7
𝑙𝑏
b- Long direction
𝑙𝑎
𝑊𝑏 ( = 0.80) = 0.29
𝑙𝑏
And
𝑙𝑎
𝑊𝑏 ( = 0.85) = 0.34
𝑙𝑏
𝑙𝑎
𝑊𝑏 ( = 0.81) = 0.3
𝑙𝑏
3
Two way slabs
The reactions of the slab are calculated from Table 4, which indicates that 70% of the
load is transmitted in the short direction and 30% in the long direction.
𝑤𝑢𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑤𝑢𝑎 𝑙𝑎
= 36.89 = 36.89
2 2
𝑉𝑢@𝑑 = 36.89 − 0.134 × 11.9 = 35.3 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
√20
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × × 1000 × 134 × 10−3 = 74.9𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
6
∅𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢@𝑑 𝑜𝑘 12
𝑑 = 160 − 20 − = 134 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
4
Two way slabs
5- Find flexural moment
Short direction
1- Negative moment at continuous edge. Use table 1
Negative moment/short
m factor length load Moment ds As
0.81 0.07 6.2 17 45.74 134
𝑀𝑎− = 𝐶𝑎 𝑊𝑙𝑎2
𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑎 ( = 0.80) = 0.071 & 𝐶𝑎 ( = 0.85) = 0.066 → 𝐶𝑎 ( = 0.81) = 0.07
𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏 𝑙𝑏
− 2
𝑀𝑎 = 0.07 × 17 × 6.2 = 45.74 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
2- Positive moment at mid span. Use table 2&3

Positive moment/ short
Factor load Moment Total
m length ds As
D L D L D L moment
+
𝑀𝑎𝑑 = 𝐶𝑎𝑑 𝑊𝑑 𝑙𝑎2 …table 2
𝐶𝑎𝑑 ( = 0.80) = 0.039 & 𝐶𝑎𝑑 ( = 0.85) = 0.036 → 𝐶𝑎𝑑 ( = 0.81) = 0.038
+
𝑀𝑎𝑑 = 0.038 × 9.048 × 6.22 = 13.35 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
+
𝑀𝑎𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑙𝑎2 …table 3
𝐶𝑎𝐿 ( = 0.80) = 0.048 & 𝐶𝑎𝐿 ( = 0.85) = 0.043 → 𝐶𝑎𝐿 ( = 0.81) = 0.047
+
𝑀𝑎𝐿 = 0.047 × 8 × 6.22 = 14.45𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
+ +
𝑀𝑎+ = 𝑀𝑎𝑑 + 𝑀𝑎𝐿 = 13.35 + 14.45 = 27.8 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
3- Negative moment at discontinuous edge= 1/3 positive moment
=1/3*27.8=9.27 kN.m/m
===============================================================
5
Two way slabs
Long direction
Negative moment/Long direction
m factor length load Moment dL As
𝑀𝑏− = 𝐶𝑏 𝑊𝑙𝑏2
𝐶𝑏 ( = 0.80) = 0.029 & 𝐶𝑏 ( = 0.85) = 0.034 → 𝐶𝑏 ( = 0.81) = 0.03
𝑀𝑏− = 0.03 × 17 × 7.72 = 30.23 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

Positive moment/Long direction
Factor load Moment Total
m length dL As
D L D L D L moment
+
𝑀𝑏𝑑 = 𝐶𝑏𝑑 𝑊𝑑 𝑙𝑏2 …table 2
𝐶𝑏𝑑 ( = 0.80) = 0.016 & 𝐶𝑏𝑑 ( = 0.85) = 0.019 → 𝐶𝑏𝑑 ( = 0.81) = 0.0166
+
𝑀𝑏𝑑 = 0.0166 × 9.048 × 7.72 = 8.91 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
+
𝑀𝑏𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑙𝑏2 …table 3
𝐶𝑏𝐿 ( = 0.80) = 0.02 & 𝐶𝑏𝐿 ( = 0.85) = 0.023 → 𝐶𝑏𝐿 ( = 0.81) = 0.0206
+
𝑀𝑏𝐿 = 0.0206 × 8 × 7.72 = 9.77 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
𝑀𝑏+ = 𝑀𝑏𝑑
+ +
+ 𝑀𝑏𝐿 = 8.91 + 9.77 = 18.68 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

=1/3*18.68=6.22 kN.m/m
6
Two way slabs
6- Find the Flexural reinforcement

Short direction
1- Negative moment at continues edge Mu=45.74 kN.m/m
12
𝑑𝑎 = 160 − 20 − = 134 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 → 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 × 1000 × 160 = 288 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑐′ 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 × 𝛽 × × = 0.0154
𝑓𝑦 7
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
2.36 ∗ 𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
1 ± √1 −
∅ 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ( )
𝑓𝑐′
𝜌 = 0.00779
𝐴𝑠. = 0.00779 × 1000 × 134 = 1043.86 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288 𝑚𝑚2
7
Two way slabs
1044 1000
𝑛= = 5.19 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 192.6𝑚𝑚 ≈ 190𝑚𝑚
201.1 5.19
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320𝑚𝑚, 450𝑚𝑚)
S < Smax. ok, Use Ø 16 @190 mm
2- Positive moment at mid span Mu=27.8 kN.m/m

𝜌 = 0.00454

𝐴𝑠. = 0.00454 × 1000 × 134 = 608.36 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288 𝑚𝑚2
608.36 1000
𝑛= = 5.38 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 185.9 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 185 𝑚𝑚
113.1 5.38
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚) S < Smax. ok, Use Ø 12 @185 mm
3- Negative moment at discontinuous edge

1
𝐴𝑠. = × 608.36 = 202.78 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288 𝑚𝑚2 , 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛.
3
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚)
288 1000
𝑛= = 2.54 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 392 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 320 𝑚𝑚
113.1 2.54
===============================================================
Long direction
12
𝑑𝑏 = 160 − 20 − 12 − = 122 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 → 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 × 1000 × 160 = 288 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑐′ 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 × 𝛽 × × = 0.0154
𝑓𝑦 7
8
Two way slabs
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
2.36 ∗ 𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
1 ± √1 −
∅ 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ( )
𝑓𝑐′
→ 𝜌 = 0.00608
𝐴𝑠. = 0.00779 × 1000 × 122 = 741.76 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑘
741.76 1000
𝑛= = 6.55 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 150 𝑚𝑚
113.1 6.55
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚)

𝜌 = 0.00364

𝐴𝑠. = 0.00454 × 1000 × 122 = 444.36 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288𝑚𝑚2
444.36 1000
𝑛= = 3.92 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 255.1𝑚𝑚 ≈ 250𝑚𝑚
113.1 3.92
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450𝑚𝑚) S < Smax. ok, Use Ø 12 @250 mm

1
3
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚)
288 1000
113.1 2.54
===============================================================
9
Two way slabs
design the steel reinforcement for corner

The corner should be design according to max. bending positive moment of long and
short direction.
{Mu short = 27.8 kN. m/m, Mu long = 18.68 kN. m/m}
Use Ø 12 @185 mm
10
Two way slabs
HW: For the reinforced concrete floor shown in the Figure below, design the slab to carry
𝑘𝑁
service live load 6 2 and dead load due to:
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. For concrete use density=24 , for tiles, mortar and plaster
𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
used density=20
𝑚3
11
Two way slabs
Two way slabs-4
Dr Othman Hameed
Two way slabs
Lecture (14)
Two way solid slabs
Ex-2: For the reinforced concrete floor shown in the Figure below, design the slab (A) to
𝑘𝑁
carry service live load 5 2 and dead load due to:
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑓𝑐′ = 25 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. For concrete use density 24 and for tiles, mortar and
𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
plaster use density 22 .
𝑚3
Solusion
1- Find the type of the slab
𝑙𝑏 8
= = 1.33 < 2 → 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
𝑙𝑎 6
2- Find slab thickness

2(𝑙𝑎 + 𝑙𝑏 ) 2 × (6000 + 8000)
ℎ= = = 155.5 ≅ 160𝑚𝑚
180 180
2
Two way slabs
3- Find the ultimate load

- Dead load
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Material 𝛾𝑊 = 𝛾 × ℎ =
𝑚3 𝑚2
Tiles 22 22X0.03=0.66
mortar 22 22X0.03=0.66
Self-weight of slab 24 25X0.16=4
plaster 22 22X0.02=0.44
partition 3
Total dead load 8.6
𝑘𝑁
𝑚2
- Live load
𝑘𝑁
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 10.32 + 8 = 18.32
𝑚2
4- Check the shear requirement
𝑙𝑎 6
𝑚= = = 0.75 (case 8)
𝑙𝑏 8
To find the value of shear, go to table 4
𝑙
a- Short direction 𝑊𝑎 ( 𝑎 = 0.75) = 0.61
𝑙𝑏
And
b- Long direction
𝑙𝑎
𝑊𝑏 ( = 0.75) = 0.39
𝑙𝑏
The reactions of the slab are calculated from Table 4, which indicates that 61% of the
load is transmitted in the short direction and 39% in the long direction.
3
Two way slabs
For short direction
12
𝑑𝑆 = 160 − 20 − = 134 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑉𝑢@𝑑 = 33.54 − 0.134 × 11.18 = 33.04 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚

√25
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × × 1000 × 134 × 10−3 = 83.75 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
6
∅𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝑢@𝑑 𝑜𝑘
For long direction
12
𝑑𝐿 = 160 − 20 − 12 − = 122 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑉𝑢@𝑑 = 28.56 − 0.122 × 7.14 = 27.69 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
4
Two way slabs
√25
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × × 1000 × 122 × 10−3 = 76.25 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
6
Find flexural moment
Short direction
Negative moment/short
m factor length load Moment ds As
0.75 0.061 6 18.32 45.74 134
𝑀𝑎− = 𝐶𝑎 𝑊𝑙𝑎2
𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑎 ( = 0.75) = 0.061
𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑎 = 0.061 × 18.32 × 62 = 40.23 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
−

+
𝑀𝑎𝑑 = 𝐶𝑎𝑑 𝑊𝑑 𝑙𝑎2 …table 2
𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑎𝑑 ( = 0.75) = 0.036
𝑙𝑏
+
𝑀𝑎𝑑 = 0.036 × 10.32 × 62 = 13.37 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
+
𝑀𝑎𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑙𝑎2 …table 3
𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑎𝐿 ( = 0.75) = 0.049
𝑙𝑏
+
𝑀𝑎𝐿 = 0.049 × 8 × 62 = 14.11 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
+ +
𝑀𝑎+ = 𝑀𝑎𝑑 + 𝑀𝑎𝐿 = 13.37 + 14.11 = 27.48 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
=1/3*27.48=9.16 kN.m/m
5
Two way slabs
===============================================================
Long direction
Negative moment/Long direction
m factor length load Moment dL As
0.75 0.036 8 18.32 122
𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑏 ( = 0.75) = 0.036
𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑏− = 0.036 × 18.32 × 8.02 = 42.2 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚

+
𝑀𝑏𝑑 = 𝐶𝑏𝑑 𝑊𝑑 𝑙𝑏2 …table 2
𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑏𝑑 ( = 0.75) = 0.013
𝑙𝑏
+
𝑀𝑏𝑑 = 0.013 × 10.32 × 8.02 = 8.59 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
+
𝑀𝑏𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏𝐿 𝑊𝐿 𝑙𝑏2 …table 3
𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑏𝐿 ( = 0.75) = 0.016
𝑙𝑏
+
𝑀𝑏𝐿 = 0.016 × 8 × 8.02 = 8.19 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
𝑀𝑏+ = 𝑀𝑏𝑑
+ +
+ 𝑀𝑏𝐿 = 8.59 + 8.19 = 16.78 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
6
Two way slabs
Find the Flexural reinforcement

Short direction
12
𝑑𝑎 = 160 − 20 − = 134 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 → 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 × 1000 × 160 = 288 𝑚𝑚2
25 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 × 𝛽 × × = 0.0184
420 7
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
2.36 ∗ 𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
1 ± √1 −
∅ 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ( )
𝑓𝑐′
𝜌 = 0.006324
7
Two way slabs
𝐴𝑠. = 0.006324 × 1000 × 134 = 847.4 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288 𝑚𝑚2
847.4 1000
𝑛= = 7.5 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 133 𝑚𝑚 ≈ 130𝑚𝑚
113.04 7.5
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320𝑚𝑚, 450𝑚𝑚)
Or Use Ø 16 @230 mm
2.36 ∗ 𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
1 ± √1 −
∅ 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ( )
𝑓𝑐′
𝜌 = 0.004226
𝐴𝑠. = 0.004226 × 1000 × 134 = 566.2 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288 𝑚𝑚2
566.2 1000
𝑛= = 5.0 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 200 𝑚𝑚
113.1 5.0
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚) S < Smax. ok, Use Ø 12 @200 mm

1
3
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚)
288 1000
113.1 2.54
Use Ø 12 @320 mm
===============================================================
8
Two way slabs
Long direction
12
𝑑𝑏 = 160 − 20 − 12 − = 122 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 → 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 × 1000 × 160 = 288 𝑚𝑚2
25 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 × 𝛽 × × = 0.0184
420 7
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
2.36 ∗ 𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
1 ± √1 −
∅ 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ( )
𝑓𝑐′
→ 𝜌 = 0.008161
𝐴𝑠. = 0.008161 × 1000 × 122 = 995.6 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑘
995.6 1000
𝑛= = 8.81 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 110 𝑚𝑚
113.1 8.81
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚)
Or, Use Ø 16 @200 mm

12
𝑑𝑏 = 160 − 20 − 12 − = 122 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 → 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 × 1000 × 160 = 288 𝑚𝑚2
25 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 × 𝛽 × × = 0.0184
420 7
9
Two way slabs
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
2.36 ∗ 𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
1 ± √1 −
∅ 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ( )
𝑓𝑐′
→ 𝜌 = 0.003076
𝐴𝑠. = 0.003076 × 1000 × 122 = 375.3 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 288 𝑚𝑚2 𝑜𝑘
375.3 1000
𝑛= = 8.81 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 300 𝑚𝑚
113.1 8.81
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 320 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚)
===============================================================
Short Long
location
Moment kN.m/m As Moment kN.m/m As
Positive 27.48 Ø 12 @200 16.78 Ø 12 @300
Negative continuous 40.23 Ø 12 @130 40.23 Ø 12 @110
Negative discontinuous 9.16 Ø 12 @320 ------------- -----------
10
Two way slabs
HW-2: For the reinforced concrete floor shown in the Figure below, design the slab (B) to
𝑘𝑁
carry service live load 6 2 and dead load due to:
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑓𝑐′ = 22 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎. For concrete use density 24 and for tiles, mortar and
𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
plaster use density 22 .
𝑚3
11
Two way slabs
Two way slabs-5
Dr Othman Hameed
Two way slabs
Lecture (15)
Two way solid slabs
Ex-3: For the floor system shown in the figure below use:
- live load 5 kN/m2
- The service dead load consists of self-weight, 2 cm tiles, 2 cm mortar, and 1.5 cm
𝑘𝑁
plaster. (use concrete density 25 3 while the density of tiles, mortar and plaster is
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
22 3)
𝑚
- 𝑓𝑐′ = 30 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 300 𝑚𝑚
Answer the following:
1- Classify the floor system into one way or two way.
2- Find the slab thickness to satisfy deflection requirement. (use one thickness for all
slabs)
3- Check the proposed slab thickness in previous step according to shear
requirement.
4- Design the continuous edge (section a-a) (middle strip) shown in Figure.
2
Two way slabs
Solution:
1)
3
Two way slabs
2) Find the slab thickness

2(𝑙𝑎 + 𝑙𝑏 ) 2 × (7500 + 8800)
ℎ= = = 181 ≅ 190𝑚𝑚
180 180
3) Check the proposed slab thickness according to shear requirement.
a- Find the ultimate load applied on slab
- Dead load
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Material 𝛾 𝑊 =𝛾×ℎ=
𝑚3 𝑚2
Self-weight of slab 25 25*0.19=4.75

Tiles 22 22*0.02=0.44
Mortar 22 22*0.02=0.44
plaster 22 22*0.015=0.33
Total dead load 5.96
𝑘𝑁
𝑚3
b- Live load
𝑘𝑁
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 7.152 + 8 = 15.15
𝑚2
Go to table 4
Panel 1
Short direction
𝑊𝑢 𝑎 = 0.66 × 15.15 = 10 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑢 𝑎 ×𝑙𝑎 10×7.5
Reaction= = = 37.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2 2
4
Two way slabs
Long direction
𝑊𝑢 𝑏 = 0.34 × 15.15 = 5.15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝑏 ×𝑙𝑏 5.15×8.8
2 2
Panel 2
Short direction
𝑊𝑢 𝑎 = 0.89 × 15.15 = 13.48 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑊𝑢 𝑎 ×𝑙𝑎 13.48 ×4.5
2 2
Long direction
𝑊𝑢 𝑏 = 0.11 × 15.15 = 1.66 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑊𝑢 𝑏 ×𝑙𝑏 1.66 ×7.5

2 2
5
Two way slabs
12
𝑑𝑎 = 190 − 20 − = 164 𝑚𝑚
2
12
𝑑𝑏 = 190 − 20 − 12 − = 152 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑉𝑢 @ 𝑑 = 37.5 − 10 × 0.164 = 35.86 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚

√30
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 × × 1000 × 164 × 10−3 = 112.28 𝑘𝑁/1𝑚
6
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
4) Design section a-a

Panle1
Long direction, la=8.8m, case4 and m=0.85
Negative moment at discontinuous edge
𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑏 ( = 0.85) = 0.034
𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑏− = 0.034 × 15.15 × 8.82 = 39.89 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
Panle2
Short direction, la=4.5m, case4 and m=0.6
Negative moment at discontinuous edge
𝑙𝑎
𝐶𝑏 ( = 0.6) = 0.089
𝑙𝑏
𝑀𝑏− = 0.089 × 15.15 × 4.52 = 27.3 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
6
Two way slabs
Note:
In continuous edge, there are two values for the negative moment, therefore the
following condition should be considered:
𝑀𝑢 1 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑀𝑢 2 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑢 1
𝑖𝑓 ≥ 0.8 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑢 2
𝑀𝑢 1
𝑖𝑓 < 0.8 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑀𝑢 2
1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢 1 + (∆𝑀) × 𝑙𝑠
1 1
+
𝑙𝑠 𝑙𝐿
Where:
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
∆𝑀 = 𝑀𝑢 2 − 𝑀𝑢 1
𝑙𝑠 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑙𝐿 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
7
Two way slabs
27.3
= 0.68 < 0.8
39.89
1 1
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢 1 + (∆𝑀) × 𝑙𝑠 = 27.3 + (39.89 − 27.3) × 4.5 = 35.6 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚/𝑚
1 1 1 1
+ +
𝑙𝑠 𝑙𝐿 4.5 8.8
Find the reinforcement
12
𝑑𝑎 = 190 − 20 − = 164 𝑚𝑚
2
12
𝑑𝑏 = 190 − 20 − 12 − = 152 𝑚𝑚
2
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 → 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 0.0018 × 1000 × 190 = 342 𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑐′ 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 × 𝛽 × × = 0.0154
𝑓𝑦 7
Table 22.2.2.4.3—Values of β1 for equivalent rectangular

Concrete stress distribution
′
𝑓𝑐 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝛽1
′
a 17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 ≤ 28 0.85
′
28 < 𝑓𝑐 ≤ 55 0.05(𝑓𝑐` − 28)
b 0.85 −
7
c 𝑓𝑐′ > 55 0.65
0.05(𝑓𝑐` − 28) 0.05(30 − 28)

𝛽 = 0.85 − = 0.85 − = 0.836
7 7
30 3
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.85 × 0.836 × × = 0.0228
400 7
8
Two way slabs
𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝜌 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59 𝜌)
𝑓𝑐′
2.36 ∗ 𝑀𝑢 ∗ 106
1 ± √1 −
∅ 𝑏 𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐′
𝜌=
𝑓𝑦
1.18 ( )
𝑓𝑐′
Use depth of the long direction (𝑑𝑎 = 164 𝑚𝑚)
2.36 ∗ 35.6 ∗ 106

1 ± √1 −
0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 1522 ∗ 30
𝜌=
400
1.18 (
30 )
𝜌 = 0.00443
𝐴𝑠. = 0.00443 × 1000 × 152 = 673.36 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛. = 342 𝑚𝑚2
673.36 1000
𝑛= = 5.95 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛 1 𝑚 → 𝑠 = = 168 𝑚𝑚
113.1 5.95
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑜𝑓 (2ℎ = 380 𝑚𝑚, 450 𝑚𝑚)
9
Two way slabs
10
Load transferred to beams
Load transferred to
beams
Dr Othman Hameed
Lecture (16)
Load Paths
Structural system transfer loads from the floors and roof to ground though load paths
that need clearly identified in the design process.
Identifying the correct path is important for determining the load carried by each structural
member.
The distributed load over the floor has unit (force/ area) kN/m2
In order to design the beam, the tributary load from the floor carried by beam and
distributed over the span is determined. This load has unit (force/ distance) kN/m.
* If L/S ≥ 2 the load will transfer to beam by one way path as shown in the below
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑆1
𝑊( ) = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 ( 2 ) ×
𝑚 𝑚 2
2
* If L/S < 2 the load will transfer on beam by two way which are bounded by 45-
dgree lines drawn from corner of the panel as shown in figure below.
Uniform distributed load transfer to short

direction beam from each panel
Wu . 𝑆
Wu S =
3
While the Uniform distributed load transfer to

long direction beam from each panel
Wu . 𝑆 3 − 𝑚2
Wu L = ∗
3 2
3
Where:
Wu =uniform distributed load supported by slab (kN/m2).
Wu L = equivalent load transferred from slab to beam of long direction (kN/m).
Wu S = equivalent load transferred from slab to beam of short direction (kN/m).
S = length of short direction.
L = length of long direction.
m = ratio of S/L
For Roof
The load transferred to beams of roof consists of:
1- Load transferred from slabs (one way or two ways)
2- Load transferred from walls (if any)
3- Load transferred from parapet (if any)
For Floor
The load transferred to beams of floor consists of:
1- Load transferred from slabs (one way or two ways)
2- Load transferred from partitions (if any)
Ex:1
𝑘𝑁
The roof system shown in the figure below carries an ultimate load of 5 , find the
𝑚2
following
1- The load transferred to the beam AB.
2- The load transferred to the beam CD
3- The load transferred to the beam EF
4- The load transferred to the beam DE
Notes
- The parapet dimension is 500 mm height and 200 mm thickness.
- A brick wall of 1.5 m height and 125 mm thickness is located at the edge beams of roof
- All beams of the first floor carry a brick wall of 3 m height and 250 mm thickness
4
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
- The densities of concrete and wall are 24 3
and 18 , respectively.
𝑚 𝑚3
Solution
1- The load transferred to the beam AB
- From slabs
Wu . 𝑆 5×5 𝑘𝑁
Wu S = = = 8.33
3 3 𝑚
- From parapets
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 0.5 × 0.2 × 24 = 2.88
𝑚
- From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 1.5 × 0.125 × 18 = 4.05
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Total load transferred to beam AB=8.33 + 2.88 + 4.05 = 15.26
𝑚
5
2- The load transferred to the beam CD

- From two way slab
Wu . 𝑆 5×5 𝑘𝑁
Wu S = = = 8.33
3 3 𝑚
- From one way slab

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑆 2 𝑘𝑁
𝑊( ) = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 ( 2 ) × = 5 × = 5
𝑚 𝑚 2 2 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Total load transferred to beam CD=8.33 + 5 = 13.33
𝑚
3- The load transferred to beam EF

5 2
Wu . 𝑆 3 − 𝑚 5 × 5 3 − (8)
2
𝑘𝑁
Wu L =2× ∗ = ∗ = 21.74
3 2 3 2 𝑚
4- The load transferred to the beam DE

Wu S = 0
6
Ex:2
𝑘𝑁
The first floor system shown in the figure below carries a dead load of 4 and a live load
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
of 6 find the load transferred to beams B1, B2, B3, B4, and b5
𝑚2
Notes
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
- The densities of concrete and wall are 24 and 20 , respectively.
𝑚3 𝑚3
7
Ex:3
The slab system shown in the figure below carries the following loads
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
- For the first floor, a dead load of 4 and a live load of 6
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
- For the roofs, a dead load of 4 and a live load of 2
𝑚2 𝑚2
1-Find the load transferred to beams B1, B2, and B3 of the first floor
2-Find the load transferred to beams B1, B2, and B3 of the roofs
3- Draw the frame 1-1
Notes
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑚3 𝑚3
8
Load transferred to
beams-2
Dr Othman Hameed
Lecture (17)
Ex:2
𝑘𝑁
The first floor system shown in the figure below carries a dead load of 4 and a live load
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
of 6 find the load transferred to beams B1, B2, B3, B4, and b5
𝑚2
Notes
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
- The densities of concrete and wall are 24 3
and 20 , respectively.
𝑚 𝑚3
2
Solution
𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝐷 + 1.6𝑊𝐿 = 1.2 × 4 + 1.6 × 6 = 14.4
𝑚2
1- The load transferred to the beam B1
- From two way slab
Wu . 𝑆 14.4 × 6 𝑘𝑁
Wu S = = = 28.8
3 3 𝑚
- From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 3 × 0.25 × 20 = 18
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Total load transferred to beam B1=28.8 + 18 = 46.8
𝑚

- From slabs
6 2
Wu . 𝑆 3 − 𝑚 2
14.4 × 6 3 − (8) 𝑘𝑁
Wu L = 2 × ∗ =2× ∗ = 70.2
3 2 3 2 𝑚
- From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 3 × 0.25 × 20 = 18
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑚

- From two way slabs
Wu . 𝑆 14.4 × 6 𝑘𝑁
Wu S = = = 28.8
3 3 𝑚
- From one way slab
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑆 2.5 𝑘𝑁
𝑊( ) = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 ( 2 ) × = 14.4 × = 18
𝑚 𝑚 2 2 𝑚
3
- From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 3 × 0.25 × 20 = 18
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Total load transferred to beam B3=28.8 + 18 + 18 = 64.8
𝑚

Wu S = 0
- From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 3 × 0.25 × 20 = 18
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
Total load transferred to beam B4=0 + 18 = 18
𝑚

- From slabs
6 2
Wu . 𝑆 3 − 𝑚 14.4 × 6 3 − (8)
2
𝑘𝑁
Wu L =2× ∗ =2× ∗ = 70.2
3 2 3 2 𝑚
- From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 3 × 0.25 × 20 = 18
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑚
4
Ex:3
The slab system shown in the figure below carries the following loads
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
- For the roofs, a dead load of 4 and a live load of 2
𝑚2 𝑚2
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
- For the first floor, a dead load of 4 and a live load of 6
𝑚2 𝑚2
1-Find the load transferred to beams B1, B2, and B3 of the roofs
2-Find the load transferred to beams B1, B2, and B3 of the first floor
3- Draw the frame 1-1
Notes
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑚3 𝑚3
5
1- load transferred to beams B1, B2, and B3 of the roofs

𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝐷 + 1.6𝑊𝐿 = 1.2 × 4 + 1.6 × 2 = 8
𝑚2
- The load transferred to the beam B1
- From slabs
6 2
Wu . 𝑆 3 − 𝑚 8 × 6 3 − (8)
2
𝑘𝑁
Wu L =2× ∗ =2× ∗ = 39
3 2 3 2 𝑚
- The load transferred to the beam B2=0

- From slabs
6 2
Wu . 𝑆 3 − 𝑚 8 × 6 3 − (8)
2
𝑘𝑁
Wu L =2× ∗ =2× ∗ = 39
3 2 3 2 𝑚
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- load transferred to beams B1, B2, and B3 of the first floor

𝑘𝑁
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝑊𝐷 + 1.6𝑊𝐿 = 1.2 × 4 + 1.6 × 6 = 14.4
𝑚2
- The load transferred to beam B1
From slabs
6 2
Wu . 𝑆 3 − 𝑚 2
14.4 × 6 3 − ( ) 𝑘𝑁
Wu L =2× ∗ =2× ∗ 8 = 70.2
3 2 3 2 𝑚
- From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 3 × 0.25 × 20 = 18
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑚
6

From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 3 × 0.25 × 20 = 18
𝑚
From slabs
6 2
Wu . 𝑆 3 − 𝑚 8 × 6 3 − (8)
2
𝑘𝑁
Wu L =2× ∗ =2× ∗ = 70.2
3 2 3 2 𝑚
- From walls
𝑘𝑁
1.2 × 3 × 0.25 × 20 = 18
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑚
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- Drawing of frame 1-1

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Shear of reinforced concrete beams

Figure (1) Shear Failure (diagonal crack)

Figure (2) flexural Failure (vertical crack)

Computation of Maximum Factored Shear Force (ACI 11.1.3)

Design to Resist Shear

∅ 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

∅ = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.75

𝑉𝑐 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Types of Shear Reinforcement (ACI 11.4.1)

Figure 5: Datils of shear reinforcement

Web Reinforcement (Shear Reinforcement)

Figure 6: types of stirrups

Three Cases for Shear Reinforcement are available

Spacing Limits (maximum spacing) for Shear Reinforcement (ACI11.4.5)

Design Procedure for Shear Reinforcement

𝜆 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒

Use 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. calculated from point (6)

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 103.1 = 77.33 𝑘𝑁

0.5 ∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.5 ∗ 77.33 = 38.66 𝑘𝑁

No shear reinforcement required

𝑉𝑢 = 92 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 77.33 𝑘𝑁 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

• Check the spacing limitation (S)

S>Smax. Use S=250 mm Ø10 mm@250 mm

𝑉𝑢 = 236 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 77.33𝑘𝑁 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

• Check the spacing limitation (S)

S< Smax. Use S=100 mm Ø10 mm@100 mm

𝑉𝑢 = 473 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 77.33𝑘𝑁 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

Increase section dimension

1- Stirrups are vertical.

1-Stirrups are vertical.

1- Find an ultimate shear force @distance (d)

∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.75 ∗ 159 = 119.25 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑢 = 222.5 𝑘𝑁 > ∅𝑉𝑐 = 119.25 𝑘𝑁 → 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

3- Find shear force resisted by shear reinforcement

6- Check the spacing limitation (S)

S< Smax Use Ø10mm @270mm

Note: add 50 mm as a cover for the stirrups

2-Stirrups are inclined by 45˚.

Same previous steps

S> Smax Use Ø10mm @300mm

1- Find the shear force at the critical section

5- Check the spacing limitation (S)

S < S max. Use Ø10mm @200 mm

Wu = 1.2 D.L+1.6 L.L= 88 kN/m

5- Check the spacing limitation (S)

S < S max. Use Ø10mm @190mm

6- Classify the factored shear force

Stirrups is required from 0 to 2280 mm (3500-1220=2280) (Use Ø10mm @190mm) (Zone C)

𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 270 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝐵 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 2280 𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑜 2890 𝑚𝑚)

1- Simple formula (ACI 11.3)

Al Muthanna University Serviceability limit states-

1.1 Control of Cracking under Service

Use 𝛽 = 1.2 then

1471.8 × 65 + 759.88 × (75 + 65)

𝑓𝑠 = 0.6𝑓𝑦 = 0.6 × 420 = 252 𝑀𝑃𝑎

1- Find the spacing (S) of Ø10 mm stirrups at a critical section.

1- Find the spacing (S) of Ø10 mm stirrups at a critical section.

Al Muthanna University Serviceability limit states-