English for
Academic and
Professional
Purposes
Week 3
3
Design, test, and revise
survey questionnaires
English for Academic and Professional Purposes
How optimistic are you
about the current conditions
facing the country?
• Not optimistic at all
• Somewhat optimistic
• Optimistic
• Very optimistic
How likely will you
recommend Pampanga
to your friends to visit?
Is digital technology
making children's lives
better?
How would you rate the
food you had for
breakfast?
How excited are you about
going to school today?
Research Report
Data
Data is a collection of facts, figures, objects,
symbols, and events gathered from different
sources. Organizations collect data with various
data collection methods to make better decisions.
Without data, it would be difficult for organizations
to make appropriate decisions, so data is collected
from different audiences at various points in time.
[Link]
Collection of Data
The process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest, in an established
systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate
outcomes.
[Link]
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
Before Data Collection
Be sure to obtain
necessary permission 1
and clearance
Be sensitive to the
needs of participants 2
Be sure that the data is
handled and analyzed by an
adequately trained,
objective and unbiased 3
individual
[Link]
Data Collection Methods
Primary Data Secondary Data
a type of data that has not been a type of data that has already
around before, can be divided been published in books,
into two groups: quantitative newspapers, magazines,
and qualitative journals, online portals etc.
Primary Data Collection Methods
Quantitative Data Qualitative Data
based on mathematical do not involve numbers or
calculations in various formats. mathematical calculations, and
Methods of quantitative data closely associated with words,
collection and analysis include sounds, feeling, emotions,
questionnaires with closed-ended colors and other elements
questions, methods of correlation that are non-quantifiable.
and regression, mean, mode and [Link]
median and others.
Primary Data Collection Methods
[Link]
Surveys
Surveys are a method of gathering
information from a group of
individuals by asking them questions.
Surveys can be conducted through
various mediums such as paper and
pencil, online forms, telephone, or
face-to-face interviews.
[Link]
Questionnaire
A specific tool or instrument
for collecting the data can be
self-administered or
researcher administered
[Link]
Advantages of Surveys
1. Surveys provide a high level of general
capability in representing a large
population.
2. Facilitated at a low cost.
3. The questionnaires can be sent via e-
mail or fax or administered through the
Internet.
[Link]
Advantages of Surveys
4. It is often easier to find statistically
significant results than other data-gathering
methods.
5. The researcher’s own biases are eliminated.
6. There is greater precision in terms of
measuring the data gathered provided that
the questionnaire has undergone careful
scrutiny and standardization
[Link]
Crafting the Survey
Questions
1. Dichotomous Questions
A two-point scale which presents
options that are absolutely
opposite each other. This type of
response scale does not give the
respondent an opportunity to be
neutral on his answer in a question.
2. Demographic Questions
Demographic questions are
designed to help survey researchers
determine what factors may
influence a respondent’s answers,
interests, and opinions. Collecting
demographic information will
enable you to cross-tabulate and
compare subgroups to see how
responses vary between these
groups. [Link]
2. Demographic Questions
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Choice Questions
The most straightforward
question type offers a fixed
group of answer choices which
makes it easier for respondents
to complete the survey.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Choice Questions
Single-answer questions, the most
common survey question, ask
respondents to pick one from a
predetermined list of answer options.
Multiple-answer questions invite
respondents to “check all that apply”
rather than forcing a single choice.
[Link]
[Link] Choice Questions
[Link]
[Link]-Order Questions
A rank-order scale’s scores are weighted
scores in which items selected first receive
a higher value than the next ones in the
list. This value is exponential and depends
on the number of selections in your rank
order scale.
[Link] .
/
[Link]-Order Questions
[Link] .
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4. Rank-Order Questions
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4. Rank-Order Questions
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[Link] Scale
A Likert scale was developed in 1932 by Rensis
Likert, a psychologist, to better understand
the feelings of respondents given a balanced
set of choices. Likert scales are most often an
odd-numbered series of options, between 5 to
7 answer choices, evenly distributed in weight
and symmetry across the scale and ranging
from one end of a spectrum to the other.
[Link]
[Link] Scale
[Link]
[Link] Scale
[Link]
[Link] Scale
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] Scale Questions
Numerical scale is used to provide the data with interval
properties beyond just ordinal properties. Choosing the
best feedback mechanism or rating scale will depend on
what you're trying to measure and what you hope to
learn from the feedback. Numerical ratings will be
appropriate for some situations while verbal
comments will provide much more useful information in
others. There are different types of numeric scales:
ordinal, interval and ratio scales.
[Link]
6 .Number Scale Questions
[Link]
7. Open-Ended Questions
Open-ended questions are free-
form survey questions that allow
respondents to answer in open-text format
to answer based on their complete
knowledge, feeling, and understanding. The
response to this question is not limited to a
set of options.
[Link]
Questionnaires can be self-
administered or researcher-
administered.
Common Mistakes
1. Ensure your survey questions are neutral
[Link]
2. Keep a balanced set of questions
3. Avoid asking two things at once
4. Avoid leading words / questions
5. Give mutually exclusive choices
