101) What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism

and runtime polymorphism?

There are the following differences between compile-time polymorphism and
runtime polymorphism.

S compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism

N

1 In compile-time polymorphism, In runtime polymorphism, call to an overridden

call to a method is resolved at method is resolved at runtime.
compile-time.

2 It is also known as static binding, It is also known as dynamic binding, late binding,
early binding, or overloading. overriding, or dynamic method dispatch.

3 Overloading is a way to achieve Overriding is a way to achieve runtime

compile-time polymorphism in polymorphism in which, we can redefine some
which, we can define multiple particular method or variable in the derived
methods or constructors with class. By using overriding, we can give some
different signatures. specific implementation to the base class
properties in the derived class.

4 It provides fast execution It provides slower execution as compare to

because the type of an object is compile-time because the type of an object is
determined at compile-time. determined at run-time.

5 Compile-time polymorphism Run-time polymorphism provides more flexibility

provides less flexibility because because all the things are resolved at runtime.
all the things are resolved at
compile-time.

102) What is Runtime Polymorphism?

Runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a
call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-
time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference
variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is
based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.
1. class Bike{
2. void run(){System.out.println("running");}
3. }
4. class Splendor extends Bike{
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely with 60km");}
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike b = new Splendor();//upcasting
8. b.run();
9. }
10.}
Test it Now

Output:

running safely with 60km.

In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference

variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is
based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.

More details.

103) Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?

No, because method overriding is used to achieve runtime polymorphism
and data members cannot be overridden. We can override the member
functions but not the data members. Consider the example given below.

1. class Bike{
2. int speedlimit=90;
3. }
4. class Honda3 extends Bike{
5. int speedlimit=150;
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike obj=new Honda3();
8. System.out.println(obj.speedlimit);//90
9. }
Test it Now
 Output:

90
More details.

104) What is the difference between static binding and dynamic

binding?
In case of the static binding, the type of the object is determined at compile-
time whereas, in the dynamic binding, the type of the object is determined at
runtime.

Static Binding

1. class Dog{
2. private void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
3.
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. Dog d1=new Dog();
6. d1.eat();
7. }
8. }

Dynamic Binding

1. class Animal{
2. void eat(){System.out.println("animal is eating...");}
3. }
4.
5. class Dog extends Animal{
6. void eat(){System.out.println("dog is eating...");}
7.
8. public static void main(String args[]){
9. Animal a=new Dog();
10. a.eat();
11. }
12.}
 More details.

105) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class BaseTest
2. {
3. void print()
4. {
5. System.out.println("BaseTest:print() called");
6. }
7. }
8. public class Test extends BaseTest
9. {
10. void print()
11. {
12. System.out.println("Test:print() called");
13. }
14. public static void main (String args[])
15. {
16. BaseTest b = new Test();
17. b.print();
18. }
19.}

Output

Test:print() called

Explanation

It is an example of Dynamic method dispatch. The type of reference variable

b is determined at runtime. At compile-time, it is checked whether that
method is present in the Base class. In this case, it is overridden in the child
class, therefore, at runtime the derived class method is called.
 106) What is Java instanceOf operator?
The instanceof in Java is also known as type comparison operator because it
compares the instance with type. It returns either true or false. If we apply
the instanceof operator with any variable that has a null value, it returns
false. Consider the following example.

1. class Simple1{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. Simple1 s=new Simple1();
4. System.out.println(s instanceof Simple1);//true
5. }
6. }
Test it Now

Output

true

An object of subclass type is also a type of parent class. For example, if Dog
extends Animal then object of Dog can be referred by either Dog or Animal
class.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Abstraction Interview Questions

107) What is the abstraction?

Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing
only functionality to the user. It displays just the essential things to the user
and hides the internal information, for example, sending SMS where you type
the text and send the message. You don't know the internal processing
about the message delivery. Abstraction enables you to focus on what the
object does instead of how it does it. Abstraction lets you focus on what the
object does instead of how it does it.

In Java, there are two ways to achieve the abstraction.

o Abstract Class
 o Interface

More details.

108) What is the difference between abstraction and

encapsulation?
Abstraction hides the implementation details whereas encapsulation wraps
code and data into a single unit.

More details.

109) What is the abstract class?

A class that is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. It needs to
be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated. It can
have abstract methods, non-abstract methods, constructors, and static
methods. It can also have the final methods which will force the subclass not
to change the body of the method. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Bike{

2. abstract void run();
3. }
4. class Honda4 extends Bike{
5. void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}
6. public static void main(String args[]){
7. Bike obj = new Honda4();
8. obj.run();
9. }
10.}
Test it Now

Output

running safely
More details.
 110) Can there be an abstract method without an abstract class?
No, if there is an abstract method in a class, that class must be abstract.

111) Is the following program written correctly? If yes then what

will be the output of the program?

1. abstract class Calculate

2. {
3. abstract int multiply(int a, int b);
4. }
5.
6. public class Main
7. {
8. public static void main(String[] args)
9. {
10. int result = new Calculate()
11. {
12. @Override
13. int multiply(int a, int b)
14. {
15. return a*b;
16. }
17. }.multiply(12,32);
18. System.out.println("result = "+result);
19. }
20.}

Yes, the program is written correctly. The Main class provides the definition
of abstract method multiply declared in abstract class Calculation. The
output of the program will be:

Output

384
112) Can you use abstract and final both with a method?
No, because we need to override the abstract method to provide its
implementation, whereas we can't override the final method.

113) Is it possible to instantiate the abstract class?

No, the abstract class can never be instantiated even if it contains a
constructor and all of its methods are implemented.

114) What is the interface?

The interface is a blueprint for a class that has static constants and abstract
methods. It can be used to achieve full abstraction and multiple inheritance.
It is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract
methods in the Java interface, not method body. It is used to achieve
abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. In other words, you can say that
interfaces can have abstract methods and variables. Java Interface also
represents the IS-A relationship. It cannot be instantiated just like the
abstract class. However, we need to implement it to define its methods.
Since Java 8, we can have the default, static, and private methods in an
interface.

More details.

115) Can you declare an interface method static?

No, because methods of an interface are abstract by default, and we can not
use static and abstract together.

116) Can the Interface be final?

No, because an interface needs to be implemented by the other class and if
it is final, it can't be implemented by any class.
 117) What is a marker interface?
A Marker interface can be defined as the interface which has no data
member and member functions. For example, Serializable, Cloneable are
marker interfaces. The marker interface can be declared as follows.

1. public interface Serializable{

2. }

118) What are the differences between abstract class and

interface?

Abstract class Interface

An abstract class can have a method body The interface has only abstract methods.
(non-abstract methods).

An abstract class can have instance variables. An interface cannot have instance
variables.

An abstract class can have the constructor. The interface cannot have the
constructor.

An abstract class can have static methods. The interface cannot have static
methods.

You can extend one abstract class. You can implement multiple interfaces.

The abstract class can provide the The Interface can't provide the
implementation of the interface. implementation of the abstract
class.

The abstract keyword is used to declare an The interface keyword is used to

abstract class. declare an interface.

An abstract class can extend another Java An interface can extend another Java
class and implement multiple Java interfaces. interface only.
 An abstract class can be extended using An interface class can be implemented
keyword extends using keyword implements

A Java abstract class can have class Members of a Java interface are public by
members like private, protected, etc. default.

Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

119) Can we define private and protected modifiers for the

members in interfaces?
No, they are implicitly public.

120) When can an object reference be cast to an interface

reference?
An object reference can be cast to an interface reference when the object
implements the referenced interface.

121) How to make a read-only class in Java?

A class can be made read-only by making all of the fields private. The read-
only class will have only getter methods which return the private property of
the class to the main method. We cannot modify this property because there
is no setter method available in the class. Consider the following example.

1. //A Java class which has only getter methods.

2. public class Student{
3. //private data member
4. private String college="AKG";
5. //getter method for college
6. public String getCollege(){
7. return college;
8. }
9. }

122) How to make a write-only class in Java?

A class can be made write-only by making all of the fields private. The write-
only class will have only setter methods which set the value passed from the
main method to the private fields. We cannot read the properties of the class
because there is no getter method in this class. Consider the following
example.

1. //A Java class which has only setter methods.

2. public class Student{
3. //private data member
4. private String college;
5. //getter method for college
6. public void setCollege(String college){
7. this.college=college;
8. }
9. }

123) What are the advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

There are the following advantages of Encapsulation in Java?

o By providing only the setter or getter method, you can make the class read-
only or write-only. In other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.
o It provides you the control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value
of id which should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the
setter method. You can write the logic not to store the negative numbers in
the setter methods.
o It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other class will not be able
to access the data through the private data members.
o The encapsulate class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.
 o The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and
setters. So, it is easy and fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Package Interview Questions

124) What is the package?

A package is a group of similar type of classes, interfaces, and sub-packages.
It provides access protection and removes naming collision. The packages in
Java can be categorized into two forms, inbuilt package, and user-defined
package. There are many built-in packages such as Java, lang, awt, javax,
swing, net, io, util, sql, etc. Consider the following example to create a
package in Java.

1. //save as Simple.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Simple{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. System.out.println("Welcome to package");
6. }
7. }
More details.

125) What are the advantages of defining packages in Java?

By defining packages, we can avoid the name conflicts between the same
class names defined in different packages. Packages also enable the
developer to organize the similar classes more effectively. For example, one
can clearly understand that the classes present in java.io package are used
to perform io related operations.

126) How to create packages in Java?

If you are using the programming IDEs like Eclipse, NetBeans, MyEclipse, etc.
click on file->new->project and eclipse will ask you to enter the name of
the package. It will create the project package containing various directories
such as src, etc. If you are using an editor like notepad for java
programming, use the following steps to create the package.
 o Define a package package_name. Create the class with the
name class_name and save this file with your_class_name.java.

o Now compile the file by running the following command on the terminal.
1. javac -d . your_class_name.java

The above command creates the package with the

name package_name in the present working directory.

o Now, run the class file by using the absolute class file name, like following.

1. java package_name.class_name

127) How can we access some class in another class in Java?

There are two ways to access a class in another class.

o By using the fully qualified name: To access a class in a different

package, either we must use the fully qualified name of that class, or we
must import the package containing that class.
o By using the relative path, We can use the path of the class that is related
to the package that contains our class. It can be the same or subpackage.

128) Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why?

No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.

129) Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load
the package twice at runtime?
One can import the same package or the same class multiple times. Neither
compiler nor JVM complains about it. However, the JVM will internally load
the class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.
130) What is the static import?
By static import, we can access the static members of a class directly, and
there is no to qualify it with the class name.

More details.

Java: Exception Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of exception handling interview questions with answers.
If you know any exception handling interview question, kindly post it in the
comment section.

131) How many types of exception can occur in a Java program?

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, an
error is considered as the unchecked exception. According to Oracle, there
are three types of exceptions:

o Checked Exception: Checked exceptions are the one which are checked at
compile-time. For example, SQLException, ClassNotFoundException, etc.

o Unchecked Exception: Unchecked exceptions are the one which are

handled at runtime because they can not be checked at compile-time. For
example, ArithmaticException, NullPointerException,
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException, etc.

o Error: Error cause the program to exit since they are not recoverable. For
Example, OutOfMemoryError, AssertionError, etc.

132) What is Exception Handling?

Exception Handling is a mechanism that is used to handle runtime errors. It
is used primarily to handle checked exceptions. Exception handling
maintains the normal flow of the program. There are mainly two types of
exceptions: checked and unchecked. Here, the error is considered as the
unchecked exception.

More details.

133) Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes?

The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy
which is inherited by two subclasses: Exception and Error. A hierarchy of Java
Exception classes are given below:
 134) What is the difference between Checked Exception and
Unchecked Exception?

1) Checked Exception
The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error
are known as checked exceptions, e.g., IOException, SQLException, etc.
Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception
The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked
exceptions, e.g., ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, etc. Unchecked
exceptions are not checked at compile-time.

More details.

135) What is the base class for Error and Exception?

The Throwable class is the base class for Error and Exception.

136) Is it necessary that each try block must be followed by a

catch block?
It is not necessary that each try block must be followed by a catch block. It
should be followed by either a catch block OR a finally block. So whatever
exceptions are likely to be thrown should be declared in the throws clause of
the method. Consider the following example.

1. public class Main{

2. public static void main(String []args){
3. try{
4. int a = 1;
5. System.out.println(a/0);
6. }
7. finally
8. {
9. System.out.println("rest of the code...");
10. }
11. }
12.}
13.

Output:

Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero

rest of the code...

137) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class ExceptionHandlingExample {

2. public static void main(String args[])
3. {
4. try
5. {
6. int a = 1/0;
7. System.out.println("a = "+a);
8. }
9. catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
11.}
12.}

Output

ExceptionHandlingExample.java:10: error: exception ArithmeticException has

already been caught
catch(ArithmeticException ex){System.out.println(ex);}
^
1 error

Explanation

ArithmaticException is the subclass of Exception. Therefore, it can not be

used after Exception. Since Exception is the base class for all the exceptions,
therefore, it must be used at last to handle the exception. No class can be
used after this.

138) What is finally block?

The "finally" block is used to execute the important code of the program. It is
executed whether an exception is handled or not. In other words, we can say
that finally block is the block which is always executed. Finally block follows
try or catch block. If you don't handle the exception, before terminating the
program, JVM runs finally block, (if any). The finally block is mainly used to
place the cleanup code such as closing a file or closing a connection. Here,
we must know that for each try block there can be zero or more catch blocks,
but only one finally block. The finally block will not be executed if program
exits(either by calling System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes
the process to abort).
More details.

139) Can finally block be used without a catch?

Yes, According to the definition of finally block, it must be followed by a try
or catch block, therefore, we can use try block instead of catch. More details.

140) Is there any case when finally will not be executed?

Finally block will not be executed if program exits(either by calling
System.exit() or by causing a fatal error that causes the process to
abort).More details.
 141) What is the difference between throw and throws?

throw keyword throws keyword

1) The throw keyword is used to The throws keyword is used to declare an

throw an exception explicitly. exception.

2) The checked exceptions cannot be The checked exception can be propagated with
propagated with throw only. throws

3) The throw keyword is followed by The throws keyword is followed by class.

an instance.

4) The throw keyword is used within The throws keyword is used with the method
the method. signature.

5) You cannot throw multiple You can declare multiple exceptions, e.g., public
exceptions. void method()throws IOException, SQLException.

More details.

142) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main{

2. public static void main(String []args){
3. try
4. {
5. throw 90;
6. }
7. catch(int e){
8. System.out.println("Caught the exception "+e);
9. }
10.
11. }
12.}

Output

Main.java:6: error: incompatible types: int cannot be converted to Throwable

throw 90;
^
Main.java:8: error: unexpected type
catch(int e){
^
required: class
found: int
2 errors

Explanation

In Java, the throwable objects can only be thrown. If we try to throw an

integer object, The compiler will show an error since we can not throw basic
data type from a block of code.

143) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Calculation extends Exception

2. {
3. public Calculation()
4. {
5. System.out.println("Calculation class is instantiated");
6. }
7. public void add(int a, int b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("The sum is "+(a+b));
10. }
11.}
12.public class Main{
13. public static void main(String []args){
14. try
15. {
16. throw new Calculation();
17. }
18. catch(Calculation c){
19. c.add(10,20);
20. }
21. }
22.}

Output

Calculation class is instantiated

The sum is 30

Explanation

The object of Calculation is thrown from the try block which is caught in the
catch block. The add() of Calculation class is called with the integer values
10 and 20 by using the object of this class. Therefore there sum 30 is
printed. The object of the Main class can only be thrown in the case when the
type of the object is throwable. To do so, we need to extend the throwable
class.

144) Can an exception be rethrown?

Yes.

145) Can subclass overriding method declare an exception if

parent class method doesn't throw an exception?
Yes but only unchecked exception not checked.

More details.

146) What is exception propagation?

An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it
drops down the call stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the
exception again drops down to the previous method, and so on until they are
caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call stack. This procedure is
 called exception propagation. By default, checked exceptions are not
propagated.

1. class TestExceptionPropagation1{
2. void m(){
3. int data=50/0;
4. }
5. void n(){
6. m();
7. }
8. void p(){
9. try{
10. n();
11. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}
12. }
13. public static void main(String args[]){
14. TestExceptionPropagation1 obj=new TestExceptionPropagation1();
15. obj.p();
16. System.out.println("normal flow...");
17. }
18.}
Test it Now

Output:

exception handled
normal flow...
 More details.

147) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Main

2. {
3. void a()
4. {
5. try{
6. System.out.println("a(): Main called");
7. b();
8. }catch(Exception e)
9. {
10. System.out.println("Exception is caught");
11. }
12. }
13. void b() throws Exception
14. {
15. try{
16. System.out.println("b(): Main called");
17. c();
18. }catch(Exception e){
19. throw new Exception();
20. }
21. finally
22. {
23. System.out.println("finally block is called");
24. }
25. }
26. void c() throws Exception
27. {
28. throw new Exception();
29. }
30.
31. public static void main (String args[])
32. {
33. Main m = new Main();
34. m.a();
35. }
36.}

Output

a(): Main called

b(): Main called
finally block is called
Exception is caught

Explanation

In the main method, a() of Main is called which prints a message and call b().
The method b() prints some message and then call c(). The method c()
throws an exception which is handled by the catch block of method b.
However, It propagates this exception by using throw Exception() to be
handled by the method a(). As we know, finally block is always executed
therefore the finally block in the method b() is executed first and prints a
message. At last, the exception is handled by the catch block of the method
a().
 148) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Calculation

2. {
3. int a;
4. public Calculation(int a)
5. {
6. this.a = a;
7. }
8. public int add()
9. {
10. a = a+10;
11. try
12. {
13. a = a+10;
14. try
15. {
16. a = a*10;
17. throw new Exception();
18. }catch(Exception e){
19. a = a - 10;
20. }
21. }catch(Exception e)
22. {
23. a = a - 10;
24. }
25. return a;
26. }
27.
28. public static void main (String args[])
29. {
30. Calculation c = new Calculation(10);
31. int result = c.add();
32. System.out.println("result = "+result);
33. }
34.}

Output

result = 290

Explanation

The instance variable a of class Calculation is initialized to 10 using the class

constructor which is called while instantiating the class. The add method is
called which returns an integer value result. In add() method, a is
incremented by 10 to be 20. Then, in the first try block, 10 is again
incremented by 10 to be 30. In the second try block, a is multiplied by 10 to
be 300. The second try block throws the exception which is caught by the
catch block associated with this try block. The catch block again alters the
value of a by decrementing it by 10 to make it 290. Thus the add() method
returns 290 which is assigned to result. However, the catch block associated
with the outermost try block will never be executed since there is no
exception which can be handled by this catch block.

Java: String Handling Interview Questions

There is given a list of string handling interview questions with short and
pointed answers. If you know any string handling interview question, kindly
post it in the comment section.

149) What is String Pool?

String pool is the space reserved in the heap memory that can be used to
store the strings. The main advantage of using the String pool is whenever
we create a string literal; the JVM checks the "string constant pool" first. If
the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is
returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is
created and placed in the pool. Therefore, it saves the memory by avoiding
the duplicacy.
 150) What is the meaning of immutable regarding String?
The simple meaning of immutable is unmodifiable or unchangeable. In Java,
String is immutable, i.e., once string object has been created, its value can't
be changed. Consider the following example for better understanding.

1. class Testimmutablestring{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. String s="Sachin";
4. s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
5. System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
6. }
7. }
Test it Now

Output:

Sachin
More details.

151) Why are the objects immutable in java?

Because Java uses the concept of the string literal. Suppose there are five
reference variables, all refer to one object "sachin". If one reference variable
changes the value of the object, it will be affected by all the reference
variables. That is why string objects are immutable in java.

More details.
 152) How many ways can we create the string object?
1) String Literal

Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant
pool" first. If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled
instance is returned. If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string
instance is created and placed in the pool. String objects are stored in a
special memory area known as the string constant pool For example:

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";//It doesn't create a new instance

2) By new keyword

1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-pool) heap
memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the constant string pool.
The variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).

153) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";
3. String s3="Welcome";

Only one object will be created using the above code because strings in Java
are immutable.

More details.

154) Why java uses the concept of the string literal?

 To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are created if
it exists already in the string constant pool).

More details.

155) How many objects will be created in the following code?

1. String s = new String("Welcome");

Two objects, one in string constant pool and other in non-pool(heap).

More details.

156) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test

2.
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String a = new String("Sharma is a good player");
6. String b = "Sharma is a good player";
7. if(a == b)
8. {
9. System.out.println("a == b");
10. }
11. if(a.equals(b))
12. {
13. System.out.println("a equals b");
14. }
15. }

Output

a equals b

Explanation
 The operator == also check whether the references of the two string objects
are equal or not. Although both of the strings contain the same content, their
references are not equal because both are created by different
ways(Constructor and String literal) therefore, a == b is unequal. On the
other hand, the equal() method always check for the content. Since their
content is equal hence, a equals b is printed.

157) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test

2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String s1 = "Sharma is a good player";
6. String s2 = new String("Sharma is a good player");
7. s2 = s2.intern();
8. System.out.println(s1 ==s2);
9. }
10.}

Output

true

Explanation

The intern method returns the String object reference from the string pool. In
this case, s1 is created by using string literal whereas, s2 is created by using
the String pool. However, s2 is changed to the reference of s1, and the
operator == returns true.

158) What are the differences between String and StringBuffer?

The differences between the String and StringBuffer is given in the table
below.
 No String StringBuffer
.

1) The String class is immutable. The StringBuffer class is

mutable.

2) The String is slow and consumes more memory The StringBuffer is fast and
when you concat too many strings because every consumes less memory when
time it creates a new instance. you cancat strings.

3) The String class overrides the equals() method of The StringBuffer class doesn't
Object class. So you can compare the contents of override the equals() method of
two strings by equals() method. Object class.

159) What are the differences between StringBuffer and

StringBuilder?
The differences between the StringBuffer and StringBuilder is given below.

No StringBuffer StringBuilder
.

1) StringBuffer is synchronized, i.e., StringBuilder is non-synchronized,i.e., not

thread safe. It means two threads can't thread safe. It means two threads can call
call the methods of StringBuffer the methods of StringBuilder
simultaneously. simultaneously.

2) StringBuffer is less efficient than StringBuilder is more efficient than

StringBuilder. StringBuffer.

160) How can we create an immutable class in Java?

We can create an immutable class by defining a final class having all of its
members as final. Consider the following example.
1. public final class Employee{
2. final String pancardNumber;
3.
4. public Employee(String pancardNumber){
5. this.pancardNumber=pancardNumber;
6. }
7.
8. public String getPancardNumber(){
9. return pancardNumber;
10.}
11.
12.}
More details.

161) What is the purpose of toString() method in Java?

The toString() method returns the string representation of an object. If you
print any object, java compiler internally invokes the toString() method on
the object. So overriding the toString() method, returns the desired output, it
can be the state of an object, etc. depending upon your implementation. By
overriding the toString() method of the Object class, we can return the
values of the object, so we don't need to write much code. Consider the
following example.

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. String name;
4. String city;
5.
6. Student(int rollno, String name, String city){
7. this.rollno=rollno;
8. this.name=name;
9. this.city=city;
10. }
11.
12. public String toString(){//overriding the toString() method
13. return rollno+" "+name+" "+city;
14. }
15. public static void main(String args[]){
16. Student s1=new Student(101,"Raj","lucknow");
17. Student s2=new Student(102,"Vijay","ghaziabad");
18.
19. System.out.println(s1);//compiler writes here s1.toString()
20. System.out.println(s2);//compiler writes here s2.toString()
21. }
22.}

Output:

101 Raj lucknow

102 Vijay ghaziabad
More details.

162) Why CharArray() is preferred over String to store the

password?
String stays in the string pool until the garbage is collected. If we store the
password into a string, it stays in the memory for a longer period, and
anyone having the memory-dump can extract the password as clear text. On
the other hand, Using CharArray allows us to set it to blank whenever we are
done with the password. It avoids the security threat with the string by
enabling us to control the memory.

163) Write a Java program to count the number of words present

in a string?
Program:

1. public class Test

2. {
3. public static void main (String args[])
4. {
5. String s = "Sharma is a good player and he is so punctual";
6. String words[] = s.split(" ");
7. System.out.println("The Number of words present in the string are : "+words.le
ngth);
8. }
9. }

Output

The Number of words present in the string are : 10

164) Name some classes present in java.util.regex package.

There are the following classes and interfaces present in java.util.regex
package.

o MatchResult Interface
o Matcher class
o Pattern class
o PatternSyntaxException class
165) How the metacharacters are different from the ordinary
characters?
Metacharacters have the special meaning to the regular expression engine.
The metacharacters are ^, $, ., *, +, etc. The regular expression engine does
not consider them as the regular characters. To enable the regular
expression engine treating the metacharacters as ordinary characters, we
need to escape the metacharacters with the backslash.

166) Write a regular expression to validate a password. A

password must start with an alphabet and followed by
alphanumeric characters; Its length must be in between 8 to 20.
 The regular expression for the above criteria will be: ^[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]
{8,19} where ^ represents the start of the regex, [a-zA-Z] represents that
the first character must be an alphabet, [a-zA-Z0-9] represents the
alphanumeric character, {8,19} represents that the length of the password
must be in between 8 and 20.

167) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. import java.util.regex.*;
2. class RegexExample2{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "as")); //line 4
5. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mk")); //line 5
6. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "mst")); //line 6
7. System.out.println(Pattern.matches(".s", "amms")); //line 7
8. System.out.println(Pattern.matches("..s", "mas")); //line 8
9. }}

Output

true
false
false
false
true

Explanation

line 4 prints true since the second character of string is s, line 5 prints false
since the second character is not s, line 6 prints false since there are more
than 3 characters in the string, line 7 prints false since there are more than 2
characters in the string, and it contains more than 2 characters as well, line
8 prints true since the third character of the string is s.

Core Java: Nested classes and Interfaces Interview Questions

168) What are the advantages of Java inner classes?

 There are two types of advantages of Java inner classes.

o Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all
the members (data members and methods) of the outer class including
private.
o Nested classes are used to develop a more readable and maintainable code
because it logically groups classes and interfaces in one place only.
o Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

169) What is a nested class?

The nested class can be defined as the class which is defined inside another
class or interface. We use the nested class to logically group classes and
interfaces in one place so that it can be more readable and maintainable. A
nested class can access all the data members of the outer class including
private data members and methods. The syntax of the nested class is
defined below.

1. class Java_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. class Java_Nested_class{
4. //code
5. }
6. }
7.

There are two types of nested classes, static nested class, and non-static
nested class. The non-static nested class can also be called as inner-class

More details.

170) What are the disadvantages of using inner classes?

There are the following main disadvantages of using inner classes.
 o Inner classes increase the total number of classes used by the developer and
therefore increases the workload of JVM since it has to perform some routine
operations for those extra classes which result in slower performance.
o IDEs provide less support to the inner classes as compare to the top level
classes and therefore it annoys the developers while working with inner
classes.

171) What are the types of inner classes (non-static nested class)
used in Java?
There are mainly three types of inner classes used in Java.

Type Description

Member Inner A class created within class and outside method.

Class

Anonymous Inner A class created for implementing an interface or extending class. Its
Class name is decided by the java compiler.

Local Inner Class A class created within the method.

172) Is there any difference between nested classes and inner

classes?
Yes, inner classes are non-static nested classes. In other words, we can say
that inner classes are the part of nested classes.

More details.

173) Can we access the non-final local variable, inside the local
inner class?
 No, the local variable must be constant if you want to access it in the local
inner class.

More details.

174) How many class files are created on compiling the

OuterClass in the following program?

1. public class Person {

2. String name, age, address;
3. class Employee{
4. float salary=10000;
5. }
6. class BusinessMen{
7. final String gstin="£4433drt3$";
8. }
9. public static void main (String args[])
10.{
11. Person p = new Person();
12.}
13.}

3 class-files will be created named as Person.class,

Person$BusinessMen.class, and Person$Employee.class.

175) What are anonymous inner classes?

Anonymous inner classes are the classes that are automatically declared and
instantiated within an expression. We cannot apply different access modifiers
to them. Anonymous class cannot be static, and cannot define any static
fields, method, or class. In other words, we can say that it a class without the
name and can have only one object that is created by its definition. Consider
the following example.

1. abstract class Person{

2. abstract void eat();
3. }
4. class TestAnonymousInner{
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Person p=new Person(){
7. void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
8. };
9. p.eat();
10. }
11.}
Test it Now

Output:

nice fruits

Consider the following example for the working of the anonymous class using
interface.

1. interface Eatable{
2. void eat();
3. }
4. class TestAnnonymousInner1{
5. public static void main(String args[]){
6. Eatable e=new Eatable(){
7. public void eat(){System.out.println("nice fruits");}
8. };
9. e.eat();
10. }
11.}
Test it Now

Output:

nice fruits

176) What is the nested interface?

 An Interface that is declared inside the interface or class is known as the
nested interface. It is static by default. The nested interfaces are used to
group related interfaces so that they can be easy to maintain. The external
interface or class must refer to the nested interface. It can't be accessed
directly. The nested interface must be public if it is declared inside the
interface but it can have any access modifier if declared within the class. The
syntax of the nested interface is given as follows.

1. interface interface_name{
2. ...
3. interface nested_interface_name{
4. ...
5. }
6. }
7.
More details.

177) Can a class have an interface?

Yes, an interface can be defined within the class. It is called a nested
interface.

More details.

178) Can an Interface have a class?

Yes, they are static implicitly.

More details.

Garbage Collection Interview Questions

179) What is Garbage Collection?

Garbage collection is a process of reclaiming the unused runtime objects. It
is performed for memory management. In other words, we can say that It is
the process of removing unused objects from the memory to free up space
 and make this space available for Java Virtual Machine. Due to garbage
collection java gives 0 as output to a variable whose value is not set, i.e., the
variable has been defined but not initialized. For this purpose, we were using
free() function in the C language and delete() in C++. In Java, it is performed
automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

More details.

180) What is gc()?

The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector for cleanup
processing. This method is found in System and Runtime classes. This
function explicitly makes the Java Virtual Machine free up the space occupied
by the unused objects so that it can be utilized or reused. Consider the
following example for the better understanding of how the gc() method
invoke the garbage collector.

1. public class TestGarbage1{

2. public void finalize(){System.out.println("object is garbage collected");}
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();
5. TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();
6. s1=null;
7. s2=null;
8. System.gc();
9. }
10.}
Test it Now
object is garbage collected
object is garbage collected

181) How is garbage collection controlled?

Garbage collection is managed by JVM. It is performed when there is not
enough space in the memory and memory is running low. We can externally
call the System.gc() for the garbage collection. However, it depends upon
the JVM whether to perform it or not.
 182) How can an object be unreferenced?
There are many ways:

o By nulling the reference

o By assigning a reference to another
o By anonymous object etc.

1) By nulling a reference:

1. Employee e=new Employee();

2. e=null;

2) By assigning a reference to another:

1. Employee e1=new Employee();

2. Employee e2=new Employee();
3. e1=e2;//now the first object referred by e1 is available for garbage collection
 3) By anonymous object:

1. new Employee();

183) What is the purpose of the finalize() method?

The finalize() method is invoked just before the object is garbage collected. It
is used to perform cleanup processing. The Garbage collector of JVM collects
only those objects that are created by new keyword. So if you have created
an object without new, you can use the finalize method to perform cleanup
processing (destroying remaining objects). The cleanup processing is the
process to free up all the resources, network which was previously used and
no longer needed. It is essential to remember that it is not a reserved
keyword, finalize method is present in the object class hence it is available in
every class as object class is the superclass of every class in java. Here, we
must note that neither finalization nor garbage collection is guaranteed.
Consider the following example.

1. public class FinalizeTest {

2. int j=12;
3. void add()
4. {
5. j=j+12;
6. System.out.println("J="+j);
7. }
8. public void finalize()
9. {
10. System.out.println("Object is garbage collected");
11. }
12. public static void main(String[] args) {
13. new FinalizeTest().add();
14. System.gc();
15. new FinalizeTest().add();
16. }
17.}
18.
184) Can an unreferenced object be referenced again?
Yes,

185) What kind of thread is the Garbage collector thread?

Daemon thread.

186) What is the difference between final, finally and finalize?

No final finally finalize

.

1) Final is used to apply restrictions Finally is used to place Finalize is used to

on class, method, and variable. The important code, it will perform clean up
final class can't be inherited, final be executed whether processing just
method can't be overridden, and an exception is before an object is
final variable value can't be handled or not. garbage collected.
changed.

2) Final is a keyword. Finally is a block. Finalize is a method.

187) What is the purpose of the Runtime class?

Java Runtime class is used to interact with a java runtime environment. Java
Runtime class provides methods to execute a process, invoke GC, get total
and free memory, etc. There is only one instance of java.lang.Runtime class
is available for one java application. The Runtime.getRuntime() method
returns the singleton instance of Runtime class.

188) How will you invoke any external process in Java?

By Runtime.getRuntime().exec(?) method. Consider the following example.
1. public class Runtime1{
2. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
3. Runtime.getRuntime().exec("notepad");//will open a new notepad
4. }
5. }

I/O Interview Questions

189) Give the hierarchy of InputStream and OutputStream

classes.
OutputStream Hierarchy

InputStream Hierarchy
190) What do you understand by an IO stream?
The stream is a sequence of data that flows from source to destination. It is
composed of bytes. In Java, three streams are created for us automatically.

o System.out: standard output stream

o System.in: standard input stream
o System.err: standard error stream

191) What is the difference between the Reader/Writer class

hierarchy and the InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy?
The Reader/Writer class hierarchy is character-oriented, and the
InputStream/OutputStream class hierarchy is byte-oriented. The ByteStream
classes are used to perform input-output of 8-bit bytes whereas the
CharacterStream classes are used to perform the input/output for the 16-bit
Unicode system. There are many classes in the ByteStream class hierarchy,
but the most frequently used classes are FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream. The most frequently used classes CharacterStream class
hierarchy is FileReader and FileWriter.
 192) What are the super most classes for all the streams?
All the stream classes can be divided into two types of classes that are
ByteStream classes and CharacterStream Classes. The ByteStream classes
are further divided into InputStream classes and OutputStream classes.
CharacterStream classes are also divided into Reader classes and Writer
classes. The SuperMost classes for all the InputStream classes is
java.io.InputStream and for all the output stream classes is
java.io.OutPutStream. Similarly, for all the reader classes, the super-most
class is java.io.Reader, and for all the writer classes, it is java.io.Writer.

193) What are the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream?

Java FileOutputStream is an output stream used for writing data to a file.
If you have some primitive values to write into a file, use FileOutputStream
class. You can write byte-oriented as well as character-oriented data through
the FileOutputStream class. However, for character-oriented data, it is
preferred to use FileWriter than FileOutputStream. Consider the following
example of writing a byte into a file.

1. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
2. public class FileOutputStreamExample {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
6. fout.write(65);
7. fout.close();
8. System.out.println("success...");
9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10. }
11.}

Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for
reading byte-oriented data (streams of raw bytes) such as image data, audio,
video, etc. You can also read character-stream data. However, for reading
streams of characters, it is recommended to use FileReader class. Consider
the following example for reading bytes from a file.
1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. public class DataStreamExample {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("D:\\testout.txt");
6. int i=fin.read();
7. System.out.print((char)i);
8.
9. fin.close();
10. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
11. }
12. }
13.

194) What is the purpose of using BufferedInputStream and

BufferedOutputStream classes?
Java BufferedOutputStream class is used for buffering an output stream. It
internally uses a buffer to store data. It adds more efficiency than to write
data directly into a stream. So, it makes the performance fast. Whereas, Java
BufferedInputStream class is used to read information from the stream. It
internally uses the buffer mechanism to make the performance fast.

195) How to set the Permissions to a file in Java?

In Java, FilePermission class is used to alter the permissions set on a file. Java
FilePermission class contains the permission related to a directory or file. All
the permissions are related to the path. The path can be of two types:

o D:\\IO\\-: It indicates that the permission is associated with all subdirectories

and files recursively.
o D:\\IO\\*: It indicates that the permission is associated with all directory and
files within this directory excluding subdirectories.
 Let's see the simple example in which permission of a directory path is
granted with read permission and a file of this directory is granted for write
permission.

1. package com.javatpoint;
2. import java.io.*;
3. import java.security.PermissionCollection;
4. public class FilePermissionExample{
5. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
6. String srg = "D:\\IO Package\\java.txt";
7. FilePermission file1 = new FilePermission("D:\\IO Package\\-", "read");
8. PermissionCollection permission = file1.newPermissionCollection();
9. permission.add(file1);
10. FilePermission file2 = new FilePermission(srg, "write");
11. permission.add(file2);
12. if(permission.implies(new FilePermission(srg, "read,write"))) {
13. System.out.println("Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg );
14. }else {
15. System.out.println("No Read, Write permission is granted for the path "+srg)
; }
16. }
17.}

Output

Read, Write permission is granted for the path D:\IO Package\java.txt

196) What are FilterStreams?

FilterStream classes are used to add additional functionalities to the other
stream classes. FilterStream classes act like an interface which read the data
from a stream, filters it, and pass the filtered data to the caller. The
FilterStream classes provide extra functionalities like adding line numbers to
the destination file, etc.

197) What is an I/O filter?

An I/O filter is an object that reads from one stream and writes to another,
usually altering the data in some way as it is passed from one stream to
another. Many Filter classes that allow a user to make a chain using multiple
input streams. It generates a combined effect on several filters.

198) In Java, How many ways you can take input from the
console?
In Java, there are three ways by using which, we can take input from the
console.

o Using BufferedReader class: we can take input from the console by

wrapping System.in into an InputStreamReader and passing it into the
BufferedReader. It provides an efficient reading as the input gets buffered.
Consider the following example.
1. import java.io.BufferedReader;
2. import java.io.IOException;
3. import java.io.InputStreamReader;
4. public class Person
5. {
6. public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
7. {
8. System.out.println("Enter the name of the person");
9. BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
System.in));
10. String name = reader.readLine();
11. System.out.println(name);
12. }
13.}
o Using Scanner class: The Java Scanner class breaks the input into tokens
using a delimiter that is whitespace by default. It provides many methods to
read and parse various primitive values. Java Scanner class is widely used to
parse text for string and primitive types using a regular expression. Java
Scanner class extends Object class and implements Iterator and Closeable
interfaces. Consider the following example.
1. import java.util.*;
2. public class ScannerClassExample2 {
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. String str = "Hello/This is JavaTpoint/My name is Abhishek.";
5. //Create scanner with the specified String Object
6. Scanner scanner = new Scanner(str);
7. System.out.println("Boolean Result: "+scanner.hasNextBoolean());

8. //Change the delimiter of this scanner

9. scanner.useDelimiter("/");
10. //Printing the tokenized Strings
11. System.out.println("---Tokenizes String---");
12. while(scanner.hasNext()){
13. System.out.println(scanner.next());
14. }
15. //Display the new delimiter
16. System.out.println("Delimiter used: " +scanner.delimiter());
17. scanner.close();
18. }
19.}
20.
o Using Console class: The Java Console class is used to get input from the
console. It provides methods to read texts and passwords. If you read the
password using the Console class, it will not be displayed to the user. The
java.io.Console class is attached to the system console internally. The
Console class is introduced since 1.5. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.Console;
2. class ReadStringTest{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. Console c=System.console();
5. System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
6. String n=c.readLine();
7. System.out.println("Welcome "+n);
 8. }
9. }

Serialization Interview Questions

199) What is serialization?

Serialization in Java is a mechanism of writing the state of an object into a
byte stream. It is used primarily in Hibernate, RMI, JPA, EJB and JMS
technologies. It is mainly used to travel object's state on the network (which
is known as marshaling). Serializable interface is used to perform
serialization. It is helpful when you require to save the state of a program to
storage such as the file. At a later point of time, the content of this file can
be restored using deserialization. It is also required to implement
RMI(Remote Method Invocation). With the help of RMI, it is possible to invoke
the method of a Java object on one machine to another machine.

More details.

200) How can you make a class serializable in Java?

A class can become serializable by implementing the Serializable interface.
 201) How can you avoid serialization in child class if the base
class is implementing the Serializable interface?
It is very tricky to prevent serialization of child class if the base class is
intended to implement the Serializable interface. However, we cannot do it
directly, but the serialization can be avoided by implementing the
writeObject() or readObject() methods in the subclass and throw
NotSerializableException from these methods. Consider the following
example.

1. import java.io.FileInputStream;
2. import java.io.FileOutputStream;
3. import java.io.IOException;
4. import java.io.NotSerializableException;
5. import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
6. import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
7. import java.io.Serializable;
8. class Person implements Serializable
9. {
10. String name = " ";
11. public Person(String name)
12. {
13. this.name = name;
14. }
15.}
16.class Employee extends Person
17.{
18. float salary;
19. public Employee(String name, float salary)
20. {
21. super(name);
22. this.salary = salary;
23. }
24. private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException
25. {
26. throw new NotSerializableException();
27. }
28. private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException
29. {
30. throw new NotSerializableException();
31. }
32.
33.}
34.public class Test
35.{
36. public static void main(String[] args)
37. throws Exception
38. {
39. Employee emp = new Employee("Sharma", 10000);
40.
41. System.out.println("name = " + emp.name);
42. System.out.println("salary = " + emp.salary);
43.
44. FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("abc.ser");
45. ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(fos);
46.
47. oos.writeObject(emp);
48.
49. oos.close();
50. fos.close();
51.
52. System.out.println("Object has been serialized");
53.
54. FileInputStream f = new FileInputStream("ab.txt");
55. ObjectInputStream o = new ObjectInputStream(f);
56.
57. Employee emp1 = (Employee)o.readObject();
58.
59. o.close();
60. f.close();
61.
62. System.out.println("Object has been deserialized");
63.
64. System.out.println("name = " + emp1.name);
65. System.out.println("salary = " + emp1.salary);
66. }
67.}

202) Can a Serialized object be transferred via network?

Yes, we can transfer a serialized object via network because the serialized
object is stored in the memory in the form of bytes and can be transmitted
over the network. We can also write the serialized object to the disk or the
database.

203) What is Deserialization?

Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the serialized
state. It is the reverse operation of serialization. An ObjectInputStream
deserializes objects and primitive data written using an ObjectOutputStream.

1. import java.io.*;
2. class Depersist{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5. ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("f.txt"));
6. Student s=(Student)in.readObject();
7. System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);
8.
9. in.close();
10. }
11.}
211 ravi
204) What is the transient keyword?
If you define any data member as transient, it will not be serialized. By
determining transient keyword, the value of variable need not persist when it
is restored. More details.

205) What is Externalizable?

The Externalizable interface is used to write the state of an object into a byte
stream in a compressed format. It is not a marker interface.

206) What is the difference between Serializable and

Externalizable interface?

No Serializable Externalizable
.

1) The Serializable interface does not The Externalizable interface contains is not a
have any method, i.e., it is a marker interface, It contains two methods, i.e.,
marker interface. writeExternal() and readExternal().

2) It is used to "mark" Java classes so The Externalizable interface provides control

that objects of these classes may of the serialization logic to the programmer.
get the certain capability.

3) It is easy to implement but has the It is used to perform the serialization and often
higher performance cost. result in better performance.

4) No class constructor is called in We must call a public default constructor while

serialization. using this interface.

Networking Interview Questions

207) Give a brief description of Java socket programming?
Java Socket programming is used for communication between the
applications running on different JRE. Java Socket programming can be
connection-oriented or connectionless. Socket and ServerSocket classes are
used for connection-oriented socket programming and DatagramSocket, and
DatagramPacket classes are used for connectionless socket programming.
The client in socket programming must know two information:

o IP address of the server

o port number

208) What is Socket?

A socket is simply an endpoint for communications between the machines. It
provides the connection mechanism to connect the two computers using
TCP. The Socket class can be used to create a socket.

209) What are the steps that are followed when two computers
connect through TCP?
There are the following steps that are performed when two computers
connect through TCP.

o The ServerSocket object is instantiated by the server which denotes the port
number to which, the connection will be made.
o After instantiating the ServerSocket object, the server invokes accept()
method of ServerSocket class which makes server wait until the client
attempts to connect to the server on the given port.
o Meanwhile, the server is waiting, a socket is created by the client by
instantiating Socket class. The socket class constructor accepts the server
port number and server name.
 o The Socket class constructor attempts to connect with the server on the
specified name. If the connection is established, the client will have a socket
object that can communicate with the server.
o The accept() method invoked by the server returns a reference to the new
socket on the server that is connected with the server.

210) Write a program in Java to establish a connection between

client and server?
Consider the following program where the connection between the client and
server is established.

File: MyServer.java

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class MyServer {
4. public static void main(String[] args){
5. try{
6. ServerSocket ss=new ServerSocket(6666);
7. Socket s=ss.accept();//establishes connection
8. DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(s.getInputStream());
9. String str=(String)dis.readUTF();
10.System.out.println("message= "+str);
11.ss.close();
12.}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
13.}
14.}

File: MyClient.java

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class MyClient {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. try{
6. Socket s=new Socket("localhost",6666);
7. DataOutputStream dout=new DataOutputStream(s.getOutputStream());
8. dout.writeUTF("Hello Server");
9. dout.flush();
10.dout.close();
11.s.close();
12.}catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
13.}
14.}

211) How do I convert a numeric IP address like 192.18.97.39

into a hostname like java.sun.com?
By InetAddress.getByName("192.18.97.39").getHostName() where
192.18.97.39 is the IP address. Consider the following example.

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.net.*;
3. public class InetDemo{
4. public static void main(String[] args){
5. try{
6. InetAddress ip=InetAddress.getByName("195.201.10.8");
7.
8. System.out.println("Host Name: "+ip.getHostName());
9. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
10.}
11.}
12.

Reflection Interview Questions

212) What is the reflection?

Reflection is the process of examining or modifying the runtime behavior of a
class at runtime. The java.lang.Class class provides various methods that can
be used to get metadata, examine and change the runtime behavior of a
class. The java.lang and java.lang.reflect packages provide classes for java
reflection. It is used in:

o IDE (Integrated Development Environment), e.g., Eclipse, MyEclipse,

NetBeans.
o Debugger
o Test Tools, etc.

213) What is the purpose of using java.lang.Class class?

The java.lang.Class class performs mainly two tasks:

o Provides methods to get the metadata of a class at runtime.

o Provides methods to examine and change the runtime behavior of a class.

214) What are the ways to instantiate the Class class?

There are three ways to instantiate the Class class.

o forName() method of Class class: The forName() method is used to load

the class dynamically. It returns the instance of Class class. It should be used
if you know the fully qualified name of the class. This cannot be used for
primitive types.

o getClass() method of Object class: It returns the instance of Class class. It

should be used if you know the type. Moreover, it can be used with
primitives.
 o the .class syntax: If a type is available, but there is no instance then it is
possible to obtain a Class by appending ".class" to the name of the type. It
can be used for primitive data type also.

215) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Simple{
2. public Simple()
3. {
4. System.out.println("Constructor of Simple class is invoked");
5. }
6. void message(){System.out.println("Hello Java");}
7. }
8.
9. class Test1{
10. public static void main(String args[]){
11. try{
12. Class c=Class.forName("Simple");
13. Simple s=(Simple)c.newInstance();
14. s.message();
15. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
16. }
17.}

Output

Constructor of Simple class is invoked

Hello Java

Explanation

The newInstance() method of the Class class is used to invoke the

constructor at runtime. In this program, the instance of the Simple class is
created.
216) What is the purpose of using javap?
The javap command disassembles a class file. The javap command displays
information about the fields, constructors and methods present in a class file.

Syntax

javap fully_class_name

217) Can you access the private method from outside the class?
Yes, by changing the runtime behavior of a class if the class is not secured.

More details.

Miscellaneous Interview Questions

218)What are wrapper classes?

Wrapper classes are classes that allow primitive types to be accessed as
objects. In other words, we can say that wrapper classes are built-in java
classes which allow the conversion of objects to primitives and primitives to
objects. The process of converting primitives to objects is called autoboxing,
and the process of converting objects to primitives is called unboxing. There
are eight wrapper classes present in java.lang package is given below.

Primitive Type Wrapper class

boolean Boolean

char Character

byte Byte

short Short
 int Integer

long Long

float Float

double Double

219)What are autoboxing and unboxing? When does it occur?

The autoboxing is the process of converting primitive data type to the
corresponding wrapper class object, eg., int to Integer. The unboxing is the
process of converting wrapper class object to primitive data type. For eg.,
integer to int. Unboxing and autoboxing occur automatically in Java.
However, we can externally convert one into another by using the methods
like valueOf() or xxxValue().

It can occur whenever a wrapper class object is expected, and primitive data
type is provided or vice versa.

o Adding primitive types into Collection like ArrayList in Java.

o Creating an instance of parameterized classes ,e.g., ThreadLocal which
expect Type.
o Java automatically converts primitive to object whenever one is required and
another is provided in the method calling.
o When a primitive type is assigned to an object type.

220) What is the output of the below Java program?

1. public class Test1

2. {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. Integer i = new Integer(201);
5. Integer j = new Integer(201);
6. if(i == j)
7. {
8. System.out.println("hello");
9. }
10. else
11. {
12. System.out.println("bye");
13. }
14. }
15.}

Output

bye

Explanation

The Integer class caches integer values from -127 to 127. Therefore, the
Integer objects can only be created in the range -128 to 127. The
operator == will not work for the value greater than 127; thus bye is
printed.

221) What is object cloning?

The object cloning is a way to create an exact copy of an object. The clone()
method of the Object class is used to clone an object. The
java.lang.Cloneable interface must be implemented by the class whose
object clone we want to create. If we don't implement Cloneable interface,
clone() method generates CloneNotSupportedException. The clone() method
is defined in the Object class. The syntax of the clone() method is as follows:

protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException

222) What are the advantages and disadvantages of object

cloning?
Advantage of Object Cloning
 o You don't need to write lengthy and repetitive codes. Just use an abstract
class with a 4- or 5-line long clone() method.
o It is the easiest and most efficient way of copying objects, especially if we are
applying it to an already developed or an old project. Just define a parent
class, implement Cloneable in it, provide the definition of the clone() method
and the task will be done.
o Clone() is the fastest way to copy the array.

Disadvantage of Object Cloning

o To use the Object.clone() method, we have to change many syntaxes to our

code, like implementing a Cloneable interface, defining the clone() method
and handling CloneNotSupportedException, and finally, calling Object.clone(),
etc.
o We have to implement the Cloneable interface while it does not have any
methods in it. We have to use it to tell the JVM that we can perform a clone()
on our object.
o Object.clone() is protected, so we have to provide our own clone() and
indirectly call Object.clone() from it.
o Object.clone() does not invoke any constructor, so we do not have any
control over object construction.
o If you want to write a clone method in a child class, then all of its
superclasses should define the clone() method in them or inherit it from
another parent class. Otherwise, the super.clone() chain will fail.
o Object.clone() supports only shallow copying, but we will need to override it if
we need deep cloning.

223) What is a native method?

A native method is a method that is implemented in a language other than
Java. Natives methods are sometimes also referred to as foreign methods.
224) What is the purpose of the strictfp keyword?
Java strictfp keyword ensures that you will get the same result on every
platform if you perform operations in the floating-point variable. The
precision may differ from platform to platform that is why java programming
language has provided the strictfp keyword so that you get the same result
on every platform. So, now you have better control over the floating-point
arithmetic.

225) What is the purpose of the System class?

The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources
such as standard input and output. It cannot be instantiated. Facilities
provided by System class are given below.

o Standard input
o Error output streams
o Standard output
o utility method to copy the portion of an array
o utilities to load files and libraries

There are the three fields of Java System class, i.e., static printstream err,
static inputstream in, and standard output stream.

226) What comes to mind when someone mentions a shallow

copy in Java?
Object cloning.

227) What is a singleton class?

Singleton class is the class which can not be instantiated more than once. To
make a class singleton, we either make its constructor private or use the
static getInstance method. Consider the following example.
1. class Singleton{
2. private static Singleton single_instance = null;
3. int i;
4. private Singleton ()
5. {
6. i=90;
7. }
8. public static Singleton getInstance()
9. {
10. if(single_instance == null)
11. {
12. single_instance = new Singleton();
13. }
14. return single_instance;
15. }
16.}
17.public class Main
18.{
19. public static void main (String args[])
20. {
21. Singleton first = Singleton.getInstance();
22. System.out.println("First instance integer value:"+first.i);
23. first.i=first.i+90;
24. Singleton second = Singleton.getInstance();
25. System.out.println("Second instance integer value:"+second.i);
26. }
27.}
28.

228) Write a Java program that prints all the values given at
command-line.
Program
1. class A{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3.
4. for(int i=0;i<args.length;i++)
5. System.out.println(args[i]);
6.
7. }
8. }
1. compile by > javac A.java
2. run by > java A sonoo jaiswal 1 3 abc

Output

sonoo
jaiswal
1
3
abc

229) Which containers use a border layout as their default layout?

The Window, Frame and Dialog classes use a border layout as their default
layout.

230) Which containers use a FlowLayout as their default layout?

The Panel and Applet classes use the FlowLayout as their default layout.

231) What are peerless components?

The lightweight component of Swing is called peerless components. Spring
has its libraries, so it does not use resources from the Operating System, and
hence it has lightweight components.
232) is there is any difference between a Scrollbar and a
ScrollPane?
The Scrollbar is a Component whereas the ScrollPane is a Container. A
ScrollPane handles its events and performs its scrolling.

233) What is a lightweight component?

Lightweight components are the one which does not go with the native call
to obtain the graphical units. They share their parent component graphical
units to render them. For example, Swing components, and JavaFX
Components.

234) What is a heavyweight component?

The portable elements provided by the operating system are called
heavyweight components. AWT is limited to the graphical classes provided
by the operating system and therefore, It implements only the minimal
subset of screen elements supported by all platforms. The Operating system
dependent UI discovery tools are called heavyweight components.

235) What is an applet?

An applet is a small java program that runs inside the browser and generates
dynamic content. It is embedded in the webpage and runs on the client side.
It is secured and takes less response time. It can be executed by browsers
running under many platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os, etc.
However, the plugins are required at the client browser to execute the
applet. The following image shows the architecture of Applet.
When an applet is created, the following methods are invoked in order.

o init()
o start()
o paint()

When an applet is destroyed, the following functions are invoked in order.

o stop()
o destroy()

236) Can you write a Java class that could be used both as an
applet as well as an application?
Yes. Add a main() method to the applet.
 Internationalization Interview Questions

237) What is Locale?

A Locale object represents a specific geographical, political, or cultural
region. This object can be used to get the locale-specific information such as
country name, language, variant, etc.

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class LocaleExample {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. Locale locale=Locale.getDefault();
5. //Locale locale=new Locale("fr","fr");//for the specific locale
6.
7. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayCountry());
8. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayLanguage());
9. System.out.println(locale.getDisplayName());
10.System.out.println(locale.getISO3Country());
11.System.out.println(locale.getISO3Language());
12.System.out.println(locale.getLanguage());
13.System.out.println(locale.getCountry());
14.
15.}
16.}

Output:

United States
English
English (United States)
USA
eng
en
US

238)How will you load a specific locale?

 By ResourceBundle.getBundle(?) method.

Java Bean Interview Questions

239) What is a JavaBean?

JavaBean is a reusable software component written in the Java programming
language, designed to be manipulated visually by a software development
environment, like JBuilder or VisualAge for Java. t. A JavaBean encapsulates
many objects into one object so that we can access this object from multiple
places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance. Consider the following
example to create a JavaBean class.

1. //Employee.java
2. package mypack;
3. public class Employee implements java.io.Serializable{
4. private int id;
5. private String name;
6. public Employee(){}
7. public void setId(int id){this.id=id;}
8. public int getId(){return id;}
9. public void setName(String name){this.name=name;}
10.public String getName(){return name;}
11.}

240) What is the purpose of using the Java bean?

According to Java white paper, it is a reusable software component. A bean
encapsulates many objects into one object so that we can access this object
from multiple places. Moreover, it provides the easy maintenance.

241) What do you understand by the bean persistent property?

The persistence property of Java bean comes into the act when the
properties, fields, and state information are saved to or retrieve from the
storage.

RMI Interview Questions

242) What is RMI?

The RMI (Remote Method Invocation) is an API that provides a mechanism to
create the distributed application in java. The RMI allows an object to invoke
methods on an object running in another JVM. The RMI provides remote
communication between the applications using two objects stub and
skeleton.

243) What is the purpose of stub and skeleton?

Stub

The stub is an object, acts as a gateway for the client side. All the outgoing
requests are routed through it. It resides at the client side and represents the
remote object. When the caller invokes the method on the stub object, it
does the following tasks:

o It initiates a connection with remote Virtual Machine (JVM).

o It writes and transmits (marshals) the parameters to the remote Virtual
Machine (JVM).
o It waits for the result.
o It reads (unmarshals) the return value or exception.
o It finally, returns the value to the caller.

Skeleton

The skeleton is an object, acts as a gateway for the server side object. All the
incoming requests are routed through it. When the skeleton receives the
incoming request, it does the following tasks:
 o It reads the parameter for the remote method.
o It invokes the method on the actual remote object.
o It writes and transmits (marshals) the result to the caller.

244) What are the steps involved to write RMI based programs?
There are 6 steps which are performed to write RMI based programs.

o Create the remote interface.

o Provide the implementation of the remote interface.
o Compile the implementation class and create the stub and skeleton objects
using the rmic tool.
o Start the registry service by the rmiregistry tool.
o Create and start the remote application.
o Create and start the client application.

245) What is the use of HTTP-tunneling in RMI?

HTTP tunneling can be defined as the method which doesn't need any setup
to work within the firewall environment. It handles the HTTP connections
through the proxy servers. However, it does not allow outbound TCP
connections.

246) What is JRMP?

JRMP (Java Remote Method Protocol) can be defined as the Java-specific,
stream-based protocol which looks up and refers to the remote objects. It
requires both client and server to use Java objects. It is wire level protocol
which runs under RMI and over TCP/IP.

247) Can RMI and CORBA based applications interact?

 Yes, they can. RMI is available with IIOP as the transport protocol instead of
JRMP.

Core Java: Data Structure interview questions

248) How to perform Bubble Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Bubble sort in Java.

1. public class BubbleSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
4. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
5. {
6. for (int j=0;j<10;j++)
7. {
8. if(a[i]<a[j])
9. {
10. int temp = a[i];
11. a[i]=a[j];
12. a[j] = temp;
13. }
14. }
15. }
16. System.out.println("Printing Sorted List ...");
17. for(int i=0;i<10;i++)
18. {
19. System.out.println(a[i]);
20. }
21.}
22.}

Output:
 Printing Sorted List . . .
7
9
10
12
23
34
34
44
78
101

249) How to perform Binary Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform the binary search in Java.

1. import java.util.*;
2. public class BinarySearch {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. int[] arr = {16, 19, 20, 23, 45, 56, 78, 90, 96, 100};
5. int item, location = -1;
6. System.out.println("Enter the item which you want to search");
7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
8. item = sc.nextInt();
9. location = binarySearch(arr,0,9,item);
10. if(location != -1)
11. System.out.println("the location of the item is "+location);
12. else
13. System.out.println("Item not found");
14. }
15.public static int binarySearch(int[] a, int beg, int end, int item)
16.{
17. int mid;
18. if(end >= beg)
19. {
20. mid = (beg + end)/2;
21. if(a[mid] == item)
22. {
23. return mid+1;
24. }
25. else if(a[mid] < item)
26. {
27. return binarySearch(a,mid+1,end,item);
28. }
29. else
30. {
31. return binarySearch(a,beg,mid-1,item);
32. }
33. }
34. return -1;
35.}
36.}

Output:

Enter the item which you want to search

45
the location of the item is 5

250) How to perform Selection Sort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform selection sort in Java.

1. public class SelectionSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int[] a = {10, 9, 7, 101, 23, 44, 12, 78, 34, 23};
4. int i,j,k,pos,temp;
5. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
6. {
7. pos = smallest(a,10,i);
8. temp = a[i];
9. a[i]=a[pos];
10. a[pos] = temp;
11. }
12. System.out.println("\nprinting sorted elements...\n");
13. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
14. {
15. System.out.println(a[i]);
16. }
17.}
18.public static int smallest(int a[], int n, int i)
19.{
20. int small,pos,j;
21. small = a[i];
22. pos = i;
23. for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
24. {
25. if(a[j]<small)
26. {
27. small = a[j];
28. pos=j;
29. }
30. }
31. return pos;
32.}
33.}

Output:

printing sorted elements...

7
9
10
12
23
23
34
44
78
101

251) How to perform Linear Search in Java?

Consider the following program to perform Linear search in Java.
1. import java.util.Scanner;
2.
3. public class Leniear_Search {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. int[] arr = {10, 23, 15, 8, 4, 3, 25, 30, 34, 2, 19};
6. int item,flag=0;
7. Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
8. System.out.println("Enter Item ?");
9. item = sc.nextInt();
10. for(int i = 0; i<10; i++)
11. {
12. if(arr[i]==item)
13. {
14. flag = i+1;
15. break;
16. }
17. else
18. flag = 0;
19. }
20. if(flag != 0)
21. {
22. System.out.println("Item found at location" + flag);
23. }
24. else
25. System.out.println("Item not found");
26.
27.}
28.}

Output:

Enter Item ?
23
Item found at location 2
Enter Item ?
22
Item not found
 252) How to perform merge sort in Java?
Consider the following program to perform merge sort in Java.

1. public class MyMergeSort

2. {
3. void merge(int arr[], int beg, int mid, int end)
4. {
5.
6. int l = mid - beg + 1;
7. int r = end - mid;
8.
9. intLeftArray[] = new int [l];
10.intRightArray[] = new int [r];
11.
12.for (int i=0; i<l; ++i)
13.LeftArray[i] = arr[beg + i];
14.
15.for (int j=0; j<r; ++j)
16.RightArray[j] = arr[mid + 1+ j];
17.
18.
19.int i = 0, j = 0;
20.int k = beg;
21.while (i<l&&j<r)
22.{
23.if (LeftArray[i] <= RightArray[j])
24.{
25.arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
26.i++;
27.}
28.else
29.{
30.arr[k] = RightArray[j];
31.j++;
32.}
33.k++;
34.}
35.while (i<l)
36.{
37.arr[k] = LeftArray[i];
38.i++;
39.k++;
40.}
41.
42.while (j<r)
43.{
44.arr[k] = RightArray[j];
45.j++;
46.k++;
47.}
48.}
49.
50.void sort(int arr[], int beg, int end)
51.{
52.if (beg<end)
53.{
54.int mid = (beg+end)/2;
55.sort(arr, beg, mid);
56.sort(arr , mid+1, end);
57.merge(arr, beg, mid, end);
58.}
59.}
60.public static void main(String args[])
61.{
62.intarr[] = {90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
63.MyMergeSort ob = new MyMergeSort();
64.ob.sort(arr, 0, arr.length-1);
65.
66.System.out.println("\nSorted array");
67.for(int i =0; i<arr.length;i++)
68.{
69. System.out.println(arr[i]+"");
70.}
71.}
72.}

Output:

Sorted array
23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101

253) How to perform quicksort in Java?

Consider the following program to perform quicksort in Java.

1. public class QuickSort {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int i;
4. int[] arr={90,23,101,45,65,23,67,89,34,23};
5. quickSort(arr, 0, 9);
6. System.out.println("\n The sorted array is: \n");
7. for(i=0;i<10;i++)
8. System.out.println(arr[i]);
9. }
10. public static int partition(int a[], int beg, int end)
11. {
12.
13. int left, right, temp, loc, flag;
14. loc = left = beg;
15. right = end;
16. flag = 0;
17. while(flag != 1)
18. {
19. while((a[loc] <= a[right]) && (loc!=right))
20. right--;
21. if(loc==right)
22. flag =1;
23. elseif(a[loc]>a[right])
24. {
25. temp = a[loc];
26. a[loc] = a[right];
27. a[right] = temp;
28. loc = right;
29. }
30. if(flag!=1)
31. {
32. while((a[loc] >= a[left]) && (loc!=left))
33. left++;
34. if(loc==left)
35. flag =1;
36. elseif(a[loc] <a[left])
37. {
38. temp = a[loc];
39. a[loc] = a[left];
40. a[left] = temp;
41. loc = left;
42. }
43. }
44. }
45. returnloc;
46. }
47. static void quickSort(int a[], int beg, int end)
48. {
49.
50. int loc;
51. if(beg<end)
52. {
53. loc = partition(a, beg, end);
54. quickSort(a, beg, loc-1);
55. quickSort(a, loc+1, end);
56. }
57. }
58.}

Output:

The sorted array is:

23
23
23
34
45
65
67
89
90
101

254) Write a program in Java to create a doubly linked list

containing n nodes.
Consider the following program to create a doubly linked list containing n
nodes.

1. public class CountList {

2.
3. //Represent a node of the doubly linked list
4.
5. class Node{
6. int data;
7. Node previous;
8. Node next;
9.
10. public Node(int data) {
11. this.data = data;
12. }
13. }
14.
15. //Represent the head and tail of the doubly linked list
16. Node head, tail = null;
17.
18. //addNode() will add a node to the list
19. public void addNode(int data) {
20. //Create a new node
21. Node newNode = new Node(data);
22.
23. //If list is empty
24. if(head == null) {
25. //Both head and tail will point to newNode
26. head = tail = newNode;
27. //head's previous will point to null
28. head.previous = null;
29. //tail's next will point to null, as it is the last node of the list
30. tail.next = null;
31. }
32. else {
33. //newNode will be added after tail such that tail's next will point to newNode
34. tail.next = newNode;
35. //newNode's previous will point to tail
36. newNode.previous = tail;
37. //newNode will become new tail
38. tail = newNode;
39. //As it is last node, tail's next will point to null
40. tail.next = null;
41. }
42. }
43.
44. //countNodes() will count the nodes present in the list
45. public int countNodes() {
46. int counter = 0;
47. //Node current will point to head
48. Node current = head;
49.
50. while(current != null) {
51. //Increment the counter by 1 for each node
52. counter++;
53. current = current.next;
54. }
55. return counter;
56. }
57.
58. //display() will print out the elements of the list
59. public void display() {
60. //Node current will point to head
61. Node current = head;
62. if(head == null) {
63. System.out.println("List is empty");
64. return;
65. }
66. System.out.println("Nodes of doubly linked list: ");
67. while(current != null) {
68. //Prints each node by incrementing the pointer.
69.
70. System.out.print(current.data + " ");
71. current = current.next;
72. }
73. }
74.
75. public static void main(String[] args) {
76.
77. CountList dList = new CountList();
78. //Add nodes to the list
79. dList.addNode(1);
80. dList.addNode(2);
81. dList.addNode(3);
82. dList.addNode(4);
83. dList.addNode(5);
84.
85. //Displays the nodes present in the list
86. dList.display();
87.
88. //Counts the nodes present in the given list
89. System.out.println("\nCount of nodes present in the list: " + dList.countNodes()
);
90. }
91.}

Output:

Nodes of doubly linked list:

1 2 3 4 5
Count of nodes present in the list: 5

255) Write a program in Java to find the maximum and minimum

value node from a circular linked list.
Consider the following program.

1. public class MinMax {

2. //Represents the node of list.
3. public class Node{
4. int data;
5. Node next;
6. public Node(int data) {
7. this.data = data;
8. }
9. }
10.
11. //Declaring head and tail pointer as null.
12. public Node head = null;
13. public Node tail = null;
14.
15. //This function will add the new node at the end of the list.
16. public void add(int data){
17. //Create new node
18. Node newNode = new Node(data);
19. //Checks if the list is empty.
20. if(head == null) {
21. //If list is empty, both head and tail would point to new node.
22. head = newNode;
23. tail = newNode;
24. newNode.next = head;
25. }
26. else {
27. //tail will point to new node.
28. tail.next = newNode;
29. //New node will become new tail.
30. tail = newNode;
31. //Since, it is circular linked list tail will points to head.
32. tail.next = head;
33. }
34. }
35.
36. //Finds out the minimum value node in the list
37. public void minNode() {
38. Node current = head;
39. //Initializing min to initial node data
40. int min = head.data;
41. if(head == null) {
42. System.out.println("List is empty");
43. }
44. else {
45. do{
46. //If current node's data is smaller than min
47. //Then replace value of min with current node's data
48. if(min > current.data) {
49. min = current.data;
50. }
51. current= current.next;
52. }while(current != head);
53.
54. System.out.println("Minimum value node in the list: "+ min);
55. }
56. }
57.
58. //Finds out the maximum value node in the list
59. public void maxNode() {
60. Node current = head;
61. //Initializing max to initial node data
62. int max = head.data;
63. if(head == null) {
64. System.out.println("List is empty");
65. }
66. else {
67. do{
68. //If current node's data is greater than max
69. //Then replace value of max with current node's data
70. if(max < current.data) {
71. max = current.data;
72. }
73. current= current.next;
74. }while(current != head);
75.
76. System.out.println("Maximum value node in the list: "+ max);
77. }
78. }
79.
80. public static void main(String[] args) {
81. MinMax cl = new MinMax();
82. //Adds data to the list
83. cl.add(5);
84. cl.add(20);
85. cl.add(10);
86. cl.add(1);
87. //Prints the minimum value node in the list
88. cl.minNode();
89. //Prints the maximum value node in the list
90. cl.maxNode();
91. }
92.}

Output:

Minimum value node in the list: 1

Maximum value node in the list: 20

256) Write a program in Java to calculate the difference between

the sum of the odd level and even level nodes of a Binary Tree.
Consider the following program.

1. import java.util.LinkedList;
2. import java.util.Queue;
3.
4. public class DiffOddEven {
5.
6. //Represent a node of binary tree
7. public static class Node{
8. int data;
9. Node left;
10. Node right;
11.
12. public Node(int data){
13. //Assign data to the new node, set left and right children to null
14. this.data = data;
15. this.left = null;
16. this.right = null;
17. }
18. }
19.
20. //Represent the root of binary tree
21. public Node root;
22.
23. public DiffOddEven(){
24. root = null;
25. }
26.
27. //difference() will calculate the difference between sum of odd and even levels of
binary tree
28. public int difference() {
29. int oddLevel = 0, evenLevel = 0, diffOddEven = 0;
30.
31. //Variable nodesInLevel keep tracks of number of nodes in each level
32. int nodesInLevel = 0;
33.
34. //Variable currentLevel keep track of level in binary tree
35. int currentLevel = 0;
36.
37. //Queue will be used to keep track of nodes of tree level-wise
38. Queue<Node> queue = new LinkedList<Node>();
39.
40. //Check if root is null
41. if(root == null) {
42. System.out.println("Tree is empty");
43. return 0;
44. }
45. else {
46. //Add root node to queue as it represents the first level
47. queue.add(root);
48. currentLevel++;
49.
50. while(queue.size() != 0) {
51.
52. //Variable nodesInLevel will hold the size of queue i.e. number of elemen
ts in queue
53. nodesInLevel = queue.size();
54.
55. while(nodesInLevel > 0) {
56. Node current = queue.remove();
57.
58. //Checks if currentLevel is even or not.
59. if(currentLevel % 2 == 0)
60. //If level is even, add nodes's to variable evenLevel
61. evenLevel += current.data;
62. else
63. //If level is odd, add nodes's to variable oddLevel
64. oddLevel += current.data;
65.
66. //Adds left child to queue
67. if(current.left != null)
68. queue.add(current.left);
69. //Adds right child to queue
70. if(current.right != null)
71. queue.add(current.right);
72. nodesInLevel--;
73. }
74. currentLevel++;
75. }
76. //Calculates difference between oddLevel and evenLevel
77. diffOddEven = Math.abs(oddLevel - evenLevel);
78. }
79. return diffOddEven;
80. }
81.
82. public static void main (String[] args) {
83.
84. DiffOddEven bt = new DiffOddEven();
85. //Add nodes to the binary tree
86. bt.root = new Node(1);
87. bt.root.left = new Node(2);
88. bt.root.right = new Node(3);
89. bt.root.left.left = new Node(4);
90. bt.root.right.left = new Node(5);
91. bt.root.right.right = new Node(6);
92.
93. //Display the difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes
94. System.out.println("Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes:
" + bt.difference());
95.}
96.}

Output:

Difference between sum of odd level and even level nodes: 11