Java Programming

UNIT-I

JAVA

History of Java

1990:- The Sun Micro System us fu’p; fd;k fd ,d ,slh ubZ Language cuk,saxs ftllss ?kjsyw Consumer

Electronic Device mRiknksa dk fuekZ.k vklkuh ls gks ldsaA ;g dk;Z James Gosling dh v/;{krk esa fd;k x;k FkkA

1991:- ;g fuf’pr fd;k x;k fd ubZ Programming Language dk fuekZ.k Hkh oop‟s Concept ij gh gksxkA rFkk

bl ubZ Language dk uke OAK j[kk x;k FkkA

1992:- bl Team dks Green Team ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxk tks fd Home Appliances ds Hand Made

Devices ds Controlling dk dk;Z djrh FkhA bls Touch Screen ij Hkh dke esa fy;k tkus yxkA

{Team Leader = Peterson}

1993:- W.W.W. (World Wide Web) vk;k ftlds vUrZxr Text Base Document dks Graphical Format esa

Convert fd;k x;k rHkh Green Team ds lnL;ksa ds }kjk ;g fuf’pr fd;k x;k fd ,d ubZ Hkk"kk dks dke esa ysdj

Tiny Program dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,A tks Internet ij ljyrk ls Execute gks ldsa rFkk tks lHkh Computers ij

vklkuh ls py ldsA bUgha Tiny Programs dks Applets dgrs gSaA

1994:- Green Team ds lnL;ksa us “Hot Java” uke dk Web Browser cuk;k ftlus ubZ Language dh {kerk dks

c<+k fn;kA Hot Java ds }kjk gh Applets dks Locate o Execute fd;k tkrk gSaA

1995:- Legal Snags dh otg ls OAK uke cnydj “Java” j[k fn;k FkkA

1996:- Java dks Internet Programming dk Leader gh ugha cfYd oop‟s Language vkSj General Purpose

Language ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkus yxkA

Platform Independency: -

Source Code Source Code Source Code

Source Code Source Code

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 Java Programming

Difference’s

(1) C & Java: - (a) Java ds }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;s tkus okys Unique Statement tSls%& Sizeof, Goto, Type

Definition dks mi;ksx esa ugha ysrh gSaA

(b)Java, Pointer Type dks Support ugha djrh gSaA

(c )Java, oop‟s Concept ij dk;Z djrh gSa] tcfd C, Procedural Language gSaA

(d )Java dk Development Sun Micro System ds }kjk , C dk Development Dennis Ritchie ds }kjk

fd;k x;k FkkA

(e)Java Pre Processors dks dke esa ugha ysrh gSaA

C++ & Java

(a) Java, esa Operators Overloading dks dke esa ugha ysrs gSaA

(b) Java, Pointers dk mi;ksx ugha djrh gSaA

(c) Java esa Multiple Inheritances dh txg Interface dk mi;ksx gksrk gSaA

(d) Java esa Classes ds ckgj fdlh Hkh izdkj dk Function ;k Variable Declare ugha dj ldrs gSaA bls Fully

oop‟s dg ldrs gSaA

(e) Java esa Header Files dks Include ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA budh txg packages dks use esa fy;k tkrk gSA

blds fy;s Import keyword dks use esa fy;k tkrk gSA

(f) Java esa Destructor (~) dh txg Finalize method dk mi;ksx fy;k tkrk gSaA

Note: - Java esa Functions dks Method dgrs gSaA

(g) Java esa Templates dks dke esa ugha ysrs gSaA

Note: - fcuk Object dh Class dks Templates dgrs gSaA

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(h) Java esa Header Files ds LFkku ij Packages dks Import djrs gSaA

C++
Java
C

Java Program Structure:-

(Keyword) class Hello(Class Name)

public static void main (String arg [])

Access specifier

System.out.println (“Hello Java”);

class Object Method

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}

Dos Mode

Compilation: - C:\jdk1.5\bin>javac Hello.java

Execution: - C:\jdk1.5\bin>java Hello

Data Type in Java

Integer Character Floating Boolean
Point

Char String True False

Byte Short int Long Float Double
1 Byte 4 byte
2byte int 8
byte
2 byte 4 byte
4 byte 8 byte

Variable Declaration

class My

int i;

char c;

byte b;

public display ( ){}

public static void main (String arg [])

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}

Operators

(i) Arithmetic Operator (+, -, /, *, mod, +=, -=, /= , *=)

(ii) Assignment Operator (=)

(iii) Relational Operator (>, < , >= , <= , !=, !)

(iv) Logical Operator (&&, || , !)

(v) Boolean Operator (True/False)

(vi) Increment & Decrement Operator (++, --)

Program Structure

<class keyword><class name>

var declaration ;

constructor declaration;

method declaration ;

public static void main (String arg[])

<class object declarations>;

<calling constructor & methods>;

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- By Default Class Public gksrh gSaA

- By Default Method Private gksrs gSaA

Variables & Their’s Scopes

Variable: - Programs Execution ds nkSjku ftudh Value Change gksrh jgrh gSaA

Constant: - Value Fixed jgrh gSaA

Variables, Java Programs esa Basic Storage ds fy, dke esa fy;s tkrs gSaA Variables, Identifiers, Type rFkk

Initializer dk Combination gksrk gSaA Variable dk Scope mudh Visibility rFkk Life Time dks n’kkZrk gSaA

Variables Declaration: - Java esa Variable dks muds mi;ksx ls igys Declare fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - Type Identifier = Value;

;gka ij Type, Java dh Data Type esa ls dksbZ ,d Type gksrh gSa tks fd Class dk uke ;k Interface gks ldrk gSaA

Identifiers, Variables dk uke gksrk gSaA

Dynamic Initialization of Variables: -Variables ds Dynamic Initialization esa uhps fy[ks Program ds

varxZr 2 Variables dks Double Value ls Initialize fd;k tkrk gSaA rFkk rhljk Variable es mUgha Value dks dke esa

ysrs gq, ge Variable dk Dynamic Initialize djrs gSAValid Expressions dks dke esa ysdj B Variable

Declaration Allow djrh gSaA

class My

public static vaid main (String a [])

double a = 3.0;

double b = 4.0;

double c;

c = Math.sqrt (a*a+b*b);

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 Java Programming

class method

System.out.println (“The Square root of a and b is:”+ c);

Scope& Life time Variables:- dksbZ Hkh Variable Main Method ds vanj gh Declare fd;k tkrk gSaA ysfdu

Java, Variables dks fdlh Hkh Block esa Declare djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSaA Block, Middle Bracket ({}) ls 'kq:

gksrk gSaA rFkk mlh ds lkFk [kRe gksrk gSa rFkk Block ds }kjk gh Variable dk Scope r; fd;k tkrk gSaA cgqr lh

Language, Variables ds Scopes dks 2 Categories esa divide djrh gSaA

(i) Global (ii) Local

Perl, Java esa cgqr ls Global Variable Scope dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSaA Java vius&vius vyx Scope: -

(i) Variables Defined By Class.

(ii) Variables Defined by Methods

dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSaA Class ds }kjk Define fd;s x;s Variable dh dqN Unique Properties rFkk Attributes gksrs

gSaA tks mls Method esa Define Variable ls vyx djrs gSaA

Scope ftls Method ds }kjk define fd;k x;k gSaA {} ls 'kq: gksrs gSa] rFkk mudk Scope {} ds can gksus rd jgrk gSaA

vr% ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Java Hkh Local o Global Variable dks fHkUu djrh gSaAmUgsa Access fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

Scope dks Nested Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

Type Conversion & Type Casting

Type Conversion & Type Casting ds ckjs esa ;fn fiNyk Programming Experience gks rks ge ;g tkurs gSa fd

buds }kjk fdlh ,d Vkbi dh Value dks nwljs Vkbi dh Value ds Variable esa Assign fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn os nksuks

Types Compatible gSa rks Comparison rFkk Conversion Automatically gks tkrk gSaA fdlh ,d Vkbi dh Value

dks lnSo mls cM+s Vkbi dh Value esa gh Assign fd;k tk ldrk gSa] ijUrq double dks byte esa Convert djuk gSa] rks

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 Java Programming
mls Implicitly Convert ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blds fy, Type Casting dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa] ftlesa

InCompatible Type esa Conversion fd;k tk ldrk gSaA vr% Type Casting ds }kjk InCompatible Types esa

Explicit Conversion fd;s tkrs gSaA

Automatic Type Conversion: -

blds vUrZxr tc ,d Vkbi ds MkVk dks nwljs Vkbi ds Variable esa Automatic Convert dj fn;k tkrk gSa rks bl

izdkj ds Conversion dks Automatic Type dgrs gSaA ;g Conversion rHkh gks ldrs gSa tc fuEu nks ckrsa Satisfy

gksrh gksa :-

(1) nksuks Types Compatible gksus pkfg;sA

(2) Source Type ftldk dh Conversion fd;k tk jgk gSa] Destination Type ls NksVh gksuh pkfg,A

tc ;s nksuks dkj.k Satisfy gksrs gSa] rhkh Automatic Type ds Conversions fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

Example: - byte, short, int, long

Character of Boolean Type ds Data dks Interchange ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

InCompatible Types Casting

TSklk fd ge tkurs gSa fd Automatic Type Conversion vklkuh ls Perform fd;s tk ldrs gSa] rFkk os User ds fy,

Helpful Hkh gSa] D;ksfa d bl izdkj ds Conversion esa fdlh izdkj dh Extra Types dh vko’drk ugha gksrh gSa] ijUrq ;fn

fdlh Integer Value dks Byte Value esa Convert djuk gSa] rks og Automatic Conversion ds }kjk ugha fd;k tk

ldrk gSaA D;ksfa d byte, integer ls NksVk gSaA vr% bl izdkj ds Conversion Explicitly fd;s tkrs gSaA vr% ;g dg

ldrs gSa] fd In Compatible Type ds e/; Explicitly Conversion fd;s tkrs gSa] ftUgsa Casting of In

Compatible Types dgk tkrk gSaA vr% blds fy, Syntax fuEu gSa%&

(Target Type) Value

Byte a;

int i;

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 Java Programming
a = (byte)i;

Feature of Java

(1) Simple:- Java dks Professional Programmers ds fy, Learning vkSj mi;ksx ds fy, vklku ekuk tkrk gSa

D;ksfd ;fn og Program igys ls Object Oriented Concept ls tkurk gSa rks Java mlds fy, eqf’dy ugha gksxhA

;fn Programmers C++ ds dqN difficult Concepts dks Hkh gVk fn;k x;k gSa] ftlds dkj.k Java vkSj Hkh vklku cu

tkrh gSaA

(2) Object Oriented:- Java dks nwljh Language dh rjg Source Code ij Depend jgus dh vko’;drk ugha

gksrh gSaA bl dkj.k Java Clean, Usable, Pragmatic ¼O;ogkfjd½ ekuk x;k gSaA Java C++ ds dqN Concept tSl%s &

Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Polymorphism dks Hkh Follow djrk gSa rFkk blesa lHkh dk;Z Object

ij fd;k tkrk gSaA

(3) Robust (Strong): -Robust Program Create djus ds fy, Java dks High Priority nh xbZ gSaA Java,

Programs dh Reliability dks Maintain j[krk gSa rFkk Java, Most Common Errors tks fd Programming izk;%

gks tkrh gSa dks Hkh Lo;a gh laHkky ysrk gSaA Java ,d Strictly Type Language gSa] tks Code dks Compile Time ij

pSd djrh gSa] lkFk gh Code dks Run Time ij Hkh pSd djrk gSaA Java dks Robust cukus ds fy, nks Main Reason

fuEu gSa%&

(a) Java esa Memory Management ;k Memory dk Allocation ;k DeAllocation Virtually fd;k tkrk

gSaA Allocation Completely Automatically gksrk gSaA

D;ksfa d Java esa Garbage Collection Facility Available gSa] tks UnUse Objects dks gh Discard dj nsrh gSaA

(b) Mis Handled Exceptional Conditions:- Program Environment esa dqN Exception dks Java }kjk

Lo;a gh Handle dj fy;k tkrk gSaA tSl%s & divide by Zero, File not Found, Exception etc.

vr% dg ldrs gSa] Java Programs dh Run Time Errors dks vklkuh ls Handle fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

(4) Multi Treaded:- Java dh Real Word Requirement dks Fulfill djus ds fy, Design fd;k x;k gSa ftlls

Java Programs dks Internet ij vkSj Hkh Interactive cuk;k tk ldsA blds fy, Java Multi Threaded

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 Java Programming
Programming dks Support djrh gSaA ftlds }kjk Programs cgqr ls Operations dks yxkrkj Perform dj ldrs

gSaA D;ksfa d Java bu Run Time System Multi Process Synchronization dks Support djrk gSaA ftlls

Interactive System dks Smoothly Run fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Java dks Easy to Use Approach rFkk Multi

Threading ds }kjk Program dk Behaviour o Speed Hkh c<+ tkrh gSaA

(5) Architectural Neutral: - Java dks Architectural Neutral blfy, dgk tkrk gSa D;ksfa d blesa ,d Advance

Feature JVM (Java Virtual Machine) gksrk gSaA ftlds }kjk Programmers dk y{; Write Once Run any

Where any time forever iwjk gks tkrk gSaA ijUrq fiNyh Languages esa Facility Available ugha FkhA

(6) High Performance: -Java dks Low Power C.P.U. ij vPNh rjg dke djus ds fy, Hkh Design fd;k x;k

gSaA Java ds Byte Codes dks cgqr Carefully Design fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls fd ml Byte Code dk Translation,

Directly Native Code Machine esa gks tk;sA bl dkj.k Java dh Performance vR;f/kd High gks tkrh gSa rFkk ;g

Native Code Conversion JIT (Just in time) Compiler ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSaA bl dkj.k bls Platform

Independent Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA ;k blds High Performance Cross Platform Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA

(7) Compile & Interpreted: -Java Cross Platform gksus ds dkj.k blds Programs dks Compile dj ,d

Intermediate Code esa Convert fd;k tkrk gSa] ftls Byte Code dgrs gSaA bl Byte Code dks JVM ds }kjk fdlh

Hkh Machine ij ys tkdj Interpret fd;k tkrk gSaA blfy, bls Compiler vkSj Interpreter dgrs gSaA

{ tc Java ds Source Code dks Compile fd;k tkrk gSa] rks Java dk Compiler Class File cukrk gSa ftlesa ,d

Intermediate Code Generate gksrk gSa] mls Byte Code dgrs gSaA}

(8) Distributed:- Java dks Distributed Language Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA D;ksfa d bls Distributed Environment ds

fy, gh cuk;k x;k gSaA ;g Internet ds Environment eas Hkh dke djrh gSa] rFkk TCP/IP Protocols dks Hkh Handle

djrh gSaA Java dk Original Version ftls OAK dgk tkrk gSa] og Intra Address Space Messaging (IASM)

dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gSaA ftlds }kjk nks Different Computer ij ju gks jgs Processors dks Object vklkuh ls fey tkrs

gSaA bl izdkj ds Interface ,d Package esa LVksj fd;s x;s gSa] ftls RMI (Remote Method Invocation) dgk tkrk

gSaA blds }kjk Client/Server Programming esa Unpredictable Level of Abstraction dks ns[kk tkrk gSaA

(9) Dynamic: - Java Programs dks Run Time Information ds Verify djus rFkk lkFk gh Run Time ij

Object dks Access djus dh Permission gksrh gSaA blds dkj.k ;g Possible gqvk fd ;fn dksbZ Code Dynamic

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 Java Programming
Linking Perform dj jgk gSa rks og Safely Execute gksxkA blds }kjk Applets Dynamically Running System

ij Hkh Update gks tkrs gSaA

(10) Portable: - Byte Code Conversion ds dkj.k Java dks Portable Language Hkh dgk tkrk gSa D;ksfa d cgqr ls

Computer ij Different Types ds Operating System ij Hkh vklkuh ls Execute gks tkrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k ;g

,d Portable, Executable Code Generate djrs gSaA

(11) Security: - Security dh n`f"V ls Java Strong Language gSaA igys tc Hkh dHkh Programs dks Download

fd;k tkrk gSa rks muds fy, Viral Infection dh vk’kadk cuh jgrh FkhA vr% cgqr ls Programmer us Programs dks

Frequently Download djuk can dj fn;kA ;k Downloading ls igys mu Programs esa Virus Scanning dj

mUgsa Download fd;k tkrk FkkA Java, Normal System rFkk Internet ds e/; Firewall dk dk;Z djrh gSaA tc

Java ds Web Browsers dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa rks Java applets fcuk fdlh Extra Document rFkk fcuk fdlh

Virtual Infection ds Download dj fy;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj Java Programs dks Protections, Java ds Web

Browsers ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSaA

Java Environment

Java Environment esa Java Developer dh Classes rFkk method dks Add fd;k tkrk gSaA Java Development

Tools esa JDK (Java Development Tool Kit) rFkk lkFk gh Classes o Method dks Java dh Standard Library

(JSL) esa lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSaA Java Development Kit esa Applet Viewer, javac , java, javap, javah ,

javadoc rFkk jdb dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSaA JSL esa language, Input Output Packages, AWT (Abstract

Window Tool Kit) Applet Packages, Net Packages, Utility dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSaA

Hardware & Software Requirement In Java

Java dh H/W rFkk S/W Requirement fuEu gSa

(1) Windows95

(2) IBM Compatible 486 System

(3) 8 Mb Memory Location

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 Java Programming
(4) Windows Compatible Sound Card

(5) Hard drive

(6) CD ROM

(7) Compatible Mouse

(8) Windows95 Software

tc Java ds Source Code dks Compile fd;k tkrk gSa rks Java dk Compiler Class File cukrk gSa ftlesa ,d

Intermediate Code gksrk gSa ftls Byte Code dgrs gSaA

Java Virtual Machine

Java dh og Team ftlesa Security rFkk Portability nksuks leL;kvksa dks Solve dj fn;k og Fkk Java Compiler ds

}kjk fd;k gqvk Byte Code Conversion. Byte Code Conversion Highly Optimized Set of Instruction gSa]

ftls Java Run Time System ij Execute fd;k tkrk gSaA og Machine ftlds }kjk ml dksM dks Execute fd;k

tkrk gSa] ;g JVM (Java Virtual Machine) dgykrh gSaA ljy 'kCnksa esa JVM ,d Interpreter gSa] ftlls Byte

Code Execute fd;k tkrk gSaA Java ds Programs Byte Code esa Convert djus esa Programs fdlh Hkh rjg ds

Environment esa vklkuh ls Execute gks ldrs gSa mUgsa flQZ JVM Implementation dh vko’;drk gksrh gSaA JVM

dh vko’;drk Platform to Platform vyx&2 gksrh gSaA rFkk lHkh Byte Code dks Interpret dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj

Byte Code ds Interpreter ls Programs, Portables curs gSaA

Java Programs dk Interpretation mUgsa Security iznku djus esa Hkh lgk;rk iznku djrk gSaA D;ksfa d Java ds gj

Program dk Execution, JVM ds Control esa gksrk gSaA JVM, Programs dks Safe Environment esa Execute

djrk gS rFkk mls System ls feyus okys Side Effects dks Hkh cpkrk gSaA

tc Java Program dks Interpret fd;k tkrk gSa] rks og Compiled Program dh vis{kk /khjs Execute gksrk gSaA ijUrq

Java esa Byte Code Conversion ds }kjk rFkk JVM dh lgk;rk ls Runtime Systems ij Programs Fastly

Execute gksrs gSaA Sun Micro Systems ds }kjk Byte Code ds fy, ,d JIT Compiler (Just In time) Hkh miyC/k

gSa tks JVM dk gh ,d Part gSaA bl Compiler ds }kjk gh Byte Code Executable Code esa Convert gksrk gSa] rFkk

Programs Execute gksrs gSaA

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 Java Programming

JVM

Source Code Byte Code

Interpreter (JVM)

Object Code

Compile (JIT)

Architecture of JVM

Control Statement

(1) Simple if : -

Syntax: - if (Boolean Expression)

//Which return true or false

True Statement;

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 Java Programming
False Statement;

(2) if-else: -

Syntax: - if (Boolean Expression)

True statement

else

False statement

if rFkk if else Condition, Relational Operators dks mi;ksx esa ysdj cukbZ tkrh gSaA Boolean Expression ds

varxZr Boolean Operators rFkk Relational Operators dks lfEefyr dj fy;k tkrk gSaA

if Statement lnSo Top to Down gksrs gSaA ;fn if Expression esa fy[kh x;h Condition True gSa rks lcls igys og

Condition Execute gksxh rFkk ckdh Condition dks Skip dj fn;k tk;sxkA

Switch Case: - Switch Case Statement, Multi Way Branch Statement gksrs gSaA ;g Execution ds ,sls rjds

dks Support djrs gSa] ftlesa User ds Source Code ds Different Parts dks Expressions ds vk/kkj ij Check

fd;k tkrk gSaA ;g if else if dh Problems dks nwj dj nsrk gSaA

Switch ds varxZr Expression fy[kh tkrh gSa] ftlesa character, boolean, integer, byte etc. Data Type dh

Value dks Specify fd;k tkrk gSaA case Statement esa case ls Match djrh gqbZ Value dks n’kkZ;k tkrk gSaA

Switch Case Statement ds varxZr default Keyword dks Hkh dke esa fy;k tkrk gSaA tc case esa fy[kh xbZ

Expressions, True gks tkrh gSa] rks caase ds Statement dks Execute djrs gSa rFkk lkFk gh default Statement Hkh

Execute gksrk gSaA Statement Sequence dks Terminate djus ds fy, break Keyword dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa]

ftls gj case Statement esa fy[kk tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - Switch (Expression)

case <Value1>:

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 Java Programming
1st Statements;

break;

case <value2>:

2nd statements;

break;

case <value n>

n Statement;

break;

default:

<statements>

Example: -

class Switch_Case

public static void main (String a [])

for (int i=0; i<6; i++)

Switch (i)

case 0:

System.out.println (“i is zero” +i);

break;

case 1:

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 Java Programming
System.out.println (“i is one” +i);

break;

case 2:

System.out.println (“ i is two” + i);

break;

case 3:

System.out.println (“ i is Three” + i);

break;

default:

System.out.println (“I is Greater than 3”);

blesa ge Nested switch case esa Hkh mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSaA

Iterative Statements

Iterative Statement dks vU; Programming Language dh rjg gh Java esa Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa ;g rhu

izdkj ds gksrs gSa

(1) for

(2) While

(3) Do while

(1) For: - blds varxZr tc dqN Statements dks ckj&2 Repeat djuk gksrk gSa rks For Loop dks dke esa fy;k

tkrk gSaA

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 Java Programming
Syntax: - for (initialization; Condition; iteration)

body;

// for loop statements

(2) While Loop: - Conditional Statements dks rFkk Conditional Expressions dks Control djus ds fy,

While Loop dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA ;fn izksxzke ds varxZr While Loop esa fy[kh xbZ Condition,

False gksrh gSa rks While Loop esa fy[ks x;s Statements dks Execute ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - while (Condition)

// body

Example: - (while)

class Rev

public static void main (String a [])

int n=10;

while (n>0)

System.out.println(n);

n--;

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 Java Programming
}

Example: - (for)

class Rev

public static void main (String a[])

int n ;

for (n=10; n>0; n--)

System.out.println (n);

(3) Do While Statements: - dHkh&2 ;g vko’;d gks tkrk gSa fd While Loop esa fy[ks x;s Statements ,d

ckj rks Execute gks gh blfy, Do while Loop dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa tc User

Termination Condition dks Test djuk pkgrk gSa] rks Do While Loop dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - do

// Body of Loop

while (condition);

Example: - class Rev

public static void main (String a[])

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 Java Programming
{

int n=10;

do

System.out.println(n);

n--;

Example:- *****

****

***

**

class My

public static void main (String str[])

int i,j;

for (i=0; i<10; i++)

for (j = i, j<10; j++)

System.out.print(*);

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 Java Programming
System.out.println();

Break Statements

gesa Kkr gSa fd Switch Case ds varxZr gh Break Statements dks Use esa fy;k tkrk gSa] vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd

fdlh Hkh Loop ls ckgj vkus ds fy, Break Statement dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa fd Break

Statements Loop Termination Conditions ds fy, mi;ksx esa vkrs gSa tSls gh Loop Terminate gks tkrk gSa

Program dk Control, Loop ds ckn dh Next Line ij pyk tkrk gSaA Break Statements ds fy, nks eq[; ckrs

/;ku esa j[kuk vko’;d gSa

(1) ,d gh Loop ds varxZr cgqr ls Break Statement dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSa ijUrq ;fn cgqr ls

Break Statement dks ,d lkFk fdlh Loop esa yxk;k tkrk gSa] rks mlls izksxzke dh Efficiency de gksrh gSaA

(2) tc Break Statements dks Switch Case esa mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa rks og flQZ Switch Statement dks

Terminate djus ds fy, gh dke esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

eq[;r% Break Statement dks rHkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA tc fdlh Special Condition ds }kjk Loop ls ckgj

vkuk gksA

Example:-

class My1

public static void main (String str[])

int i;

for (i=0;i<10; i++)

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 20 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
{

if (i= =5)

break;

System.out.println(i);

Continue Statements

dHkh dHkh izksxzke ds varxZr bl Loop dks Continue j[kuk pkgrs gSa ijUrq fdlh Special Iteration ;k Condition ds

le; ml Loop dh Processing dks can djuk gks ;k jksduk gks rks bl izdkj ds Statements ds fy, Continue dk

mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gsAa While Loop rFkk Do While ds varxZr Continue Statements ds dkj.k Statements

Directly Loop dh Conditional Expression ds ikl pys tkrs gsAa For Loop ds varxZr ;fn Continue

Statements dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa rks og igys Iterative Statements rFkk ckn esa Conditional Expressions

ds ikl esa tkrk gSaA

Example: -

class My1

public static void main (String str[])

int i;

for (i=0;i<10; i++)

if (i= =5)

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 21 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
continue;

System.out.println(i);

Output: - 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9

Jump Statement

Jump Statement dks eq[;r% 3 Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSaA ftlesa ls nks dks mij define fd;k tk pqdk gSa

(1) Break

(2) Continue

(3) Return

Return Statements:- Return Statements esa Method ds }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA tc fdlh Method esa

Return Statement dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa rks ml Statement ds }kjk izksxzke dk Control mlds }kjk Call fd;s x;s

Method ds ikl pyk tkrk gSa vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Return ds }kjk izksxzke Control ml Method ds Caller

ds ikl pyk tkrk gSaA

class Return

public static void main(String args[])

boolean t=true;

System.out.println(“Before the return”);

if(t)

return;

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 Java Programming
System.out.println(“This is not executed”);}}

Java Internet & WWW

Java rFkk Internet nksuks dks User Interface Programming ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA Java ds }kjk cgqr ls

Free Objects cuk;s tkrs gSa tks iwjs Internet Space ij (Cyber Space) Freely Move dj ldrs gSaA Network ij

2 Categories ds Object dks Server rFkk P.C. ds chp esa Transmit fd;k tkrk gSaA

(1) Passive Information

(2) Active in Dynamic Programs.

tc fdlh Hkh Program dks Network ls Download fd;k tkrk gSa rks og izksxzke dksM rc rd Passive cuk jgrk gSa

tc rd fd mls Execute uk djsaA Dynamic o Active Programs os Programs gSa tks Self Execute gksus dh {kerk

j[krs gSa ,sls Programs Client Computer ij Active Agent dk dke djrs gSaA ijUrq bu Dynamic Program ds

dkj.k dHkh&2 Serious Problems Hkh mRiUu gks tkrh gSaA ftudk {ks= eq[;r% Portability rFkk Security gksrh gSaA

W.W.W.:- World Wide Web 1993 esa vk;kA ftlds }kjk Text Environment dks Graphical Base

Environment esa Convert dj fn;k x;kAWorld Wide Web ds lkFk&2 Java Developers us Tiny Programs

cukus dh lksph bu Tiny Programs dks Applets dgk tkus yxkA tc rd Java ds Programs dks Web ds }kjk

accept ugha djk fy;k x;k rc rd www bruk izpfyr ugha gqvk FkkA Internet ij Java dks Fore Front

Computers Language dgk tkrk gSaA D;ksfa d Net ij lcls T;knk Portable Program cukus dh lcls Efficeint

Language Fkh ftl ij lHkh User vklkuh ls dk;Z dj ldrs FksA bl izdkj Java ds }kjk Net ij Portablity dh

Problem dks nwj fd;k x;kA

Tokens

White space: - Java dks Language Free dgk tkrk gSaA vr% ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Java esa fdlh Hkh rjg ds

Special Indentation dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSaA fdlh Hkh izksxzke esa de ls de gj Token ds chp esa ,d White Space

gksuk t:jh gSaA ftls fdlh Operator, Seprator etc. dks mi;ksx esa ysdj iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Java esa White

Space dks Tab ;k New Line dgk tkrk gSaA

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 Java Programming
Identifiers :- Class name, Method Name, Variable name etc. dks Identifiers dgk tkrk gSaA Identifier

Upper case Letters, Lower Case Letters, Numbers, UnderScore ;k nwljs lHkh izdkj ds Characters dh

Sequence dks dgk tkrk gSaA Identifiers dHkh Hkh Number ds }kjk 'kq: ugha gksrs gSaA pwfa d Java, Case Sensitive

Language gSa vr% Upper Case/Lower Case Identifier vyx&2 gksx

a As

Example:- VALUE Both are different Identifiers

value

Literals :- Java ds varxZr fdlh Hkh Constant Value dks Create djus ds fy, mldk Literal Representation

vko’;d gksrk gSaA Literals dks dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh le; mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

For Example: - const pi = 3.14;

Java Key Wrods: - Java esa 49 Key Words dks define fd;k x;k gSa ;s Keywords Operators rFkk Seprators

dks Combined djds cuk;s x;s gSaA Key words dks Class name, Method name etc. ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSaA

1. abstract 18. finally 34. public

2. assert 19. float 35. return

3. boolean 20. for 36. short

4. break 21. goto 37. static

5. byte 22. if 38. strict fp

6. case 23. implements 39. super

7. catch 24. import 40. switch

8. chare 25. instanceOf 41. syncronized

9. class 26. int 42. this

10. const 27. interface 43. throw

11. continue 28. long 44. throws

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 Java Programming
12. default 29. native 45. transient

13. do 30. new 46. try

14. double 31. package 47. void

15. else 32. private 48. volatile

16. extends 33. protected 49. while

17. final

Const rFkk Goto Keyword dks Reserve rks fd;k x;k gSa] ijUrq mi;ksx esa ugha fy;k tkrkA bl Key Words ds

vykok True/False rFkk Null dks Reserve ekuk x;k gSaA

Bit Wise Operator

(1) ~ : - Bitwise Unary Not (NOT)

(2) & : - Bitwise & Operator (And)

(3) ! : - Bitwise ! Operator (OR)

(4) ^ : - Bitwise XOR Operator (XOR)

(5) >>: - Shift Right

(6) >>>: - Shift Right 0 fill

(7) << : - Shift Left

For Example: -class Bitwise

public static void main (String str[])

String binary [] ={“0000”, “1000”, “0100”, “1100”,

“0010”, “1010” “0110,” “1111”,

“0001”, “1001”, “0101”, “1101”};

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 Java Programming
int a = 2;

int b = 2;

int c = a|b;

int d = a&b;

int e = a^b;

System.out.println (“a+b=”+ binary (c));

System.out.println (“a&b=” + binary (d));

System.out.println (“a^b=”+ binary (e));

Special Operator – Ternary Operator :- ;g Operator, Three way Operator gksrk gSaA bl Operator dks

Three way Operator Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA ;g cgqr ls if-else Statements dks Replace djrk gSaA ;g C vkSj C++ dh

rjg Java esa Hkh dk;Z djrk gSaA

Syntax: - Expressions1? Expression2 : Expression3;

;gka ij Expression1 ,d ,slh Expression gSa] tks Boolean Value dks Valuate djrh gSaA ;fn Expression1

True gSa] rks Expression2 Value Execute gksxh vU;Fkk Expression 3 Execute gksxhA Expression 2 rFkk 3 ds

fy;s ;gka ;g vko’;d gSa fd Return Time Same gksxh rFkk nksuks esa ls dksbZ Hkh Void Return ugha djsxkA

Labeled Loops: - tc Hkh fdlh izksxzke esa Loops yxk;s tkrs gSa rks mu Loops dks uke Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gSaA vr%

ftl Loop dks igys fy[kk x;k gSa mls First Label fn;k tk ldrk gSaA Label, Java dk ,d Valid Indentifier gSa

ftlds ihNs Column (:)dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa ;fn fdlh Block dks Labeled Block cuk fn;k tkrk gSa] rks ml

Label dks Break Statement dh rjg Hkh mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSaA bl izdkj Loop ;k Block rHkh End gksxk tc mls

Last Label dk Closing Braces fey tk;sxkA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 26 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming

class Lab

public static void main(String args[])

boolean t=true;

first:{

second:{

third:{

System.out.println(“Before the break”);

if(t)

break second;

System.out.println(“This is not executed”);

System.out.println(“This is not executed”);

System.out.println(“This is after second block”);

Output: -Before the break

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 27 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
This is after second break

UNIT-II

Defining The Class

Class Definition ;k Class [kqn ,d ubZ Data Type gSaA ,d ckj tc Class dks Define dj nsrs gSa rks mls Objects

ds }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSaA Class ,d Template gSa ftls flQZ Class ds Object ds }kjk gh mi;ksx esa ysrs

gSaA tc Hkh Class dks define fd;k tkrk gSa rks mlds varxZr MkVk rFkk mu ij gksus okys Operations dh Declaration

rFkk definition gksrh gSaA Java ds varxZr Classes flQZ MkVk ;k mlls Related Code vyx&2 j[k ldrh gSaA Class

dks Define djus ds fy, Class Keyword dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

Class Structure

class <class name>

instance variable1;

instance variable2;

instance variable n;

return type method name1(parameter list)

//body of method;

return type method name (n parameter list)

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 Java Programming
//body of method;

Class ds vanj define variables dks instance variables dgk tkrk gS rFkk ftrus Hkh Operations Data ij

Perform fd;s tkrs gSa] mu lHkh dks Method ds varxZr j[kk tkrk gSa] vr% Methods rFkk Variables Class

Members gksrs gSaA

lHkh Methods ;k lHkh Classes tks fd ,d Program esa define gSa] muesa ls fdlh Hkh ,d Class esa main Method

dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSaA lkFk gh tc Applets Declare fd;s tkrs gSa rks muesa main dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSaA

Constructors: - fdlh Hkh Object dks mlds Creation ds le; gh initialize djus dk dke Constructor }kjk

fd;k tkrk gSaA Constructor, Class name gh gksrk gSaA Constructors ds vkxs fdlh Hkh Access Specifier (Public,

Private etc) dks ugha yxk;k tkrk gSaA ;gka rd fd void dks Hkh mi;ksx esa ugha fy;k tkrk gSaA ,d ckj Constructor

dks Define djus ij Object Create djrs le; og Automatically Objects dks intialize dj nsrk gSaA

Constructor dh dksbZ Hkh Return Type ugha gksrh gSaA D;ksfa d og Class Type ds Objects dks intialize djrk gSa vr%

Constructor dh Return Type Hkh Class Type gksrh gSaA

(Constructor dk dk;Z Objects dks intialize djuk gksrk gSa rkfd Code Creation ds le; Objects Fully

initialized gksA)

Constructors dks eq[;r% 2 Parts esa ckaVk tkrk gSaA

(1) Default Constructor:- Default Constructor, Object Creation ds le; Automatically invoke gksrk gSaA

;g vko’;d ugha gSa fd izksxzke esa Default Constructor dks define fd;k tk;sA

Syntax: - classname objectname = new operator classname();

A obj = new A ();

tc fdlh Hkh izksxzke esa Default Constuctor dks Explicitly Define ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA rks Java Automatically

Default Constructor dks dkWy dj ysrk gSaA tc Hkh Default Constructor ds }kjk Object dks initialize fd;k tkrk

gSa] rks lHkh esa 0 Store dj fn;k tkrk gSaA Simple Classes ds Default Constructor mi;qDr gSaA

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 Java Programming

For Example: -

class Const

double d;

public static void main (String str[])

Const obj = new Const ();

obj.d = 20;

System.out.println (obj.d);

;gka ij Java Automatically Default Constructor dks Call djrk gSaA

class Const

double d;

Const ()

d=10;

public static void main (String str[])

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 30 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Const obj = new Const ();

System.out.println(obj.d);

obj.d=20;

System.out.println(obj.d);

;gka ij Explicity Default Constructor dks Call fd;k x;k gSaA

(2) Parametrized Constructor: - Parametrized Constructor dks Hkh Object initialization ds fy, dke esa

fy;k tkrk gSaA Parameterized Constructor dks Set djus ds fy, dke esa fy;k tkrk gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn izksxzke

esa Base dh Value dks Calculate djuk gSa rks Parameterized Constructor dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksfa d

Box dk vkdkj vyx&2 gks ldrk gSaA bl izdkj ds Constructor esa Object Creation ds le; Parameters Pass

fd;s tkrs gSaA

For Example: -

class Box

double height;

double width;

double depth;

Box (double h, double w, double d)

height=h;

width=w;

depth=d;

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 31 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
}

double volume()

return height*width*depth;

class Box 1

public static void main (String str[])

Box b1= new Box();

double vol= b1.volume ();

System.out.println(“Volume is”+vol);

This Key Word: - C++ dh rjg gh this Keyword dks Java esa Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA dHkh&dHkh Method dks

this Keyword dh vko’;drk iM+rh gSa tc ml Method dks ftl Object ds }kjk Print fd;k x;k gSa] mlh Object

dks Refer djuk gks rks blds fy, this Keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

Current Object dks Refer djus ds fy, fdlh Hkh Method ds varxZr this dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSaA this dks

Current Class ds Object dks Refer djus ds fy, dgha Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSaA

For Example: -

Box (double n; double w, double d)

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 Java Programming
this.height = h;

this.width = w;

this.depth = d;

New Operator: - tc Hkh Class dk Object cuk;k tkrk gSa rks Bracket() Constructor dks n’kkZrk gSA

Constructor ds }kjk ;g n’kkZ;k tkrk gS fd tc ,d Class dk Object Create gksxk rks D;k gksxkA vFkkZr~ ge ;g dg

ldrs gSa fd Constructor Object initalization dk dke djrk gSaA

new Operator ds }kjk Object dks Create fd;k tkrk gSa ijUrq Class, Data Type tSl%s & int, char, boolean etc

ds fy, new Operator dks mi;ksx esa ysus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSa D;ksfa d Java ds varxZr Simple Data Types dks

Object dh rjg Implement ugha fd;k x;k gSa] cfYd mUgsa Normal Variables dh rjg Implement fd;k x;k gSaA

Object esa cgqr lh ,slh fo’ks"krk,a gksrh gSa] ftlds }kjk Object rFkk Variables esa Differents le>k tk ldrk gSaA

new Operator, Objects dks Runtime ij Memory Allocate djus dk dke djrk gSaA blls izksxzke ds Execution

ds le; Class ds fdrus Hkh Object cuk;s tk ldrs gSaA Run Time ij Memory Allocation djus ds fy, New

Operator dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA]

Garbage Collection

Objects dks New Operator ds }kjk Dynamic Memory Allocation fd;k tkrk gSaA vr% tc Hkh New Operator

ds }kjk Memory Allocate dh tkrh gSa rks ml izksxzke ds Execution rd gh ml Object ds ikl Memory gksrh gSaA

vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gSa fd Java esa izksxzke Execution rd gh Objects dks Memory Allocate gksrh gSa ckn esa mu

Objects ds Destroy gks tkus ls Memory iqu% Reallocation ds fy, ;k Memory dk iw.kZ Reallocation gks ldrk

gSaA C++ esa Memory ds de allocation ds fy, Delete Operator dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA Java esa Memory

dk de-allocation Automatically Perform gksrk gSa og Technique ftlds }kjk ;g dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSaA Garbage

Collection dgykrh gSaA

tc fdlh Hkh Object dks dqN le; rd mi;ksx esa ugha fy;k tkrk gSa rks Garbage Collection ds }kjk ml Object dks

Destroy dj Memory dks iqu% mi;ksx esa ys fy;k tkrk gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 33 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
C++ dh rjg Java esa Object dks Explicity Destroy djus dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSaA Garbage Collection dsoy

Program Execution ds nkSjku gh dk;Z djrk gSaA

Finalize Methods: - dHkh&dHkh tc Object dks Destroy dj fn;k tkrk gSa rc Program ds }kjk mlh Object dks

dqN Operation Perform djus ds fy, dgk tkrk gSaA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa Java }kjk ,d Machanism Provide fd;k

x;k gSa ftls Finalization dgrs gSaA Finalization ds }kjk mu Specific Actions dks Perform fd;k tkrk gSaA tc

Object Garbage Collector ds ikl igqap pqdk gksrk gSaA

fdlh Hkh Class esa Finalizer dks Add djus ds fy, Finalize Method dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA Java ij Run time

Environment bl Method dks rc Call djrk gSa rc Object dks Destroy djus ds fy, Garbage Collection

viuk dk;Z 'kq: dj pqdk gSaA Finalize Method ds vanj ml Operation dks fy[kk tkrk gSa ftls Finalize Method ds

}kjk ;k Object Destroy gksus ls igys Perform djukA Garbage Collector ds }kjk Periodically Operations

Perform fd;s tkrs gSaA Finalize Method dks Class esa fuEu izdkj ls define fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax:- protected void finalize ()

// Body of Method

protected Access Specifier dks Finalize dh lqj{kk ds fy, dkWy fd;k tkrk gSa ftlesa Class ds ckgj dk Code mls

Access u dj ldsaA vr% ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Finalize Method dks Garbage Collector ds Just igys Call

fd;k tkrk gSaA

Method Overloading:- tc fdlh Class esa nks ;k nsk ls vf/kd Methods dk uke Same gks ij Declaration of

Parameters vyx&2 gks rks bl izdkj ds Methods dks Overload Methods rFkk bl Process dks Method

Overloading dgk tkrk gSaA Method Overloading, Polymorphysm dk gh ,d mnkgj.k gSaA

tc Hkh Over loaded Methods dks invoke fd;k tkrk gSa rc Java ds }kjk mlds Arguments ;k Parameters dks

pSd fd;k tkrk gSaA ftlls Method Call ds ckjs esa irk pyrk gSaA Methods dh Different Return Type Hkh gks

ldrk gSaA

For Example: -

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 34 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
class Method

void test()

System.out.println (“Not any initialization”);

void test (int s)

System.out.println (“s=”+s);

void test (int c, int d)

System.out.println (“c=”+c+”d=”+d);

class Method1

public static void main (String str[])

Method m1 = new Method1 ();

m1.test();

m1.test(10);

m1.test(10,20);

m1.test();

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 35 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
}

Example:-

class Method

double Area (double l, double b)

System.out.println(“Area of rectangle is:”+l*b);

int Area (int b, int h)

int a;

a = ½ (b*h);

System.out.println (“Area of triangle is”+a);

double Area (double r)

double a;

double pi = 3.14;

a = pi*r*r;

System.out.println (“Area of Circle is:” +a);

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 36 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
class Method1

public static void main (String str [])

Method obj= new Method( );

obj. Area (3.4, 4.0);

obj. Area (5, 4);

obj. Area (5.5);

Inheritance

Inheritance Object Oriented programming ds fy, Important gSa D;ksfa d og Creation of hierarchical

Classification, Java Allow Mainly Four type of interitance are follows:-

(1) Simple

(2) Multi Level

(3) Hierarchical

Java, Interitance esa Multiple Inheritance dh txg Interface dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Example: - class A

int a,b;

void display ( )

System.out.println (“a”+a+ “b”+b);

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 37 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
}

class B extends A

int c;

void display1( )

System.out.println(“c”+c);

void sum ( )

System.out.println (“a+b+c” + (a+b+c)};

class C

public static void main (String str [])

A obj1 = new A ( );

B obj2 = new B ( );

obj1. a = 10;

obj1.b = 20;

System.out.println(“a+b=”);

Obj1.display ( );

System.out.println ( );

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 38 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
obj 2. a = 10;

obj 2. b = 20;

obj 2. c = 30;

obj 2. display ( );

obj 2. display ( );

obj 2. sum ( );

System.out.println ( );

Inheritance, oop ds varxZr egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSa D;ksfa d fdlh ,d General Class ds varxZr Logically Related

Items dks j[k dj fdlh nwljh Class ds }kjk Items dks Access fd;k tkrk gSaA ftl Class dks Inherit djok;k tkrk

gSa, mls Super Class dgrs gSaA rFkk ftl Class dks inherit fd;k x;k gSa] og Sub Class dgykrh gSaA

Super Key word dk Use: - dHkh&dHkh Super Class ds varxZr Duplicate Code Hkh 'kkfey gks tkrk gSaA ftlls

izksxzke Inefficient gks tkrk gSa ijUrq Sub Class ds ikl fQj Hkh Super Class ds Members dks Access djus dh

Permission gksrh gSaA ;fn dHkh Super Class ds varxZr Vairables dks Private Declare dj fn;k tkrk gSa rks Sub

Class ds Object ds }kjk mu Variables dks Access ;k initialized ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA vr% oop Concept esa

encapsulation dks Primary Atribute ekuk tkrk gSaA tc Hkh fdlh Sub Class dsk Just viuh Super Class ls fdlh

Member dks Access ;k intialize djus dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa rks Java ds }kjk Super Key word dk mi;ksx fd;k

tkrk gSaA

Super Key Word dh nks General Forms gksrh gSaA

(1) Super Key word ds }kjk Super Class ds Constructor dks Call fd;k tkrk gSaA

(2) bl Key Word ls Super Class ds Members dks Access fd;k tk ldrk gSa ftlls Sub Class ds

Member Access ugha dj ldrs gSaA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gSa fd og Member Super Class ds }kjk

Hidden dj fn;s tkrs gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 39 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Super Class Constructor dks Super Keyword }kjk Call djuk:- dksbZ Hkh Sub Class, Super Class ds

Constructor Method dks Super Key Word ds }kjk Access dj ldrh gSaA

Super (Parameter List);

;gka ij Parameter List, Super Class ds Constructor esa Define Parameters dks Specify djrk gSaA Sub Class

ds Constructor esa tks igyk Statement Execute gksrk gSa og super gh gSaA

Inheritance ds vUrxZr Constructor dks Call djuk:- tc Hkh fdlh Class esa Constructor cuk;s tkrs gSa rks

igys super Class ds Constructor Call gksx

a ]s ckn esa Sub Class ds Constructor dks Call fd;k tk;sxkA

Example: - B ,d Sub Class gSa] ftldh Super Class A gSaA rFkk tc B Class ds Constructor dks Call fd;k

tk;sxk rks igys A Class dk Constuctor Automatically Call gksxkA vr% Sub Class ds Constructor esa lcls

igys Super ds varxZr fy[ks x;s Parameters dks Call fd;k tkrk gSa] tks fd Super Class ds Constuctor dks dkWy

djus dk dke djrs gSaA ;fn fdlh Class esa Super Keyword dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSa rks By Default Super

Call ds Perameter test Constuctor Automatically Call gks tkrs gSaA

Example:- Class A

A()

System.out.println {“A‟s Constructor”);

class B extends A

B ()

System.out.println („B‟s Constructor);

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}

class c

public static void main (String str[])

B obj. = new B ( );

Super Key dks mi;ksx esa ysdj cuk;k x;k izksxzke

Class A

int i;

class B extends A

int i;

B (int a, int b)

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super.i = a;

i=b;

void show ( )

System.out.println (“Constructor for Super Class and i: = ”+ super.i);

System.out.println (“Constructor for sub class and i =:”+ i);

class C

public static void main (String str [])

B obj1 = new B (1,2);

obj1 show ( );

Second Use of super Class:-

Class Box

double height, width, depth;

Box ( )

height = -1;

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width = -1;

depth = -1;

Box (double h, double w, double d)

height = h;

width = w;

depth = d;

volume ( )

double vol;

vol = height * width * depth;

System.out.println (“Volume of Box is” + vol);

class Box1 extends Box

double weight ;

Box ( )

super ( );

weight = -1;

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Box1 (double h, double w, doubled d, double m)

super (h, w, d);

weight = m;

class Box2

public static void main (String str [])

Box1 obj1 = new Box1 ( );

obj1.weight=20;

obj1. volume ( );

System.out.println (“weight of Box is” + ob1.weight)

Method Over Riding:- tc dksbZ Method ftls Subclass esa Same Name rFkk Same

Singnature(parameters) ds lkFk define fd;k tkrk gSaA tSlk fd Super Class esa ml Method dks Define fd;k

x;k gSa rks og Method tks Sub Class esa define gSa mls Super Class dk Over Ride Method dgk tkrk gSaA tc

Overide Methods dks Subclass ds }kjk Call fd;k tkrk gSa rks ges’kk Subclass ds Method dks gh Call djrs gSa

blesa Super Class dk Method Call ugha gksrk gSa] ;k Hidden gks tkrk gSaA

Example: -

class A

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int a,b;

A (int i, int j)

a= i;

b= j;

void show ( )

System.out.println (“a and is =” + (a+b));

class B extends A

int c;

B (int i, int j, int k)

super (i, j);

c = k;

void show ( )

super.show ( );

System.out.println (“Value of c is”+c);

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}

class c

public static void main (String str[])

c ob1 = new (1,2,3);

ob1.show ( );

mij fn;s x;s izksxzke esa tc Show Method dks Call fd;k tkrk gSa rks ftl Class ds Obj. ds }kjk ml Method dks

Call fd;k x;k gSa] ogh Show Execute gksrk gSaA ;fn Super Class ds Show Method dks Access djuk gSa rks blds

fy, Hkh Super Key Word dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

class B extends A

int c;

B (int i, intj, intk)

super (i,j);

c = k;

void show ( )

super.show ( );

System.out.println (“value of c is:”+c);

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}

Dynamic Method Dispatch (DMD)

Method Over riding Java ds ,d egRoiw.kZ Concept Dynamic Method Dispatch ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA DMD ,d

,slk Mechanism gSa ftlds }kjk Over ridden Methods dks Run time ij pSd fd;k tkrk gSaA vr% DMD ds }kjk

Java esa Run Time Polymorphism Implement gksrk gSaA ,d vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ Concept fd Super Class dks

Reference }kjk Call fd;k tkrk gSaA rks Java ds }kjk Run Time ij ;g irk yxk;k tkrk gSa fd fdl Class ds

Over Ridden Method dks Call fd;k x;k gSaA tc Different Type ds Objects dks Refer fd;k tkrk gSa rks Over

ridden Methods ds Different Version Call gksrs gSaA ;fn Super Class ,d Method Contain djrh gSa vkSj mlh

dk Over Ridden Method Sub Class esa gSa rks Super Class ds Reference Variable }kjk Subclass ds fofHkUu

Over ridden method dks Sub Class ds Objects }kjk Refer fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

Class A

void display ( )

{ System.out.println(“A‟s method called”);}

class B extends A

void display ( )

{ System.out.println (“B‟s method called”);}

class C extends B

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 Java Programming
void display ( )

{ System.out.println (“c‟s called method”);}

class D

public static void main (String str[])

A a1 = new A ( );

B b1 = new B ( );

C c1 = new C ( );

A r;

r = a1;

r.display ( );

r = b1;

r.display ( );

r = c1;

r.display ( );

Abstract Class

;fn fdlh ,slh Super Class dks define ;k Declare fd;k tk, tks flQZ Class ds Structure dks crkrh gSaA ijUrq

Class dk Complete Implemantation Provide ugha djokrh gSa Abstract Class dgykrh gSA Abstract Class dks

viuh Sub Class ds }kjk Access fd;k tkrk gSaA ftlesa Class dk Implementation gksrk gSaA Super Class ds

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Meaning full Method dk Implementation Sub Class ds }kjk fd;k tkrk gSaA User ds }kjk Lo;a dh Class

Liabrary cukbZ tk ldrh gSaA ftlesa Un Common Methods dks Define fd;k tkrk gSaA ,sls Methods ftudks Sub

Class }kjk Over ride fd;k tkrk gSa] rFkk Super Class esa flQZ mu Methods dk Structure define gksrk gSa rks

blds fy, Abstract Type Modifier dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa vr% Sub Class dh Responsibility gksrh gSa fd og

mu Methods dks Implement djsAa Abstract Class dks fuEu izdkj ls define fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - abstract type name (Parameter list);

dksbZ Hkh Class ftlesa ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd abstract method declare fd;s x;s gks og Class Hkh Abstract Class

gksxhA fdlh Hkh Class dks Abstract cukus ds fy;s class keyword ls igys abstract yxk nsrs gSaA Abstract Class

dk Object ugha cuk;k tkrk gSaA vr% Abstract Class dks new Operator ds }kjk initialize ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

Abstract Constructor rFkk Abstract Static Methods Hkh Implement ugha fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

Example: -

abstract class A

abstract void display ( );

void display1 ( )

{System.out.println ( “] and methods of class A”);}

class B extends A

void display ( )

{ System.out.println (“B‟s Method”); }

class c

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public static void main (String str [])

B obj = new B ( );

obj.display ( );

obj.display1 ( );

Abstract Methods oks Methods gksrs gSa ftlesa Abstract Class ds varxZr mu Method dk flQZ Declaration gksrk

gSa rFkk Definition dks ml Abstract Class dh Sub Class esa define ;k implement dh tkrh gSa ;k djrh gSaA

Final Class

(1) Using Final: - Final Key word dks 3 txgksa ij mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

(a) ;fn nks Variables ds uke Same j[kus gSa rks Final Keyword dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

(b) Final Key Word dks Over riding dh leL;k ls cpkus ds fy, Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Over riding Java dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Concept gSa ij dHkh&dHkh Over Riding ls izksxzke esa dqN Problems Create

gks tkrh gSaA vr% fdlh Hkh Method dks Over Ride gksus ls cpkus ds fy, Final Key Word dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

ftl Method dks Over Ride ugha djuk gSa mlds vkxs Final yxk fn;k tkrk gSaA

Example:-

Class A

final void meth ( )

{System.out.println (“Method Called”);}

Class B extends A

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 Java Programming
void meth ( )

{ System.out.println (“B‟s Method”); }

pwfa d class A esa Meth dks final Declare fd;k x;k gSa vr% mls class B esa Over Ride ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blls

Compile Time Error Show gksrh gSaA

Java ds }kjk Methods dks Run Time ij Dynamically Call fd;k tkrk gSaA bls Late binding dgrs gSa ijUrq

final Methods ds }kjk Over Riding dks mi;ksx esa ugha fy;k tk ldrk gSaA rFkk ,sls Methods dks Compile Time

ij gh Re-solve dj fy;k tkrk gSa vr% bl izdkj dh Binding Early Binding dgykrh gSaA

(c) Using Final to Prevent Inheritance: - Inheritance ls cpus ds fy, Final Keyword dk mi;ksx: -

dHkh&dHkh User, class dks Inherit djuk ugha pkgrk gSa vr% ,slk djus ds fy, class dks Final Key Word ds lkFk

fy[kk tkrk gSaA fdlh Hkh Class dks Final Declare djus ij mlds Methods Hkh Automatically Final Declare gks

tkrs gSaA fdlh Hkh Abstract Class dks Final Declare ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA vr% Abstract vkSj Final nksuks lkFk esa

mi;ksx ugha fd;s tk ldrsA

Example:-

final Class A

void math ( )

{System.out.println (“method called”);}

class B extends A//error is generated because A is final class

(a) Final Variables:- Variables dks Hkh Final Declare fd;k tk ldrk gSa ,slk djus ls ml Variable ds

Contents dks Modify djus ls cpk;k tkrk gSaA Final Variable Declare djus ij ;g memory esa txg ugha ysrk

gSaA

Example:- final int i = 10;

final char a = „A‟;

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Understanding Static

dHkh&dHkh User dqN ,sls Class Members dks define djuk pkgrk gSa] ftlls fcuk Class dk Object cuk;s mi;ksx esa

fy;k tk ldsA Normally Class Members dks Class ds Object }kjk gh mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA ,slk Member

Create djuk ftls fcuk Class ds Object }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldsaA Static }kjk laHko gSaA tc Hkh fdlh Member

dks Static Declare dj fn;k tkrk gSaA rks mls Class ds Object Create djus ls igys gh mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk

gSaA Method rFkk Variables nksuks dks gh Static Declare fd;k tkrk gSaA Static method dk lcls vPNk example

main method gSA D;ksfa d main dks static declare fd;k tkrk gSAblfy, bl Method dks Class ds Object Create

djus ls igys gh mi;ksx esa ys ldrs gSaA ;fn fdlh Variable dks Static Declare fd;k tkrk gSaA rks og Variable

Global Variable gksxkA tc Class ds obj. dks Declare fd;k tkrk gSa rks Static Variable dh dksbZ dkWih ugha curh

gSa cfYd iwjh Class Single Static Variable dks gh Access dj ldrh gSaA

tc fdlh Method dks Static Declare fd;k tkrk gSa rks mld fy, 3 Limitations gSaA

(a) Static Method flQZ vkSj flQZ Static Method dks gh Call dj ldrk gSaA

(b) blds varxZr mi;ksx esa fy;k tkus okyk MkVk Hkh Static gh gksxkA

(c) Static dks this ;k super Key Word ds }kjk Refer ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

Visibility Controls

Encapsulation: -Encapsulation ,d Attribute Provide djokrk gSaA ftls Access Control dgrs gSaA

Encapsulation ds }kjk izksxzke ds Different Parts dks Control fd;k tkrk gSaA ftlds }kjk Program Class

Member dks Access dj ldrk gSaA Access dks Control djus ls Class ds Misuse ls cpk tk ldrk gSaA Class

Member dks muds Access Specifier ds vk/kkj ij Access fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Java ds }kjk fofHkUu Access

Spedifier dks Provide djok;k x;k gSaA

Java ds Access Specifier: -

(1) Public

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(2) Private

(3) Protected

Java ds }kjk Default Access Level dks Hkh Provide djok;k x;k gSaA Protected dks rHkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

tc Inheritance dks mi;ksx esa fy;k x;k gSaA

tc Public Access Specifier dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSa rks ml Class ;k Method ds varxZr fy[kk x;k dksM fdlh

Hkh Class ;k Method ds }kjk Access fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Main Method dks lnSo Public Access Specifier ds

}kjk dke esa fy;k tkrk gSaA ;fn dksbZ Hkh Access Specifier Use esa ugha fy;k x;k gSaA rks By Default og Class ;k

Method Public gksrk gSaA

tc Hkh fdlh Member ;k Class ds vkxs Private Access Specifier yxk;k tkrk gSaA rks ml Class ds Member

}kjk Access ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

UNIT - III

Array’s

,d gh MkVk Vkbi dh fofHkUu Values dks ,d gh Contigious Blocks esa LVksj djuk gh array‟s dgykrs gSaA Array

,d gh Type ds Variables dk Group gSa ftls ,d Single ;k Common Name ds }kjk tkuk tkrk gSaA fdlh Hkh

Data Type ds array‟s dks Declare fd;k tk ldrk gSa rFkk mlds ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Diemension Hkh gks ldrs gSa

Array dh fdlh Hkh Value dks mldh Index Value ds }kjk tkuk tkrk gSaA Related Information dks ,d lkFk

Group djds j[kus dk Array Best Option ekuk tkrk gSaA

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One Diemensional Array (1-D Array)

1-D Array dks Declare djus ds fy, lcls igys ,d array type dk Variable Declare djuk gksrk gSaA

Syntax: - data type arrayvariable name [];

;gka ij Type array dh Base Type gSaA Variable name array dk name gSa rFkk Square Brackets esa array dh

Length dks Declare fd;k tkrk gSaA tc Array dh Value dks initialze djuk gks rks new Keyword dk mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSa] tks array dks Memory Location Allocate djrk gSaA

Syntax: - arrayname = new type [size];

For Example: - int month [];

month = new int [12];

Example: - Class A

public static void main (String str[])

month = new int [12];

month [0] = 31;

month [1] = 28;

month [2] = 31;

month [3] = 30;

month [4] = 31;

month [5] = 30;

month [6] = 31;

month [7] = 31;

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month [8] = 30;

month [9] = 31;

month [10] = 30;

month [11] = 31;

month [12] = 30;

System.out.println (“April has”+month [3]+ “days”);

2 D Array:- Java esa nks ;k nks vf/kd array‟s dks Hkh Declare fd;k tk ldrk gSaA bUgsa array of array‟s Hkh dgrs

gSaA

Syntax: - int month [ ] [ ];

month = new int [4] [5];

String:- tc String Object dks Create fd;k tkrk gSa rks tks String Create gksrh gSa mls Change ugha fd;k tk

ldrkA ,d ckj tc String Object Create gks tkrk gSa rks mls Character esa Change ugha dj ldrs gSaA String dh

,d Class ;k Super Class String Buffer gksrh gSa ftlds }kjk String rFkk String Buffer nksuks Classes,

java.lang ds varxZr define dh xbZ gSa tks Programs dks Automatically Provide gSaA nksuks Classes dks final

Declare fd;k x;k gSa vr% ogka nksuks Classes inherit ugha gks ldrh gSa nksuks Classes ,d Single Interface dks

mi;ksx esa ysrh gSa ftls char Sequence dgk tkrk gSaA

String Constructors

String Class esa fofHkUu Constructors dks define fd;k x;k gSaA tc Hkh fdlh Empty String Object dks Create

djuk gks rks String dk Default Constructor Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - String s = new String ( );

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 Java Programming
blh izdkj tc fdlh Object esa initial Value dks ikl djuk gks rks blds fy, Hkh fofHkUu Constructors dks mi;ksx esa

fy;k tkrk gSaA ;fn String Object dks Array of Characters ls initialize djuk gSa rks mlds fy, fuEu

Constructor dks mi;ksx esa ysaxAs

Syntax: - String (char are []);

Exmaple: - char arr [] = {„a‟, „b‟, „c‟, „d‟};

String a = new string (arr);

blh izdkj tc fdlh Character Array dh Sub Range initialize djuk gks rks fuEu Constructor dks mi;ksx esa

fy;k tkrk gSaA

String (char arr [], int start Index, int num char);

Char arr [], {„a‟, „b‟, „e‟, „d‟, „c‟, „f‟};

String a new string (arr, 2, 3,);

Output // a=cde

Example: -

Class Cha

public static void main (string str [])

char arr []={„D‟, „E‟, „L‟, „H‟, „I‟};

String a = new String (arr);

System.out.println (“The string inputted is” + a);

// Output: – The string inputted is DELHI

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 Java Programming
Java dh Character Data Type 16 Bit Unicode Character Set dks Represent djrh gSa rFkk String Array‟s ds

8 bit bytes dks ASCII Character set esa Represent djrh gSaA String Class ds }kjk dqN ,sls Constructors dks Hkh

Provide djok;k x;k gSa tks ,d Byte Array dks String esa Convert dj nsrh gSaA

String (byte arr []);

String (byte arr, int start Index, int num char);

Example:- Class Chars

public satic void main (String str [])

byte arr []={65,66,67,68,69,70};

String a=new String (arr);

String a1=new String (arr,2,3);

System.out.println (“The string is”+a);

System.out.println (“The string a1 is + a1);

// Output: - The string a is – ABCDEF

The string a1 is – CDE

String Length:- String Length Calculate djus ds fy, length Method dks dke esa fy;k tkrk gSaA fofHkUu

String Operations, Java ds }kjk define Methods dks mi;ksx esa ysdj gh Perform dj fy;s tkrs gSa] ftlesa

Concatenation Operations eq[; gSa ftls + Operator ds }kjk Perform fd;k tk ldrk FkkA String

Conversion esa Java, String Operatoin dks Concatenation Operator ds }kjk Convert dj nsrh gSaA Java ds

varxZr Automatic Concatenation Operation Perfrom gksrk gSaA ijUrq bl Operation dks Perform djus ds fy,

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String Conversion ds fy, Call djrk gSaA Java ds varxZr lHkh Classes dh Super Class, Object Class gSaA vr%

String Class Object dh Subclass rFkk valueOf Method ml String Class dk ,d Overloaded Method gSaA

valueOf Method ds }kjk User Readeble Data Return fd;k tkrk gSaA ftls User }kjk Call fd;k tkrk gSaA

Objects ds fy;s valueOf method ,d vU; method toString dks call djrk gSA toString method ml class

}kjk create fd;s x, String objects dks represent djrk gSA gj String Class }kjk toString method dks

Implement fd;k tkrk gSa tks Object Class esa defined gSaA User ds Lo;a ds String Representation ds fy,

toString dks dke esa fy;k tk ldrk gSaA ijUrq mls Override djuk vko’;d gSaA

fofHkUu Character Operation fuEu gSaA

(1)charAt():- bl Method ds }kjk Single Character dks Represent fd;k tkrk gSaA blesa String esa ls fdlh ,d

Character dks Abstract djrs gSaA

String s = “abc”;

s.charAt(1);

output = b

(2) getChar( ):- ;fn ,d ls T;knk Characters dks fdlh Single String esa ls Abstract djuk gks rks get Char dk

mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA Get Character Method }kjk Source Start rFkk Ending Point define fd;k tkrk gSaA lkFk

gh Character Array ftlesa Number of Character dks j[kk tk;sxk rFkk tgka mu Characters dks Copy djuk gSa

ml Target dks j[kk tkrk gSaA

Syntax: -

getChar(Starting Index, end point, target array, target Index);

s= “Thid is new cap”;

int start = 9;

int end = 11;

char a [] = new char (Start_end);

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s. getChar (Start, end, a, o);

Example: -

class String

public static void main (String str [])

string s = “This the new demo class:;

int start = 14;

int end = 17;

char buf [];

buf= new char (start_end)

s.getChar(start, end, buf, 0);

System.out.println (buf);

(3) getBytes( ):- getBytes() Method dks getChars ds }kjk LVksj fd;s x;s Character Array ls Byte Array esa

Convert djus ds dke esa fy;k tkrk gSaA vr% Get Bytes esa Byte Array dks LVksj fd;k tkrk gSaA By Default

Characters dks Bytes esa Convert dj fn;k tkrk gSaA

String Comparison Method

(1) equals( ) and equalsIgnoreCase:- tc Hkh nks String dks Compare djuk gks rks equals( ) dks iz;ksx esa

fy;k tkrk gSaA equals( ) Method Boolean Value dks Return djrk gSa rFkk Parameters esa String, Object ysrk

gSaA

Syntax: - boolean (Object String)

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equalsIgnoreCase Method esa Comparison String ds e/; gh gksrk gSa ijUrq Case dks Ignore ( ) dj fn;k tkrk

gSaA

Syntax: - boolean equalsIgnoreCase (Obj. String)

Class Stringmet

public static void main (String str [])

String s1 = “Hello”;

String s2 = “My”;

String s3 = “Dear”;

String s4 = “HELLO”;

System.out.println (s1+“equals”+s2+s1. equals (s2));

System.out.println (s1+“equals”+s3+s1.equals (s3));

System.out.println (s1+“equals”+s4+s1.equalsIgnoreCase (s4));

(2) compareTo ( ):- tc Hkh nks Strings esa ls ;g Check djuk gks fd dkSulh String greater than, less than ;k

equals gSa] blds fy, compareTo Use fd;k tkrk gSaA blesa Strings dks Dictionary Order esa pSd dj ;g crk;k

tkrk gSa fd dkSulh String Less than gSa vkSj dkSulh equals.

compareTo Method ds }kjk integer value dks Return fd;k tkrk gSa rFkk Parameters esa String Pass dh tkrh

gSaA

Syntax: - int compareTo (string str[])

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 Java Programming
Searching String:- String Class ds }kjk nks Methods Provide djok;s tkrs gSa ftuls String Search

Operation Perform fd;s tkrs gSa igyk

(1) IndexOf () Method

(2) LastIndexOf () Method.

indexOf Method:- bl Method ds }kjk Character ;k String dh ;k Sub String dh First Occurrence dks

Search fd;k tkrk gSaA

blfy, indexOf Method integer Return djrk gSa rFkk Parameters esa Character ;k String dks mi;ksx esa ysrk

gSaA

Syntax: - int indexOf (int ch/string str[])

Str ds varxZr Sub String Mkyh tkrh gSaA

Example:- Class My

public static void main (String str[])

String s = “Hello my dear”;

System.out.println(s);

System.out.println (“indexOf (m)” + s.indexOf („M‟));

System.out.println (“Last Index of (M) (my)+s.lastIndexOf („m‟, 10));

lastIndexOf Method:- blds }kjk Character ;k Sub String dh Last Occurence dks Findout fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - int lastIndexOf (String str, int start index)

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String Modification Method

(1) subString: - String ds fdlh NksVs ls Hkkx dks Extract dj ysuk Sub String ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - String subString (int start index) start index esa sub string dgka ls start gksxh Address fn;k tkrk

gSaA

(2) concate( ):- tc nks string dks concate djuk gks ;k tksM+uk gks rks concate method dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa

eq[;r% blds fy, + Operator dks gh mi;ksx esa ysrs gSaA

Example: - String s1 = “new”;

String s2 = s1.concate(“Delhi”);

//Output = new Delhi

Concate Operator dks + Operator dh rjg Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Example: - String s1 = “new”;

String s2 = s1+ “Delhi”;

//Output = new Delhi

(3) replace ( ):- Replace Method esa ;fn fdlh Character dh txg fdlh nwljs Character dks j[kuk gks rks bldks

mi;ksx esa ysrs gSaA

Syntax: - String replace (char orignal, char replace)

Example: - String s = “Amit”.replace („A‟, „su‟);

Output – sumit

(4) trim ( ): - Remove White Space

(5) toUpperCase ( ):- String dks Upper Case esa Convert djus ds fy,

(6) toLowerCase ( ):- To Convert the String in Lower Case.

;g Method String Return djrs gSaA

(7) reverse ( ):- String Buffer esa mifLFkr String dks Reverse djus ds fy, String Reverse Method dk iz;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 62 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Example: - StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer (“This”);

s. reverse ( );

System.out.println(s);

fdlh Hkh miuke (alias) dks mldh Super Class esa Convert djuk gks rks blds fy, Wrappers Classes dks mi;ksx

esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Wrappers

Java, Simple Data Types dks mi;ksx esa ysuk gSa tSls int, char, etc. ijUrq ;s Data Types Objects dh Js.kh esa ugha

vkrs gSa ge tkurs gSa fd lHkh Classes dh Super Class, Object Class gSa rFkk ml Object Class esa Simple Data

Type dks define ugha fd;k x;k gSaA

bu lHkh Simple Data Types ds fy, Object Class esa vyx&2 Classes dks define fd;k x;k gSaA

(1) Number Class: - Number Class ,d Abstract Class gSa ftls Numeric Data Type dh Super Class

Key dgk tkrk gSaA Numeric Data Types ds varxZr Byte, Short, integer, long, double etc. dks 'kkfey fd;k

tkrk gSaA Number Class ds }kjk dqN Abstract Methods Hkh Provide fd;s x;s gSa ftlls Object Value dks

Different Number Formats esa Convert fd;k tk ldrk gSaA tSl%s & Double Value Method ds }kjk Double

Type dh Value dks define fd;k tkrk gSaA blh rjg lHkh Numeric Data Type ds fy, ,sls Abstracts Methods

dks define fd;k x;k gSaA

byte byteValue ( )

int intValue ( )

long longValue ( )

short shortValue ( )

float floatValue ( )

double doubleValue ( )

bu Methods ds }kjk Return gksus okyh Value Rounded gksdj iznf’kZr gksrh gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 63 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
(2) Double & Float : - Floating Point Data Type ds fy, Wrappers, Float rFkk Double esa tc Hkh Float ;k

Double Value dks Call djuk gks rks mlds fy, buds Constructor dks Call djuk iM+rk gSaA

For Example: - float (float no)

double (double no)

Double Objects dks Double Value ds }kjk Construct fd;k tkrk gSaA Float vkSj Double esa fuEu Constants dks

lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSaA

(a.) MAX_VALUE

MIN_VALUE

NAN= Not a Number

POSITIVE_INFINITY

NEGATIVE_INFINITY

TYPE – The Class Object of float & Double

(3) Void Class:- Void Class esa ,d Field gksrk gSa Type ftlesa Void Type dh Class ds Object dk

Reference jgrk gSaA

Vectors: - Vector Class ds varxZr Class ds Object dks Store djds j[kk tkrk gSaA ;g fcYdqy Array‟s dh rjg

gh dk;Z djrs gSA blesa Hkh Object Contigous blocks esa Stored jgrs gSa bUgsa Dynamic Array Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA ;g

array list ds leku gh gksrs gSa ijUrq eq[; nks difference gSa%&

(1) Vectors Syncronized gksrs gSa vr% ;g fdlh Framework Collection dk Part ugha gksrs gSa Java Tool ds

varxZr Vectors dks Abstract List ds }kjk extend fd;k tkrk gSaA Vector Class ds }kjk fofHkUu Constructors

Provide fd;s x;s gSa tks fuEu gSa%&

(i) Default Constructor – Vector ( )

(ii) Vector (int size)

(iii) Vector (int size, int increment)

(iv) Vector (Collection c )

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 64 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Default Constructor eSa By Default 0 Value dks Insert dj fn;k tkrk gSaA nwljs izdkj Constructor esa Vector

dh initial Catrgory dks Size esa iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSaA Third Type Vectors esa Size rFkk Increment nksuks dks

Specify fd;k tkrk gSaA Increment Vector ds varxZr fdlh Specific le; ij fdrus Elements dks Stored djsxkA

bls izfn’kZr fd;k tkrk gSaA Fourth Type Constructor esa Collection Element dks j[kk tkrk gSA

Interfaces:- Interface Keyword Fully Abstract Class ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA Interface dks tc

fdlh Class esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa rks Class dks D;k djuk pkfg, ;g Interface esa gh define dj fn;k tkrk gSa ijUrq

dSls fn;k tk;sxk ;g Specify ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA Interface, Classes dh rjg gh gksrs gSaA ijUrq buesa Instant

Variable rFkk Method dks Declare fd;k tkrk gSa ijUrq mudh Body dks define ugha fd;k tkrk gSaA vr% ;g dg

ldrs gSa fd Interfaces esa flQZ Variable rFkk Methods dks Declare fd;k tkrk gSaA Interfaces esa Define

Method dks gj Class ds }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA Java ds }kjk tc interface Keyword dks Provide fd;k

x;k rks bldk vFkZ One Interface, Multiple Method vr% Fully Utilize fd;k tk ldrk gSa ftls Polymorphism

ds varxZr lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSaA

Interfaces dks Dynamic Resolution ;k Runtime Support ds fy, Design fd;k tkrk gSaA Interfaces Multiple

Inheritance dh rjg gh dke esa fy;k tkrk gSaA Interfaces dks ju Vkbe ij vkus okyh Problems dks nwj djus ds fy,

gh Design fd;k x;k gSaA Interfaces dks Classes ls vyx define fd;k tkrk gSaA rFkk ,d gh interface dks

Different Classes esa Implement fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

Defining Interface:- Interfaces lcls T;knk Functionality ftls Applications }kjk Require fd;k tkrk gSa dks

provide djrs gSa ftl rjg C++ esa Multiple Inheritance use esa fy;k tkrk gSa mlh izdkj Java esa Interfaces dks

mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA Interface fdlh Class esa fuEu izdkj ls define fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - access interface name

{type return type name (Parameter List);

type return type method name (paramenter list);

type final variable name = value1;

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 65 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
;gka ij Access Specifier Public Hkh gks ldrk gSaA ;k public ;fn u yxk;k x;k gks rks Hkh Interface dks

Implement fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ijUrq ;gka ij Interface defining dk vFkZ vyx&2 gks tkrk gSaA

(1) ;fn Public Keyword Use esa u fy;k x;k gks rks Interface flQZ mlh Package ds Member }kjk

Access fd;k tk ldrk gSa vU; dksbZ Hkh Package ml Interface dks mi;ksx esa ugha ys ldrk gSaA

(2) ;fn Interface dks Public define fd;k gSa rks mls ckgj ds fdlh Hkh Package }kjk mi;ksx esa fd;k tk ldrk

gSaA

Interface name ;gka ij dksbZ Hkh Valid identifier gks ldrk gSaA Interface esa define fd;s x, Method flQZ

Declare fd;s tkrs gSa mudh Definition dks Interface esa define ugha fd;k tkrk vr% Methods dks Parameter

List ds ckn Semicolumn (;) yxkdj Show fd;k tkrk gSaA gj Class ftlesa Interface dks Include fd;k x;k gSa

mlesa Interface ds lHkh Methods dks Implement djuk vko’;d gksrk gSaA

Variables dks Hkh Interfaces esa Declare fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ijUrq os Variables Implicitly final vkSj static gksrs

gSa ftUgsa fdlh Hkh Interface Implementing Class ds }kjk Change ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lkFk gh mUgsa fdlh

Constant Value ls Initialize djuk Hkh vko’;d gksrk gSa lHkh Methods vkSj Variable By default public gksx
a s

;fn Interface dks public Declare fd;k x;k gSaA

Implementing Interfaces

Interface dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Class esa Hkh Implement fd;k tkrk gSaA ftl izdkj ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Classes

dks inherit djus ds fy, extends Keyword dks mi;ksx esa ysrs gSa mlh izdkj tc Interface dks fdlh Class esa

inherit djuk gks rks mlds fy, implements keyword dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA ,d gh interface dks Multiple

Classes esa Implement fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ;fn nks vyx&2 Interface dks ,d gh Class esa implement fd;k tk

ldrk gSaA

interface A1

{ // static final keyword is used for variables

} // Declaration of methods

interface A2

{//final static keyword is used for variables}

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 66 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
class A3 implements A1, A2

{ //class Body}

interface Area

static final float pi = 3.14;

public void show ( );

class Rectangle implements Area

float i, b;

void show ( )

{System.out.println (“l*b”+l*b);}

class Circle implements Area

float r;

void show ( )

{System.out.println (“Area of circle is”+pi*r*r);}

class Area1

public static void main (String str[])

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 67 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
{

Area ref;

Rectangle r = new Rectangle ( );

Circle c = new Circle ( );

ref =r;

System.out.println (“Area of rectangle is”+ref.show ( ));

interface Area

static final float pi = 3.14;

public void show ( );

class Rectangle implements Area

float i, b;

void show ( )

{System.out.println (“l*b”+l*b);}

Extending Interaces: - tc ,d Class dks nwljh Class esa inherit fd;k tkrk gSa rks mlh Class esa Interface dks

Implement gh fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ge tkurs gSa fd Interface esa final static Variables rFkk Method

Declaration gksrs gSa rFkk Classes esa tc bu Interfaces dks use esa fy;k tkrk gSa rks gj Class esa Method dh ubZ

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 68 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Definition gksrh gSa vkSj tc Class dks Inherit fd;k tkrk gSa rks Class dh lHkh Properties Derived Class esa vk

tkrh gSaA

Example:-

interface A1

{// static c final keyword is use for variable.

} // Declaration of methods

Class A

int i. b;

public void show ( )

class B extends A implements A1

{ // class body

Packages:- Different Classes dks fdlh ,d Single Class esa Access djus ds fy, lHkh Classes dks ,d Group

esa j[k fn;k tkrk gSa ftls Package dgrs gSaA Package dks fdlh Hkh Class ds }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSa blds

fy, import Keyword dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Java Library esa Hkh Main 6 Packages dks Define fd;k x;k gSa ftlesa

Number of Classes vkSj Method dks Include fd;k x;k gSaA

Package dh Classes dks rFkk Methods dks nks rjg ls mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSaA

(a) Package dh gh fdlh Class ds varxZr

(b) User ds }kjk cukbZ xbZ External Class

tc Package dh fdlh Class ;k Method ds vkxs Public Keyword dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa rks mu Classes dks

Package ds ckgj okyh Class ds }kjk Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSaA vkSj ;fn Public Keyword ds vanj okyh

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 69 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Classes gh mu Method o Class dks iz;ksx esa ys ldrh gSaA vr% Package Private vkSj Public nksuksa rjg ds dk;Z

dj ldrk gSaA Packages esa Protected Keyword dk mi;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

Java’s In builts Packages

JAVA – Super Class

Packages

Lang Util net applets I/O awt

(1) Lang: - Lang Package Automatically gj Class ds fy, Import gksrk gSa bls language Package Hkh

dgk tkrk gSaA ftlesa Java dh Language ls Related lHkh Commands, Classes rFkk Method define

fd;s x;s gSa ftUgsa java Language }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

(2) Util: - Util Utility Package gSa ftlesa Languages dh Utility dks define fd;k x;k gSaA ftrus Hkh Utility

Commands ftUgsa Java }kjk iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA muds fy, bl Package esa fofHkUu Classes rFkk

Methods define fd;s x;s gSaA

(3) Net: -tc Java ds Applications Programs esa Socket Programming ;k Remote Server

Programming tSls Concepts dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA rc net Package dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA bl

Package esa lHkh rjg dh Networking ls Related Classes o Method dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 70 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
(4) Applets: - Internet ij ftu NksV&2 Programs dks JVM dh lgk;rk ls Dynamically Run fd;k tkrk

gSa mUgsa Applets dgrs gSaA Applet ls Realted lHkh Method vkSj Classes dks ftl Packages esa j[kk tkrk

gSaA mls gh Applet Package dk uke fn;k x;k gSaA vr% Applets os lHkh Commands, Applet Package esa

define gksrs gSaA

(5) i/o: -Java esa Input/output ls Related lHkh Classes o Method dks I/O Package esa j[kk x;k gSaA

(6) awt: - awt, Java ds Package dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Package ekuk x;k gSa] ftlesa Window dh rjg Dialog

Boxes, Button, Labels etc. lHkh dh Facility Available gSaA vr% bl Package dks Abstract Window

Tool Kit Hkh dgk tkrk gSaA awt Package, Window Programming ls Related lHkh Classes o

Methods dks define djrk gSaA

Creative Packages

(1) System Package: -Packages dks Hierarchy Structure esa define fd;k tkrk gSaA tSl%s & Java, awt

Package dks Contain djrk gSa] ftlesa GUI ls lacaf/kr lHkh Classes dks Implement fd;k tkrk gSaA

Java - Packages

awt Sub Package

Color

Graphics Awt Contianer Classes

Image Awt Contianer Method

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 71 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Representation of Hierarchy of Java.awt Package

Packages dks Access djus ds fy, nks rjhdksa dks viuk;k tk ldrk gSaA

(1) Package ds lkFk ftl Class dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tk jgk gSaA mldk iwjk uke ftls Operator ds }kjk vyx&2

fd;k tk ldrk gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn Color Class dks Import djuk gSa rks fuEu Syntax fy[kk tk;sxkA

import java.awt.Color;

awt ,d Package gSa ftls Java Package dk Sub Package Hkh dgk tkrk gSa bl Approch dks rHkh mi;ksx esa fy;k

tkrk gSa tc awt dh flQZ ,d gh Class dks Access djuk gks ij dHkh&2 tc User awt ls Related lHkh Classes dks

iz;ksx esa ysuk pkgrk gks rks mlds fy, fuEu Syntax dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

import java.awt.*;

bu lHkh Declarations dks izksxzke ds Top ij fy[kk tkrk gSaA

Packages, Java ds Naming Packages dh 'kq:vkr Lower Case Letters ds }kjk ftlls Class dh Name vkSj

Package esa varj fd;k tk ldsA vr% ;fn fdlh izksxzke esa Packages dks define djuk gks rks blds fy, fuEu Syntax

iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

double y = java.lang.Math.sqrt (x);

Package SubPackage Class Method

Packages dks Bhd izdkj ls iz;ksx ysus ds fy, ;g vko’;d gSa fd gj Package dks Unique name fn;k tk,A ;fn nks

Packages dk uke Same j[kk tk,xk rks blls Run Time Error dh laHkkouk,a c<+ tkrh gSaA Packages Create djus

ds fy, lcls igys Package Name Declare djukA vko’;d gksrk gSa blds fy, package Key Word dk mi;ksx

fy;k tkrk gSaA blds ckn blls Related Different Classes dks define fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - package Packagename;

Public class first

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 72 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
{ // body of class

;gka ij Class First dks Package dk gh ,d Part ekuk tkrk gSa blls Class name ls gh Save fd;k tk,xkA ijUrq

bl Save File dks Package name okyh Directory esa j[kk tk,xkA rFkk bl Class dks Compile fd;k tkrk gSa rks

blls cuus okyh Class File Hkh mlh Directory esa LVksj gksuk vko’;d gSaA Directory dk uke Hkh package ds uke ij

gh gksuk pkfg,A vkSj ;g Directory lHkh Classes dks Hkh Container djrh gSaA Lo;a dk Package cukus ds fy, fuEu

step dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

(1) Package Declare djukA (Program dh 'kq:vkr)

Syntax: - package Package name

(2) Package esa ftu Classes dks j[kuk gSa mUgsa define djuk rFkk lHkh Classes dks Public declare djukA

(3) ,d Sub Directory Create dh tkrh gSa ftlesa lHkh Files dks LVksj dj fn;k tkrk gSaA

(4) Java uke dh lHkh Files dks Sub Directory esa LVksj dj fn;k tkrk gSa

(5) Files dks Compile djus ij tks Class File curh gSa mls Hkh Sub Directory esa LVksj dj fn;k tkrk gSaA

bu lHkh Steps ds fy, ;g vko’;d gSa fd Sub Directory dk uke og Package, Hierarchy Structure Maintain

djrs gSaA vr% Package name ds varxZr vxj dksbZ vkSj Package gks rks mls fy[kus ds fy, fuEu Syntax dk mi;ksx

fd;k tkrk gSaA

package packagename.Another Package;

java Package esa ,d ls vf/kd Class Definition dks j[kk tkrk gSaA ftu Classes dks Package esa Define fd;k

tkrk gSaA mUgsa Public define djukA

Accessing Package: -Java System Package dks Fully Qualities Class Name ds vk/kkj ij Access fd;k tk

ldrk gSaA blds fy, Import Keyword dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA User define package dks iz;ksx esa ysus ds fy, Hkh

Import Keyword Use esa fy;k tkrk gSaA blds }kjk Package dh List esa Class name dks Search fd;k tk ldrk

gSaA Import Statement }kjk fdlh Class dks Search djus ds fy, fuEu Syntax Use esas fy;k tkrk gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 73 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Syntax: - import package1(.package2)(.package3).class name

;gka package1 top level package gSaA package2, package1 dk Sub package, package3, package2 dk Sub

package gSaA Class name Package3 esa defined class dk uke gSaA

Using Package

Package dks ;fn vko’;d gks rks izksxzke esa import fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

For Example: - package package name;

public class class name

public void display ( )

{ System.out.println(“A‟s class”);}

blesa tks Hkh Source File curh gSaA mls Subdirectory esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSaA vc ;fn package1 dks fdlh nwljh

Class esa Import djuk gks rks mlds fy, fuEu Syntax gSaA

import package package1;

public class B

public static void main (String str[])

A obj = new A ( );

obj.display ( );

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 74 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
tc ClassB dks Compile fd;k tkrk gSa rks Compiler dks Package1 esa mifLFkr A Class File dks mi;ksx esa ugha

fy;k tkrk gSaA blds fy, Package1. class file dh vko’;drk gksrh gSaA tc package1 dks ju fd;k tkrk gSa rks

package1.class file dks nwljh classes Hkh bls vklkuh ls access dj ldsaA

Import Classes from Other Packages

nwljs Packages }kjk Hkh dqN Classes Provide djok;h tkrh gSa ftUgsa User dh Classes esa Import fd;k tk ldrk

gSaA ;fn nks packages dks ,d lkFk iz;ksx esa ysuk gSa rks Java ;g Facility Provide djrh gSaA

For Example: -

import program

import package.pakage1;

import pakcage2. *;

class A

public static void main (String str [])

A ob1 = new A ( );

B ob2 = new B ( );

ob1.display( );

ob2. display ( );

fdlh Package esa Class dks Add djuk%& fdlh Hkh Class dks package esa Add djuk cgqr Simple dk;Z gksrk gSaA

For Example: - Package p1;

Public class A;

{ // Body of A;

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 75 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
}

tc Hkh fdlh package esa fdlh Class dks Add fd;k tkrk gSa rks ml Class ds vkxs public Keyword yxkuk

vko’;d gSaA ;fn Package p1 esa gh vU; Class B dks Add djuk gks rks blds fy, fuEu Steps dks Follow djuk

gksxkA

(1) Class dks public define djukA

(2) Class definitions ls igys package statement dks iz;ksx esa ysukA

(3) B.java File dks Directory P1 esa LVksj djukA

(4) B.java File dks Compile djus ls tks Class File cu jgh gSa mls Hkh Directory p1 esa LVksj djukA

blh izdkj Non-public Class dks Hkh package esa Add fd;k tk ldrk gSaA ;fn Multiple Classes dks Package

cuk gqvk gks ftlesa lHkh Classes Public gks rks blds fy, fuEu Step dks iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

(1) Package Name define djukA

(2) Directory ds vanj ,d Sub Directory cukuk vkSj mlesa lHkh Source File dks LVksj djukA

(3) Package ds varxZr vkus okyh lHkh Classes dks vyx ls LVksj djuk rFkk lcls igys Package Statement

define djukA

(4) Sub Directory esa tkdj gj Source File dks Compile djukA ftlls mlh Directory esa Class File

Store gks tk,A

Hiding Classes

tc Hkh fdlh Package dks Import fd;k tkrk gSaA rks mlds lkFk esa Asterisk (Star) dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls

lHkh public Classes Import gks tkrh gSaA ;fn dqN ,slh Classes ftUgsa User hide djuk pkgrk gks rks mUgsa Non-

Private Public define fd;k tkrk gSa ftlls package import djus ij Hkh os Classes import ugha gksrh gSaA vr%

tc Hkh fdlh Class dks Public define fd;k tkrk gSa rks ml Class dks lHkh Users }kjk ;k lHkh Applications

Programs }kjk mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 76 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
UNIT - IV

Multi Treaded Programming

age tkurs gSa fd Windows is Operating System Several Programs dks Simultaneousy Execute djrk gSa bls

MultiTasking dgk tkrk gSaA ij tc System Point of View ls ns[kk tk, rks Programs Hkh One by one

Instructions dks Follow djrs gq, Execute gksrs gSa bl Concept dks Multi Treading dgk tkrk gSa Multi

Treading ,d dkYifud Programming Concept gSa tgka Programs (Process) dks Sub Parts esa (Sub Process)

esa divide fd;k tkrk gSaA rFkk lHkh Process Parallel implement gksrs gSaA

Example: -,d Sub Programs Screen ij Animation iznf’kZr djrk gSa rks nwljk rc rd nwljs Animation dks

Display djus dh rS;kjh djrk gSa vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gSa fd ,d dk;Z dks cgqr ls NksVs&NksVs dk;ksZ esa foHkkftr fd;k

x;k gSaA rFkk gj NksVk dk;Z ,d vyx User ds }kjk Independently o Simultaneously perform fd;k tkrk gSaA

Java Programs Single rFkk Sequential Flow Control ij dk;Z djrs gSaA blesa Programs dks Sequentially

Execute fd;k tkrk gSaA

Thread, Hkh izksxzke tSls gh Single Flow Control ij dk;Z djrs gSaA Threads dh Beginning, Body rFkk ending

gksrh gSaA Thread Body dks Sequentially Execute fd;k tkrk gSaA fdlh Hkh izksxzke esa de ls de ,d Thread gksrh

gh gSa fiNys lHkh Programs esa Single Threaded Programs dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Java dh ,d Property Multithreded dks Support djrk gSaA ftlesa izksxzke dk Multiple Flow Control Use fy;k

tkrk gSaA gj izksxzke dks fofHkUu NksVs&NksVs Programs esa foHkkftr dj fn;k gSaA ftUgsa Modules dgrs gSa rFkk izR;sd

Module dh ,d Threads Consider fd;k tkrk gSaA og izksxzke tks Multiple Flow dks Support djrk gSaA Multi

Threaded Program dgykrk gSaA

og Hkk"kk tks Multi Treaded dks Support djrk gSa mls Concurrency dgrs gSaA vr% Java esa Threads, Main

Application Programs dk Part gksrh gSa rFkk tks Same Memory Space Share djrs gSA mUgsa Light Wait

Treads ;k Light Wait Process dgk tkrk gSaA Threads dks Parallel Run fd;k tkrk gSa ijUrq bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gSa

fd bUgsa Same Time ij ju fd;k tkrk gSaA D;ksfa d lHkh Thread Single Processers esa ju gksrs gSaA vr% Threads dk

Execution Flow Shared gksrk gSaA Java dk Interpreter, threads ds chp esa Switch Controlling dk dk;Z djrk

gSaA ftlls Threads Concurrent Run gksrs gSaA Multi Threading Concept ds dkj.k gh Java dks nwljh Hkk"kk ls

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 77 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
vyx ekuk x;k gSaA Multi Threading, User dks ,d le; esa cgqr ls dk;Z djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSaA Programs dks

NksVs&NksVs Threads esa Divide dj fn;k tkrk gSaA rFkk Processor }kjk Parallel Execute fd;k tkrk gSaA Threads

dks eq[;r% Java Web Browser (Hot Java) ds fy, iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Creating Threads

Java esa Threads Create djuk Simple gSaA Threads dks Object dh Form esa Implement fd;k tkrk gSaA blds

fy, ,d Method dks mi;ksx esa ysrs gSa ftls run() Method dgrs gSaA fdlh Hkh Thread ds fy, run Method

Important gksrk gSa ftlesa Thread Body rFkk Thread Behaviour dks Implemenmt fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax: - public void run ( )

{ //body of thred

Run Method dks Thread ds Object }kjk Invoke fd;k tkrk gSaA Thread dks initialize djus ds fy, ,d vU;

Method (Start) dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa fdlh Hkh u;s Thread dks nks rjg ls Create fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

(1) Thread Class dks Create djds%& fdlh Class dks Thread Class ds }kjk Extend dj Run Method

dks Over Write djukA

Syntax: - Class classname extends

(2) iwjh Class dks Thread esa Convert djuk%& blds fy, fdlh Class dks define dj Runable Interface

ls Implement djukA Runable Interface eas flQZ ,d run Method gksrk gSaA

Extending the Thread Class

tc Class dks Runable cukuk gSa ftlls vyx&vyx Thread dks ju fd;k tk ldsaA blds fy, java.lang. Thread

dks Extend fd;k tkrk gSaA blls lHkh Thread Method dks Directly Access dj ldrs gSaA blds fy, fuEu Steps

dks Follow fd;k tkrk gSaA

(1) Class Declare djuk lkFk gh Thread dks class ls Extend djukA

Syntax: - class classname extends Threads

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 78 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
(2) Run Method dks implement djuk tks Code ds Sequential Execution ds fy, Reposible gksrk gSaA

(3) Thread Object dks Create djuk rFkk Thread Execution ds fy, Start Method dks Call djukA

(a) Declare The Class

class Thread1 extends Thread

{ // Class body

blds }kjk ,d u;k Thread cuk;k x;k gSa tks Thread1 gSaA

(b) Implement the run Method: - run Method dks Hkh Thread Class dk ,d Part ekuk x;k gSa tks

Implement djus ds fy, Method dks Over ride djuk vko’;d gSaA program esa run ( ) fuEu izdkj ls Implement

fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

public void run ( )

{ // body of run

tc Run Method dks fdlh Class esa Call fd;k tkrk gSa rks ml Class ls Related lHkh Actions dks Run Method

esa Perform djrs gSaA

(c) Starting new Thread:- u;k Thread cukus ds fy, Thread Class dk Object cukuk vko’;d gksrk gSaA

Thread1 ob1 = new Thread1( );

ob1.start ( );

ml Code esa First Line esa Thread1 dks Obj. ds }kjk initialize fd;k x;k gSaA Thread dk Obj. rks cuk fy;k x;k

gSa ijUrq Thread Run ugha gks jgkA Thread dh bl Stage dks New Born State dgk tkrk gSaA

tc nwljh Line dks fy[kk tkrk gSa ftlesa Obj. ds }kjk Start Method djs Call fd;k x;k gSaA rks ml le; Thread

New Born State ls Runable State esa vk tkrk gSaA

rc Java dk Run Time Envoirnment Thread ds fy, Run Method dks invoke djrk gSaA ftlls Thread dks ,d

ubZ State fey tkrh gSaA ftlls Runing State dgrs gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 79 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
class A extends Thread

public void run ( )

for (int i = 0; i<5; i ++)

System.out.println (“i =” + i);

System.out.println (“exit to class A”);

class B extends Thread

public void run()

for (int j = 0; j<5: j++)

{System.out.println (“j=” +j);}

System.out.println (“exit from B class”);

class C

public static void main (String str[])

Thread t1 = new Thread ( );

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 80 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
// A t1 = new A ( );

// B t2 = new B ( );

t1. start ( );

t2.start ( );

bl izksxzke ds varxZr nks New Thread dks Initialize dj Start fd;k x;k gSaA ;s Threads yxkrkj ju djrs tk;saxsA

Thread dk Execution Sequential ugha gksrkA vr% Output Hkh Sequential ugha vk;sxkA tc ftl Thread dks

Execute gksus dk chance fey tkrk gSaA ml le; og Execute gks tkrk gSaA vr% Threads ,d nwljs ij Depend

ugha djrs gSa vr% ,d ckj ;fn Thread Start gks tkrs gSa rks mudk Order of Exectuion Decide ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

Stoping & Blocking Threads

(1) Stopping the Thread: - tc fdlh Running State okys Thread dks Stop djuk gks rks mlds fy;s Stop

Method dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaAmijksDr Example esa ;fn t1 Thread dks jksduk gks rks mlds fy, fuEu Syntax dk

iz;ksx fd;k tk;sxkA

Syntax:- t1.stop ( );

bl Statement ds }kjk Thread Runing State ls dead State esa pyk tkrk gSaA tc dksbZ Thread viuh End State

esa igqaprk gSa rks og Automatically Dead State esa pyk tkrk gSaA tc fdlh Thread dks Premature Death esa

igqapuk gks rks mlds fy, Stop Method dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Blocking a Thread: - Thread dks Temporary Block fd;k tk ldrk gSa ftlls og Runnable State esa gh

jgsxkA blds fy, fuEu Thread Method dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

(1) sleep ( ):- bl Method dks ;fn fdlh Thread ls Specific Time ds fy, Block djuk gks rc mi;ksx esa

fy;k tkrk gSaA

(2) suspend ():- Suspend dks Thread Order Block djus ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

(3) wait ( ):- Thread dks fdlh Specific Condition ds fy, Block djuk gks rks Wait Method Use esa fy;k

tkrk gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 81 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
bu lHkh Methods ds }kjk Thread ykuk vkSj ml Thread dks sleep( ) ds }kjk Block fd;k x;k gks rks og dqN le;

i’pkr~ ;k Specific Time esa iqu% Runable State esa pyk tkrk gSaA supend( ) ds }kjk tc Thread dks Block dj

fn;k tkrk gSaA vkSj iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA rFkk wait( ) ds fy, notify dks iz;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Life Cycle of Threads

Thread viuh Life Time esa fofHkUu Stages ls gksdj xqtjrk gSa%&

(1) new born state

(2) runable state

(3) running state

(4) blocked state

(5) dead state

Diagram
Stop
New State New born state

Active Stop
State Runable Running Dead

suspend wait stop

sleep resume notify
Idle State Blocked

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 82 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
(1) New Born State:- tc thread dk Obj. Create fd;k tkrk gSa rc Thread dk tUe gksrk gSa ftls new

Newborn State dgk tkrk gSa bl State esa Thread dks ju ugha fd;k tkrkA bl State esa Thread ij nks

Operations dks Perform fd;k tkrk gSaA

(a) Start Method (b) Stop Method

eq[;r% Newborn State ds ckn Thread dh Next State, Runable gksrh gSa ;fn fdlh nwljs Method dks Apply

fd;k tkrk gSa rks Thread Execption Throw dj nsrk gSaA

New Born
Start Stop

Runable Dead

(2) Runable State:- Runable State esa Thread Execution ds fy, rS;kj gksrk gS vkSj Processor dh

Avalability dk Wait djrs gSa ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Throw queue esa bdV~Bk gks tkrk gSa vkSj Execution ds fy,

Wait djrk gSa ;fn lHkh Thread dks Same Priority nh xbZ gSa rks mu Threads dks Execution ds fy, different

times slot esa divide dj fn;k tkrk gS tks Round Robin Fashion esa gksrh gSa og Process ftlesa Threads dks

Time Slot esa divide fd;k tkrk gSaA mls Time Slice dgrs gSaA

Yeild ( ) ds }kjk thread dh Priority dks Control fd;k tkrk gSaA

Yeild

Runable .. . .

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 83 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming

(3) Running State:- Running State ls rkRi;Z Thread ds Execution ls gSaA ,d Thread rc rd ugh :drk gS

tc rd dksbZ High Prority dk Thread uk vk tk,A dksbZ Hkh Running Thread fuEu Situation esa :d tkrk gSaA

(a) tc ml Thread dks Suspend dj fn;k x;k gksA Suspend ls iqu% Running State esa ykus ds fy, resume ( )

dks mi;ksx esa ysrs gSa ftlls og Runable State esa vk tkrk gSaA

Suspend ( )

RUNNING RUNABLE SUSPEND

RESUME ( )

(b.) tc Thread dks Sleep ( ) }kjk dqN nsj ds fy, bbk dj fn;k tk,A ;gk¡ Time Mili Second esa gksrk vr%

Thread Specific Time ds ckn Queue ls ckgj vk tk, vkSj Runable State esa pyk tkrk gSaA

RUNNING RUNABLE SLEEP

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 Java Programming

Sleep ( )

(c.) tc Thread dks Wait djokuk gks rks Wait ( ) Use fd;k tkrk gSaA Wait ls iqu% Runable State esa ykus ds fy,

Notify ( ) dks mi;ksx esa ysrs gSaA

RUNNING RUNABLE WAIT

Wait ( )

(d) Blocked State:- tc fdlh Thread dks Runable State esa tkus ls jksduk gks rks Blocked State dks mi;ksx esa

fy;k tkrk gSaA Thread dks Suspend, Sleep o Wait }kjk block State esa Mkyk tkrk gSaA bl State dks Not

Runable Hkh dgrs gSaA vxj fdlh Method dks Suspend dj fn;k tkrk gSa vkSj mls okil Runable State esa ykus ds

fy, Resume ( ) dks mi;ksx esa ysaxs

(e) Dead State: - gj Thread dh viuh Life Cycle gksrh gSa tks Run ( ) ds }kjk lHkh Execution dks Complete

dj fy;k tkrk gSa rks Thread Dead gks tkrk gSaA bls Thread dh Natural Death Hkh dgrs gSa ;fn fdlh Thread dks

Running State esa gh Kill djuk gks rks Stop ( ) dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa bls Thread dh Premature Death dgk

tkrk gSaA

Using Threads Methods

Thread Class esa Thread Behaviour Controlling ( ) dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA Thread dks ,d States ls

nwljh State esa ys tkus ds fy, gh vyx&2 Method dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA tSls Yeild, Sleep rFkk Stop

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 85 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Method, yield method ls fdlh Hkh Running Thread dks Block fd;k tk ldrk gSaA lkFk gh Thread Priority dks

cny fn;k tkrk gSaA

Thread Exception

Sleep Method ls tc Hkh fdlh Thread dks Runnable State esa yk;k tkrk gSa rks mlls Related lHkh Statement

dks Try vkSj Catch Block esa fy[kk tkrk gSaA D;ksfa d Sleep ( ) ds }kjk Exeception dks Throw fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn

izksxzke Exception dks Catch djus esa Fail gks tkrk gSa rks izksxzke dk Compilation gh :d tkrk gSaA Java, Run

System }kjk illegalThreadStateException dks Throw fd;k tkrk gSaA tc dksbZ Method Thread ds Given

Statement dks Invoke ugha dj ikrkA

For Example:- tc Thread Sleeping Statements esa gksrk gSa rc og Resume dks Instruction dks Handle ugha

dj ikrkA Catch Statement ds }kjk lHkh Execption dks Handle fd;k tkrk gSaA

(1) Catch (ThreadDeath e);

{ // body of catch;

// killed Thread;

(2) catch (InterruptedException ( ))

// body of catch;

// can‟t handled in the current state;

(3) catch (IllegalArgumentException e)

{ // body of catch;

// illgal method argument;

(4) catch (Exception e)

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 86 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
{ // body of catch;

// Any other exception;

Thread Priority

gj Thread dks Prority Assign dh tkrh gSa ftlls Thread Exception dk Schedule r; fd;k tkrk gSaA ge tkurs

gSa fd Thread dks same Priority nh tkrh gSaA lHkh Same Priority okys Java Schedule }kjk Equal Treatment

fn;k tkrk gSaA

setPriority( ) ds }kjk Thread Priority dks Set fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syntax:- Thread name.setPriority (int num);

int num ,d Integer Value gSaA ftlls Thread Priority dks Set fd;k tkrk gSaA Thread Class fofHkUu Priority

Constant dks define djrh gSaA

(1) MIN_PRIORITY = 1;

(2) NORM_PRIORITY = 6;

(3) MAX_PRIORITY = 10;

bl izdkj bu Constant Value dks Use esa ysdj Priority Set dh tkrh gSaA By Default Thread dh Normal

Priority Set gksrh gSaA User Level Process essa NORM Priotity dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA ijUrq Back Ground

Task tSl%s & Network I/O, Screen Pointing etc. ds fy, eq[;r% Minimum Priority dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

tc High Priority Value dks mi;ksx esa ysuk gSa rks blds fy, vR;Ur j[kj[kko dh vko’;drk gksrh gSaA

Synchronization

ge tkurs gSa fd Thread ds lHkh Date vkSj Method run( ) esa define fd;k tkrk gSaA ;fn ;g lkspk tk, fd Method

Outside define fd;k tk, rks blls Serious Problem Create gks tkrh gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 87 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
For Example: -;fn ,d Thread fdlh Specific File ds Record dh Reading dj jgk gSa vkSj mlh le; dksbZ

vU; Thread ml File esa Write djuk pkgrk gSa rks bls Serious Problem Occur gks ldrh gSaA bl Problems dks

Resolve djus ds fy, ,d Technique dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA ftlls Synchronization dgrs gSaA

Synchronization ds }kjk fdlh Hkh leL;k dks Solve fd;k tk ldrk gSaA tc fdlh File esa Updation djuk gks rks

igys File dks Synchronize fd;k tkrk gSaA blds fy, fuEu Method dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

Synchronizaton void Update (// Code for Syncrinize) tc fdlh Method dks Synchronize Declare fd;k

tk ldrk gSaA rks Java ,d Monitor Create djrk gSa vkSj mls Method ds First Time Call ls ysdj lHkh Calls dks

Check djrk gSaA tc rd ml Monitor ml Thread dks hold fd, gq, j[krk gSa rc rd dksbZ nwljk Thread

Synchronize Section esa Enter ugha gks ldrk gSaA Monitor ,d pkch dh rjg gSa ftls flQZ Threads ds }kjk gh

Open fd;k tkrk gSaA tc Thread Synchronize Method ds }kjk viuk dk;Z Complete dj ysrk gSa rc Monitor

ds }kjk Next Thread dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA tks Same Response dks mi;ksx esa ysus ds fy, rS;kj jgrk gSaA

Synchronize Block dks fuEu izdkj iznf’kZr fd;k tkrk gSaA

Syncronize (block object)

Interesting Condition rc mRiUu gksrh gSa tc nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Threads ,d gh Resource dks Control djus ds

fy, Wait djrh gSa bl le; dead lock dh fLFkfr mRiUu gks tkrh gSaA blds fy, fuEu Threads gSa%&

Threads A

synchronize method 2 ( )

synchronize method 1 ( )

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 88 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
} Thread B

synchronize method 1 ( )

synchronize method 2 ( )

Implementing The Running Interface

ge tkurs gSa fd Threads dks nks izdkj ls Create fd;k tkrk gSaA

(1) Using Thread Class

(2) Implementing Runable Interface

Runable Interface run( ) dks Declare djrk gSa ftlls programs esa Thread dks Implement fd;k tkrk gSa blds

fy, fuEu Steps dks Follow fd;k tkrk gSaA

(1) Class dks Declare djuk rFkk mls runable interface ls implement djukA Class Implement

Runable

(2) Run ( ) dks Implement djukA Public void num ( )

(3) Object define dj Thread dks Create djukA

(4) Start ( ) ds }kjk Thread dks Call djuk vkSj mls ju djukA A. Start ( );

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 89 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 90 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
UNIT - V

Applets

Applet Small Java Programs gS ftUgsa Internet Computing ds fy, mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA bu Small

Programs dks Internet ij ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer ij Applet Viewer ;k Web Browser }kjk ju

fd;k tkrk gSaA fdlh Hkh Application Program dh rjg Applets esa Hkh cgqr lh Modifications fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

Applets, Airthmetic Operation, Graphics, Sounds, User input, moving image create animations rFkk

Inter active games dks Hkh Intract ;k Develop fd;k tk ldrk gSaA Java ds }kjk Fully Interactive Multimedia

dks mi;ksx rFkk Create fd;k tk ldrk gSaA

(1) Local Applet

(2) Remote Applet

Local & Remote Applets

Web Pages ij Applets dks nks izdkj ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSaA

(1) User ds }kjk Lo;a ds Applets Develop fd;s tk ldrs gSa vkSj mUgsa Web Page ij ns[kk tkrk gSaA

(2) tc fdlh Remote Computer System ls Applets dks Download fd;k tkrk gSaA rks bu Applets dks Hkh

Web Browser esa ns[kk tkrk gSaA

(3) tc Applet dks Locally develop fd;k tkrk gSa rks og Applet dks Local System esa gh jjorh gSa ftls

Local Applet dgrs gSA tc fdlh Web Page }kjk Local Applet dks Find fd;k tkrk gSa rks blds fy,

Internet Connection dh vko’;drk ugha gksrh gSaA bl Applets dks Local System dh Directory esa

Search fd;k tkrk gSaA

Remote Applet dks fdlh vU; User }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj bu Applet dks LVksj Hkh Remote Computer ij fd;k

tkrk gSaA vr% bu Applets ds fy, Internet Connection dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ;fn System esa Internet

Connection gS rks Remote Applet dks User ds System ij Download dj ju fd;k tk ldrk gSA Remote

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 91 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
Applet dks Load djus ds fy, Web ij Applet Address dk gksuk vko’;d gSA bu Address dks URL dgk tkrk

gSA

Difference Between Applets & Application

Applets rFkk Application Program nksuks gh Java Programming ds varxZr vkrs gS ijUrq buesa dqN Difference

gSaA Applets dks Full Featured Application Program ugha dgk tkrk D;ksfa d bUgsa NksVs&2 dk;ksZ dks Complete djus

ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gSa bUgsa Internet ij mi;ksx djus ds fy, Design fd;k tkrk gSA

Applets rFkk Application Program esa vUrj fuEu gS%&

(1) Applets ds }kjk Program Execution ds fy, Main Method dks mi;ksx esa ugha fy;k tkrk gSaA Applets

dks tc yksM fd;k tkrk gSa rks Applet Class ds Method gh Applet dks Start o Execute djrs gSaA

(2) Application Programs dh rjg Applets dks independently run ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA buds fy,

Web Page dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

(3) Applets dks Local Computer dh Files ij ls Read vkSj Write ugha fd;k tk ldrkA

(4) Network ij Applets vU; Server ls Communication ugha djrh gSA

(5) Local Computer ds Programs dks Applet Run ugha dj ldrhA

(6) Applets dks vU; Programming Liabrary tSls C, C++ etc. dks mi;ksx esa ysus dk vf/kdkj ugha gSaA

bu lHkh Limitations dks System Security ds fy, rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA blds }kjk ;g Li"V gS fd Applets, Local

System dks dksbZ uqdlku ugha igqpkrh gSA

Preparing To Write Applets

Java, Application Program dks Single Main Method vkSj Object Create dj Execute fd;k tkrk gSaA

Applets dks Create djus ds fy, fuEu ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk vko’;d gSa : -

(1) Applets dks dc mi;ksx esa fy;k tk;sxkA

(2) Applets dSls dk;Z djrk gSA

(3) Applets dks dkSu&2 ls Features gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 92 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
(4) tc Lo;a dh Applets dks Create fd;k tkrk gS rks mUgsa Start djus ds fy, bl Method dk iz;ksx fd;k

tk;sxkA

Needs for Applets

(1) tc User, Web Page dks Dynamic Look fn;k tkrk gSa rc Applets dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSaA

tSl%s & 'ks;j ekdsZV ds fy, fdlh Web Page dks Design fd;k x;k gS vkSj mudh List dks Bar Chats esa Show

fd;k tkrk gSA

(2) tc Web Page ij Flesh Output dh t:jr gksrh gSa rc Applets dh vko’;drk gksrh gSaA

(3) tc ,d ,slk Program rS;kj djuk gks tks Internet ij lHkh Users dks miyC/k gks rc Applets dh

vko’;drk gksrh gSA

Applets dks fy[kus ls igys ;g vko’;d gS Java dk Applet Viewer iw.kZ :i ls Installed gksA Applets dks Test

djus ds fy, fuEu Steps dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA

(1) Applets dks rS;kj djukA (Java File cukuk)

(2) Executable Applet Create djukA (.Class File cukuk)

(3) HTML Tag dks mi;ksx esa ysdj Web Page dh Designing djukA

(4) Applet Tag dks Prepare djukA

(5) HTML File Create djukA

(6) Applet Code dks Test djukA

Building Applet Code: - Applet nks rjg dh Class Serivces dks mi;ksx esa ysrk gSaA

(a) Applet

(b) Classes ftUgsa Java Class Liabrary esa define fd;k x;k gSA

Applet Class, java.applet Package Provide djokrk gSA bl Class esa Applet Methods init ( ), start ( ),

paint ( ) dks define fd;k x;k gSA ftl rjg Java ds Application Program dh rjg Main Method dks mi;ksx esa

fy;k tkrk gSaA mlh izdkj Applet ds Execution ds fy, init ( ), start ( ) vkSj paint ( ) dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

tc Applet dks yksM fd;k tkrk gSa rks Java Automatically, Applet Class ds lHkh Function dks dkWy dj ysrk gSaA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 93 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
paint ( ) ds }kjk Applet ds Result dks Screen ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSaA Output, Text, Graphics ;k Sound dqN Hkh

gks ldrk gSaA paint ( ) ds }kjk Graphics Class ds Object dks Argument dh rjg mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA

public void paint (Graphics g)

Graphics class dks mi;ksx esa ysus ds fy, java.awt package dks import fd;k tkrk gSaA ftlds }kjk Graphics

Class esa define lHkh Output Methods dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA Applet Program dk Syntax fuEu gSA

Syntax:-

import java.awt .*;

import java.applet .*;

public class class name extends Applet

public void paint (Graphics g)

{ // Body of paint;

Example:-

import java.awt.*;

import java.applet.*;

public class Applet1 extends Applets

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 94 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
}

public void paint (Graphics g)

{ // Body of paint

g.drawString (“Hello world”, 10,100);

Applet Class, Panel Class dh Sub Class gSA iqu% Panel class, Container class sub class gSA Container

class component dh sub class gSA component class, object class dh sub class gS] ftls java.lang package

}kjk define fd;k x;k gSA

Java.lang.Object

Java.awt.Component

Java.awt.Container

Java.awt.Panel

Java.awt.Applet

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 95 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming

Applet Life Cycle

Applets, applet class }kjk inherit gksrh gS] tc fdlh Applet dks yksM fd;k tkrk gS rks og fofHkUu stages ls ysdj

xqtjrh gSA

(1) Born State/Initialization state

(2) Running state

(3) Idle state

(4) Dead state

(5) Display state (paint)

BORN

start ( )

paint ( ) RUNNING IDLE

stop ( )
Destroy ( )
start ( ) DEAD

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 96 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
(1) Initialization State:- tc Applets dks yksM fd;k tkrk gS rks og mldh Initialization State dgykrh gSA

blds fy, Applet Class ds init ( ) dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA Applets dh Bound Statement esa fuEu dk;Z fd;s

tk ldrs gSA

(1) Applets ds fy, vko’;d Object Create djukA

(2) Initial Value dks Set djukA

(3) Images o Font dks yksM djukA

(4) Colors dh Setting djukA

Applet Life Cycle esa Initializate flQZ ,d vkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy, init ( ) dks Override djuk

vko’;d gSA

public void init ( )

{ // body of init & different

initialization

(2) Running State:- Applet Running State esa rHkh Enter djrh gS tc System ds }kjk Applet Class ds

Start Method dks Call fd;k tkrk gSA Applet ds Initialization ds ckn ;g Method Automatically Call dj

fy;k tkrk gSA blfy, Start Method dks Override djuk vko’;d gSA

public void start ( )

{ // body of start

(3) IDLE STATE/STOP STATE: - tc Applet dks Running State esa tkus ls jksd fn;k tkrk gSa rks bl

State dks Idle State dgrs gSA Applet Automatically Stop gks tkrk gSA blesa Currenlty Running Applet ds

ist dks NksM+ dj fdlh nwljs ist ij dk;Z fd;k tk,A Applets dks Explicitly Hkh Stop Method }kjk Stop fd;k tk

ldrk gSA ;fn User Applet dks ju djus ds fy, Threads dks mi;ksx esa ysrk gS rks Stop Method dk iz;ksx Thread

dks jksdus fy, fd;k tk;sxkA Stop ( ) dks Hkh Over ride fd;k tkrk gSA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 97 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
public void stop ( )

{ // body of stop

(4) Dead State:- tc Applet dks Memory ls Remove dj fn;k tkrk gS rks og mldh Dead State dgykrh gSA

tc Web Browser esa fdlh Applet dks ju fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj mlh le; vxj Close cVu Press dj fn;k tkrk gS

rks Browser }kjk Automatically destroy() dks Call fd;k tkrk gSA Initiliazation dh rjg gh Applets dh

Destroying State Hkh ,d gh ckj vkrh gSA ;fn Applets ds }kjk cgqr ls Resources dks Create fd;k tk jgk gS rks

mu Resources dks Clean-up djus ds fy, Destroy Method dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

public void destroy ( )

{ // body of destroy

(5) Display State:- bl State esa Output Operations dks Screen ij Display fd;k tkrk gSA ;g State

Display State dgykrh gSA bl State dks Complete djus ds fy, Paint ( ) dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA gj Applet

Paint ( ) dks mi;ksx esa ysrk gSA

public void paint (Graphics g)

{ // body of paint

Executable Applets dks Create djuk%& Applet dh .class file gh Executable Applet dgykrh gSA tc

Applet ds Source Code dks Compile fd;k tkrk gS rks class File dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA Application Programs dh

rjg Applets dks Compile fd;k tkrk gSA

(1) javac Programname.java

(2) bl Command ds }kjk .class file dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ftlls Source okyh Directory esa gh j[kk tkrk gSA

(3) ;fn Applet Program esa dksbZ Error gks rks mls igys Check, Correct dj fy;k tkrk gS fQj iqu% Applet

dks Compile djrs gSA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 98 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming

Designing a Web Page

Web Page eq[;r% HTML Tags dks mi;ksx esa ysdj cuk;k tkrk gSA bls ASCII Text Editor esa Hkh Prepare fd;k

tk ldrk gSA Web Pages dk Extension .HTML gksrk gSA Web Page dh 'kq:vkr esa lcls igys Opening

HTML tag dks fy[kk tkrk gSa vkSj var esa closing HTML tag dks </HTML> fy[kk tkrk gSA ;g tag rhu parts esa

divide fd;k tkrk gSA

(1) Comment Session (Optional)

(2) Head Session (Optional)

(3) Body Session (Compulsary)

Applet Tag

Applet Tag dks HTML ds Body Session dks Declare fd;k tkrk gSA bl tag esa ftl Applet dks yksM djuk gks

mldk uke mldh Width rFkk Height nh tkrh gSA HTML Code Web Browser dks ;g crkrk gS fd fdlh

Applet dks ju djuk gSA

Syntax:- <applet code = “.class”>

Applet tag esa 3 points dks Describe fd;k tkrk gSA

(1) Applet dk uke

(2) Applet dh Width

(3) Applet dh Height

Applet To HTML File

<HTML>

<HEAD>

<TITLE> My page </Title>

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 99 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
</HEAD>

<BODY>

<applet code = .class file width = 50 height = 50>

</applet>

</body>

</HTML>

Running the Applets

ge tkurs gS fd Applets ds fy, nks Files dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gS

(1) Java File

(2) HTML File

fdlh Hkh Applet dks ju djus ds fy, fuEu nks Tools dh vko’;drk gksrh gS

(1) Java Supported Web Browser (Hot Java, Netscape Navigator)

(2) Java Applet Viewer

;fn Web Browser dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSa iwjs Web Page ij Applet dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj ;fn Applet

Viewer dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gS rks flQZ Applet Output dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

Applet Viewer

blds }kjk HTML tags dks ignore dj fn;k tkrk gSA blesa flQZ <applet> esa fy[kk gqvk code dh Run gksrk gSA

fdlh Hkh Applet dks ju djus ds fy, Applet Viewer esa (Command Prompt) ij fuEu Command fy[kk tkrk

gSA

appletviewer file name.HTML

;g /;ku j[kuk vko’;d gS fd appletviewer.class File dks ju ugha dj ldrk gSA flQZ HTML File dks

Execute djrs gSA Applet tag esa fuEu Atributes dks Add fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(1) Web Page Create djus ds fy, Applet tag dks insert djukA

(2) Applet tag esa Class file dks Specify djukA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 100 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
(3) ;fn Class file Current Directory esa ugha gS rks blds fy, code base Parameters dks Specify djukA

(a) File dk Local System ij tks path gks mls Provide djukA

(b) ;fn File Remote Computer ij gS rks Directory ds URL dks Specify djukA

(4) vko’;d Space ftlls Applet dh height, width consider dh tk ldrh gSA bls Specify djukA

(5) ;fn User define parameters dks mi;ksx esa ysuk gks rks Param tag dks Add djukA

(6) HTML tags ds fy, alterneve j[kukA ;fn Java dk Web Browser is not use.

(7) Applet Declaration dks </applet> tag ds lkFk close djukA

Passing Parameters to Applets

ge tkurs gSa fd User define Paramenters dks <applets> esa Param tag ds lkFk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gj Param

tag esa name, attribute vko’;d gSA ,sls gh color o value attribute dks Hkh fy[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% Param tag ds

}kjk text, constants dks different colors ;k formating ds according change fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls gh dqN u;s

tags applet esa Show djokuk gks rks blds fy, fuEu Syntax gS%&

<Param name. text value = “Amit”> bl izdkj Param tag esa Parameters dks Add fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Parameter dks set o handle djus ds fy, nks rjhdks dh vko’;drk gksrh gS%&

(1) HTML Document esa Param tag dks add djukA

(2) bl tag esa parameter pass djukA parameters applet, loading ds le; pass fd;s tkrs gSA parameters

pass djus ds fy, init method dks Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA

Alignment The Display

HTML Document esa Alignment Attribute dks Hkh mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA bl Attribute esa 9 esa ls fdlh 1

Value dks fy[kk tkrk gSA (Left, Right, Top, Bottom, Texttop, Middle, ABS middle, Base line, ABS

Bottom)

left alignment nsus ij output page ds left side esa vkrk gSA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 101 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming

Display Numerics

Applets esa Numerics Value dks Hkh Display fd;k tkrk gSA lcls igys bu Values dks String esa Convert fd;k

tkrk gSA mlds ckn Graphics Class ds drawString Method dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSaA blds vykok fdlh Hkh

individual value dks String esa Convert djus ds fy, vlaueOf Method dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gSA

Example:-

public class Applet1 extends Applet

public void paint (Graphics g)

int value1 = 10;

int value2 = 20;

int sum = value1+value2;

String s= “sum of ”+ String.valueOf (sum );

g.drawString (s, 10, 100);

lcls igys bl program dks Compile fd;k tk;sxkA ftlls .class File dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ge tkurs gS fd Applet

dks ju djus ds fy, appletviewer dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA bl Applet Viewer esa flQZ HTML Coding (Applet

tag) dks gh n’kkZ;k tkrk gS vr% ,d HTML File Hkh cukuh gksxhA

<HTML>

<APPLET>

CODE = “Applet1.class”

WIDTH = 400

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 102 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
HEIGHT = 400>

</APPLET>

</HTML>

Getting Input from the user:- ge tkurs gSa fd Applets, Graphical Environment esa dk;Z djrh gSA

Applets esa Input, String ds :i esa fn;k tkrk gSA blds fy, lcls igys User Area dks Create fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa

User Text dh Inputing dj ldsaA fdlh Hkh Data type dh Values dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy,

Applet Package dh Text Field, Class dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA tSls gh Text Field dks mi;ksx esa ysdj

Inputing ds fy, Field cuk fy;s tkrs gS mlh le; mUgsa Edit Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Applets ds Throw dh xbZ Calculating dks Retrive djus ds fy, Text Fields esa String dh Form esa Text

Input djok;k tkrk gSA blds fy, fdlh Hkh Data Type dks lcls igys String esa Convert djuk vko’;d gSA bl

izdkj Input ysus ds fy, String Conversion vkSj iqu% Calculations Perform djus ds fy, mUgsa mlh Data Type

esa Convert fd;k tkrk gSA blh izdkj Text Field esa Output Hkh String Form esa gh n’kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA vr% fdlh

Hkh Data Type ds Result dks iqu% String esa convert fd;k tk;sxkA

blds fy, Program Analysis fd;k x;k gS ftlesa nks Numbers dks Add djuk gSA blds fy, Applet ds }kjk nks

Text Field Objects dks Declare fd;k tk;sxkA

TextField text1, text2

bu nksuks Objects ds }kjk Text boxes dks Represent fd;k tkrk gSa tgka ij nks numbers dks Input fd;k tk;sxkA

blds fy, Applet Class ds init ( ) dks Over ride fd;k tkrk gSA ftlesa fuEu initializations gksrs gS%&

(1) nks TextField Object dks Create djukA tks String dks Input djsAa

(2) bu Objects dks Applet Display Area esa Add djukA

(3) bu Contents dks By Default 0 ls initialize djukA

bl Method dks Over ride djus ds ckn paint ( ) dks Declare fd;k tkrk gSA tgka ij lcls igys 3 integer

Variable rFkk 3 String Variables dks Declare fd;k tk;sxkA D;ksfa d ge tkurs gSa fd Text Boxes esa String

Values dks gh Input fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 103 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
blfy, bu String dh Inputing ds fy, getText() Method dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tk;sxkA ckn esa bu Text Boxes esa

Input Strings dks Integer esa Convert fd;k tk;sxkA blds fy, Integer Class ds parseInt ( ) dks mi;ksx esa fy;k

tkrk gSaA blds ckn bu nksuks Inputted Data ij Operations perform fd;s tkrs gSA D;ksfa d parseInt ds }kjk Data

dks Integer esa Convert dj fn;k x;k gSA vr% lHkh Operations Integer Operations gksx
a As

tc Final Result Produce gks tkrk gS rc Data dks (int) iqu% String form esa convert fd;k tkrk gS ftlds fy,

valueOf ( ) dks mi;ksx esa ysrs gSA tks String Class dk ,d Method gSA

Example: -

import java.awt .*;

import java.applet .*;

public class Input extends Applet

TextField text1, text2;

public void init ( )

text1= new TextField (20);

text2= new TextField (20);

add (text1);

add (text2);

text1.setText (“0”); // 0 ls Initialize

text2.setText (“0”);

public void paint (Graphics g)

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 104 - Aishwarya College

 Java Programming
{

int x = 0, y = 0, z = 0;

String s1, s2, s3;

g.drawString (“Input the value is text boxes”, 10, 50);

try // Where the Exception are generated

t1.getText ( );
String to
integer
Convert x = Integer.parseInt (s1);

s2 = text2.getText ( );

y = Integer.parseInt (s2);

catch (Exception e) {} // Exception handler

z = x+y;

s3= String.valueOf (z);

g.drawString (“The addition of two no. are”, 100, 50);

g.drawString (s3, 100, 70)

public boolean action (Event e,Object o)

repaint ( );

return true;

Developed by : Naveeen Dutt Joshi - 105 - Aishwarya College