Q1) any four 4 a) Advantages of PHP:

 Open Source and Free: PHP is open-source, meaning it's free to use, distribute, and
modify. This reduces development costs.
 Large Community and Support: A vast community of developers provides
extensive documentation, tutorials, and support forums, making it easy to find help.
 Cross-Platform Compatibility: PHP runs on various operating systems (Windows,
Linux, macOS) and web servers (Apache, Nginx), offering flexibility.
 Database Integration: PHP seamlessly integrates with numerous databases,
including MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Oracle, making it ideal for dynamic websites.
 Relatively Easy to Learn: PHP's syntax is relatively straightforward, making it
accessible to beginners.
 Large number of frameworks: Many frameworks like Laravel, Symfony, and
CodeIgniter exist to speed up development.
 Efficient and Fast: PHP is generally efficient and can handle a large number of
requests, especially when optimized.

b) Data Types Used in PHP:

 String: Represents a sequence of characters (e.g., "Hello, world!").

 Integer: Represents whole numbers (e.g., 10, -5, 0).
 Float (or Double): Represents floating-point numbers (numbers with decimal points,
e.g., 3.14, -0.001).
 Boolean: Represents either true or false.
 Array: Stores a collection of values.
 Object: Stores data and information that represents an instance of a class.
 NULL: Represents a variable with no value.
 Resource: Represents an external resource, such as a database connection.

c) Syntax of foreach Loop:

PHP
foreach (array as $value) {
// Code to be executed for each value
}

// Or, to access both keys and values:

foreach (array as $key => $value) {

// Code to be executed for each key-value pair
}

d) Multi-dimensional Array and Data Storage:

 Multi-dimensional Array: A multi-dimensional array is an array containing one or

more arrays as its elements. It's used to represent data with multiple levels of
organization (like tables or matrices).
 Storing Data:

PHP

$multiArray = array(
 array("John", 30, "Engineer"),
array("Jane", 25, "Designer"),
array("Peter", 35, "Manager")
);

// Accessing data:
echo $multiArray[0][0]; // Output: John
echo $multiArray[1][2]; // Output: Designer

Or using associative arrays.

PHP

$multiArray = array(
array("name" => "John", "age" => 30, "job" => "Engineer"),
array("name" => "Jane", "age" => 25, "job" => "Designer"),
array("name" => "Peter", "age" => 35, "job" => "Manager")
);

echo $multiArray[0]["name"]; // Output: John

echo $multiArray[1]["job"]; // Output: Designer

e) Difference Between Implode and Explode Functions:

 Explode():
o Splits a string into an array using a specified delimiter.
o Syntax: explode(delimiter, string)
o Example: explode(",", "apple,banana,orange"); returns
array("apple", "banana", "orange").
 Implode():
o Joins array elements into a string using a specified delimiter.
o Syntax: implode(delimiter, array)
o Example: implode("-", array("red", "green", "blue")); returns
"red-green-blue".
 In short, Explode converts a string to an array, and Implode converts an array to a
string.

f) Four String Functions in PHP:

 strlen(): Returns the length of a string.

o Example: strlen("Hello"); returns 5.
 strpos(): Finds the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string.
o Example: strpos("Hello world", "world"); returns 6.
 strtolower(): Converts a string to lowercase.
o Example: strtolower("HELLO"); returns "hello".
 strtoupper(): Converts a string to uppercase.
o Example: strtoupper("hello"); returns "HELLO".
 trim(): Removes whitespace from the beginning and end of a string.
o Example: trim(" hello "); returns "hello"
 str_replace(): Replaces all occurrences of a search string with a replacement string.
o Example: str_replace("old","new","This is old"); returns "This is new"
Q 2) Any three Program to Print Fibonacci Series in PHP:

PHP
<?php

function fibonacci($n) {
$num1 = 0;
$num2 = 1;

echo "Fibonacci Series up to $n: ";

for ($i = 0; $i < $n; $i++) {

echo $num1 . " ";
$num3 = $num1 + $num2;
$num1 = $num2;
$num2 = $num3;
}
}

fibonacci(10); // Prints the first 10 Fibonacci numbers

?>

b) Use of PHP Methods:

 I) array_splice():
o Modifies an array by removing a portion and replacing it with something else.
o Syntax: array_splice(array, offset, length, replacement)
o Example:

PHP

$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

array_splice($colors, 1, 2, array("purple", "orange"));
// $colors becomes array("red", "purple", "orange", "yellow")

 II) ksort():
o Sorts an associative array by keys in ascending order.
o Syntax: ksort(array)
o Example:

PHP

$age = array("Peter" => "35", "Ben" => "37", "Joe" => "43");
ksort($age);
// $age becomes array("Ben" => "37", "Joe" => "43", "Peter" =>
"35")

 III) var_dump():
o Displays structured information about one or more variables, including their
type and value. Useful for debugging.
o Syntax: var_dump(variable)
o Example:

PHP
 $myVar = array(1, "hello", true);
var_dump($myVar);

 IV) sort():
o Sorts an indexed array in ascending order. The keys are re-indexed.
o Syntax: sort(array)
o Example:

PHP

$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");

sort($cars);
// $cars becomes array("BMW", "Toyota", "Volvo")

c) Program to Double a Number Using Pass by Reference:

PHP
<?php

function doubleNumber(&$num) {
$num *= 2;
}

$number = 5;
doubleNumber($number);
echo "Doubled number: " . $number; // Output: Doubled number: 10

?>

d) Indexed and Associative Arrays:

 Indexed Arrays:
o Arrays with numeric indexes.
o Indexes start from 0 by default.
o Example:

PHP

$fruits = array("apple", "banana", "orange");

echo $fruits[0]; // Output: apple

 Associative Arrays:
o Arrays with named keys (strings).
o Keys can be any string.
o Example:

PHP

$student = array("name" => "Alice", "age" => 20, "major" =>

"Computer Science");
echo $student["name"]; // Output: Alice

e) Variable-Length Argument Lists Using ... Token:

 The ... token (also known as the "spread" or "rest" operator) allows a function to
accept a variable number of arguments.
 These arguments are captured as an array within the function.
 Example:

PHP

<?php
function sum(...$numbers) {
$total = 0;
foreach ($numbers as $number) {
$total += $number;
}
return $total;
}

echo sum(1, 2, 3); // Output: 6

echo sum(10, 20, 30, 40); // Output: 100
?>

In this example, $numbers inside the sum function recieves all of the arguments
passed to the function as an array.